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Portland Cement
A hydraulic cement capable of setting, hardening and

remaining stable under water. It consists essentially of
hydraulic calcium silicates, usually containing calcium
sulfate.
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Manufacture
Raw Materials:
2/3 calcareous materials (lime bearing) - limestone
1/3 argillaceous materials (silica, alumina, iron)- clay
CE 60
Based on the following notation:

C
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
H2O
CE 60
Cement Minerals
C3S : 3CaOSiO2
C2S : 2CaOSiO2
C3A : 3CaOAl2O3
C4AF : 4CaOAl2O3Fe3O4
CE 60
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
2C3S + 6H --> C3S2H3 + 3CH + 120 cal / g
2C2S + 4H --> C3S2H3 + CH + 62 cal / g
C3A + CSH2 --> Ettringite + 300 cal / g
CE 60
SOLIDS IN CEMENT PASTE

-Calcium Silicate Hydrate
Notation: C-S-H
C/S Ratio: 1.5 to 2.0
Main Characteristics: High Surface (100 to 700 m2/ g) ----> High Van
der Walls Force -----> Strength.
Volume % : 50 a 60
CE 60
C-S-H
CE 60

-Calcium Hydroxide ( portlandite)
Ca(OH)2
Volume % : 20 to 25
low Van der Walls force
problems with durability and strength
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Calcium Hydroxide
CE 60

-Calcium Sulfoaluminate Hydrates
Volume % : 15 to 20
first : ettringite
after : monosulfate hydrated.
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Ettringite
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Hydration process Initial Condition
Lets study a cement paste with w/c= 0.63

Start with 100 cm3 of cement.
Compute the mass of cement: Mc = 3.14* 100 = 314 g
Compute the mass of water: Mw = 0.63 * 314 = 200 g
Vw= 200 cm3
Vc= 100 cm3

CE 60
ASTM Portland Cements

Type I-
General Purpose
Type II- moderate heat of hydration and sulfate resistance (C3A <
8%) : general construction, sea water, mass concrete
Type III- high early strength (C3A < 15%) : emergency repairs,
precast, winter construction.
Type IV- low heat ( C3S < 35%, C3A < 7%, C2S > 40%) : mass
concrete
Type V-
sulfate resistant ( C3A < 5%) : sulfate in soil, sewers.

CE 60
Significance:
cost
provide dimensional stability
influence hardness, abrasion resistance,
elastic modulus
CE 60
Aggregate Type
Coarse aggregate ( > 3/16 in. - 4.75 mm of No. 4)

Fine aggregate < 3/16 in. and > 150 (No. 200)
CE 60
Aggregate Type -mineralogy

Sedimentary Rocks (cost effective - near the surface),
about 80% of aggregates
Natural sand and gravel
Sandstone, limestone (dolomite), chert, flint, graywacke
Metamorphic Rocks: slate, gneiss : excellent
to poor
CE 60
Density
(pcf)
110
< 70
Normal weight aggregate

Lightweight Aggregate
perlite - thermal insulators
expanded shales - structural
concrete
Heavyweight Aggregate
115-200
concrete (pcf)
150
90-115
<200
CE 60
CE 60
Fineness modulus is the sum of the total

percentages retained on each of the
specified sieve divided by 100. The
specified sieves are 3, 1 1/2, 3/4 and 3/8
in and Nos. 4, 8, 16, 30, 50 and 100.
CE 60
Characteristics of coarse aggregate

Characteristics of fine aggregate
Type Used:________________
Type Used: ______________
Max. Size:______1______ inch
F.M. _____2.93______________
B.S.G: 168 ______lb/ft3
B.S.G: 167 ______lb/ft3
Moisture deviation from S.S. D.=_-0.4%__ Moisture deviation from S.S. D.=0.7%__
Dry-rodded unit wt.__104_lb/ft3____
B.S.G of cement = 196 lb/ft3
CE 60
Effect of moisture
CE 60
Types of Elastic Modulus
Testing
ASTM Testing
CE 60
Introduction
CE 60
Importance
CE 60
Concrete Relaxation
CE 60
Summary
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Compressive Strength
Fundamental relationship
S = So exp (-kp)
Where So is the strength at zero
porosity, p is the porosity and k a
constant.
CE 60
Interfacial Transition Zone
CE 60
REASON
CE 60
Microstructural improvement
Use of silica fume
reduce the porosity of the ITZ
geometrical effect (no space)
reduces the amount of CH due to
pozzolanic reaction
CE 60
Humidity
Great importance of moist curing.
CE 60
Temperature
Cast and cured at the same temperature
Cast at different temperature but cured at
the same temperature
Cast at normal temperature but cured at
different temperatures.
CE 60
Testing parameters
Specimen Size: Fracture mechanics will
explain the importance of size effect.
Loading Rate: Increasing rates lead to
increasing strength.
CE 60
CE 60
Thermal Stresses in Concrete

Introduction
Importance
Technological Aspects
Case Study LA Cathedral
CE 60
Thermal stresses
t = K r
E
1+
where:
t: tensile stress
Kr: degree of restraint
E: elastic modulus
: coefficient of thermal expansion
T: temperature change
: creep coefficient
CE 60
Temperature Evolution
T = placement temperature of fresh concrete + adiabatic temperature rise

- ambient or service temperature - heat losses.
CE 60
Durability
Durability of concrete: ability to resist

weathering action, chemical attack,
abrasion, or any process of
deterioration
CE 60
Water Structure
CE 60
Abrasion - Erosion
Note: the deterioration starts at the surface,

therefore special attentions should be given
to quality of the concrete surface.
Avoid laitance (layer of fines from cement and
aggregate).
CE 60
The problem
The transformation of ice from liquid water generates a volumetric

dilation of 9%. If the transformation occurs in small capillary pores,
the ice crystals can damage the cement paste by pushing the capillary
walls and by generating hydraulicCEpressure.
60
Air-Entraining
CE 60
Deterioration by fire
Concrete is able to retain sufficient strength

for a reasonably long time.
CE 60
Effect of High Temperature on

Cement Paste
(a) degree of hydration
(b) moisture state
de-hydration:
ettringite > 1000C
Ca(OH)2 500-6000C
CSH ~ 9000C
CE 60
Electrochemical process of steel corrosion in concrete
CE 60
Volumetric change
CE 60
The chemistry is simple

1) The high pH in the cement paste promotes the hydrolysis of silica
Si-O-Si + H OH Si-OH+ Si-OH
aggregate paste
2) Si-OH react with the paste to form Si-O3) Si-O-, adsorbs Na, K, and Ca to form a gel.
CE 60
Expansive Reaction
In the presence of sulfates
C3A + gypsum C3A.3C$.H32 (ettringite)
C3A.C$.H18 (monosulfate)
CE 60
Sodium sulfate attack:

Na2SO4 +Ca(OH) 2 +2H2O
CaSO4.2H2O + 2NaOH
the formation of sodium hydroxide as a by-product
of the reaction ensures the continuation of high
alkalinity in the system, which is essential for the
stability of the cementitious material C-S-H.
CE 60
Magnesium sulfate attack
MgSO4 +Ca(OH) 2 +2H2O

CaSO4.2H2O + Mg(OH) 2
3 MgSO4 + 3CaO .2SiO2 .3H2O + 8 H2O 3 CaSO4.2H2O + 3
Mg(OH) 2 + 2SiO2.H2O
the conversion of calcium hydroxide to gypsum is accompanied

by the simultaneous formation of relatively insoluble magnesium
hydroxide.
In the absence of hydroxyl ions in the solution C-S-H is no
longer stable and is also attacked by the sulfate solution.
The magnesium sulfate attack is, therefore, more severe on
concrete.
CE 60
Factors influencing sulfate attack
amount and nature of the sulfate present,

level of the water table and its seasonal
variation,
flow of groundwater and soil porosity,
form of construction,
quality of concrete.
CE 60

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Portland Cement

A hydraulic cement capable of setting, hardening and

Based on the following notation:

SOLIDS IN CEMENT PASTE

SOLIDS IN CEMENT PASTE

SOLIDS IN CEMENT PASTE

Hydration process Initial Condition

Lets study a cement paste with w/c= 0.63

Vc= 100 cm3

ASTM Portland Cements

sulfate resistant ( C3A < 5%) : sulfate in soil, sewers.

Coarse aggregate ( > 3/16 in. - 4.75 mm of No. 4)

Aggregate Type -mineralogy

Normal weight aggregate

Fineness modulus is the sum of the total

Characteristics of coarse aggregate

Types of Elastic Modulus

Interfacial Transition Zone

Thermal Stresses in Concrete

T = placement temperature of fresh concrete + adiabatic temperature rise

Durability of concrete: ability to resist

Note: the deterioration starts at the surface,

The transformation of ice from liquid water generates a volumetric

Concrete is able to retain sufficient strength

Effect of High Temperature on

Electrochemical process of steel corrosion in concrete

The chemistry is simple

C3A + gypsum C3A.3C$.H32 (ettringite)

Sodium sulfate attack:

Magnesium sulfate attack

MgSO4 +Ca(OH) 2 +2H2O

the conversion of calcium hydroxide to gypsum is accompanied

Factors influencing sulfate attack

amount and nature of the sulfate present,

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