BIOLOGY 22

POST-LABORATORY DISCUSSION
(1st Departmental Exam)
Ms. Heidie L. Frisco
21 April 2009

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

Exercise 4:
Cell Division - Mitosis
Objectives:
1. Define and differentiate the two types of cellular
reproduction/division: mitosis and meiosis
2. Describe the different phases of the cell cycle and
the importance of each phase in the life of a
dividing cell
3. Enumerate the different stages of mitosis and
describe in detail the events that occur in each
stage, with emphasis on the events that occur in
the nucleus, such as chromosome condensation,
duplication, and separation
Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

Cells are diverse.

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

Cells are diverse.

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

Cells have different life spans and life cycles.

The Young and Restless
Skin cells live for about a month.
Thus, they must be replaced.
If you get a cut, new cells are
needed for the wound to heal.
If you fracture your leg, new cells
in the bone will be needed to
repair the injury.
The Wise and Mature
You are born with most of the
brain cells that you will ever
have.
Woman are born with all of the
eggs cells that they will ever
carry.
Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

Cells have different life spans and life cycles.

The Young and Restless
Cell is
Skin cells live for about a month. doing its
job
Thus, they must be replaced.
If you get a cut, new cells are
needed for the wound to heal.
If you fracture your leg, new cells
in the bone will be needed to
repair the injury.
The Wise and Mature
Your brain cells are not
replicating at the same rate
throughout your life, so hold on to
what youve got.
Woman are born with all of the
eggs cells that they will ever
carry.

The Cellular Life Cycle

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

Cell is dividing
to generate
new cells.

Cells have different life spans and life cycles.

Cell is
doing its
job

The Cellular Life Cycle

Cell division is critical

because

Dying cells must be replaced

in certain tissues.
Injuries must be healed.
Growth from the time of
conception requires rapid
increase in the number of
cells.
Cell is dividing
to generate
new cells.
Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

There are two types of cell division.

Mitosis
Makes an exact copy of a cell through cell division.
The new cells (daughter cells), have the same
amount of DNA as the old (mother) cell.
This occurs all over your body.
Meiosis

Creates cell with only half the amount of DNA

Why would you want to do this?
Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Human life cycle requires both mitosis and meiosis.

haploid (n)

Sexual
Reproduction

Egg cell

MEIOSIS

Sperm cell

Fusion of egg
and sperm
restores the
number of
chromosomes.

FERTILIZATION

diploid (2n)

Lots of MITOSIS

Figure 8.13

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

Development
And Growth

There are two types of cell replication in the

normal human life cycle.
Mitosis to form a human skin cell (for example).
A skin cell with 46 chromosomes divides, producing two
cells that each still have 46 chromosomes.
These cells are said to be diploid (they have the normal
number of chromosomes).
Meiosis to form a human egg or sperm.
A cell with 46 chromosome divides in such a way as to
produce an egg or sperm with 23 chromosomes.
These eggs and sperm are said to be haploid (they have
half the normal of number of chromosomes.
Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Cellular Life Cycle

Interphase

The cell is doing its

normal activities and, for
a time (S), uses energy
to replicate its DNA.

The Mitotic Phase

Over several stages, the
cell divides.
Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Cellular Life Cycle

Figure 8.1A

The Mitotic Phase

Over several stages, the
cell divides.
Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Cellular Life Cycle

Figure 8.1A

The goal of Mitosis is two make two cells

that are diploid (each has two copies of
every chromosome) and that have all the
organelles to function.Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Cellular Life Cycle

The S phase

In order for each cell

to have the same
DNA, the DNA must
replicate.

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

All of the chromosomes replicate.

Each of the original

chromosomes is
attached to its copy at
the centromere. The
two identical
chromsomes are called
sister chromatids.

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Cellular Life Cycle

Mitotic Phase (M)

Once the cell has two

copies of all the
chromosomes, then it
can divide. This
occurs in specific
stages.

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Stages of the Mitotic Phase

Prophase and Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase and Cytokinesis

One blends into another.

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Stages of the Mitotic Phase

Prophase and Prometaphase

The DNA compacts (supercoils).

Duplicated centrosomes head to each pole and spindles begin to

form.

The nuclear membrane and nucleolus breakdown.

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Stages of the Mitotic Phase

Metaphase

The spindle fibers attached to the duplicated chromsomes and drag

them to the center of the cell (the equator).

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Stages of the Mitotic Phase

Anaphase

The sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the
cell as the spindles shorten. Each side now has the exact same set of
chromosomes.

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

The Stages of the Mitotic Phase

Telophase and Cytokinesis

New nuclear membranes and nucleoli form around the two sets of
chromosomes.

The cytoplasm begins to divide and the cells pinch off into two.

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

After the mitotic phase, the cell reenters

interphase.
During all of
interphase, the cell
looks like what we
are used to seeing.
The DNA is in the
nucleus. There is a
clear boundary
between the nucleus
and the cytoplasm.
Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

Animal Vs. Plant Mitosis

CRITERIA

ANIMAL

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

PLANT

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer

Exercise 5:
Tissues
Objectives:
1. Define tissues.
2. Differentiate the 5 principal kinds of tissue and their
respective functions.
3. Describe the main types of epithelial tissue and
locate those in the body.
4. Describe the main types of connective tissue and
give their functions.
5. Compare the 3 types of muscle tissue and their
functions
6. Give the function of nervous tissue and distinguish
between neurons and glial cells.
7. Describe the 2 reproductive tissues and their
Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer
functions

Frisco_Bio22Lab_0809Summer