Department of Mechanical Engineering

Muhammadiyah University of Pontianak

DERIVATIVES I
Gunarto,S.T.,M.Eng

Topics Reviewed

Derivative Formulas
Trigonometric Functions
Differentiability
Chain Rule
Implicit Differentiation

Cont.
Differentiation is one of the two fundamental operations
of calculus.
Differential calculus describes and analyzes change.
The position of a moving object, the population of a city or
a bacterial colony, the height of the sun in the sky, and the
price of cheese all change with time.
Altitude can change with position along a road; the
pressure inside a balloon changes with temperature.
To measure the rate of change in all these situations, we
introduce in this chapter the operation of differentiation.

lntroduction to the
Derivative

Velocities and slopes are both

derivatives.
This section introduces the basic idea of
the derivative by studying two
problems.
The first is the problem of finding the
velocity of a moving object, and the
second is the problem of finding the
slope of the line tangent to a graph.

Cont

To analyze velocity, imagine a bus

which moves due east on a straight
highway.
Let x designate the time in seconds
that has passed since we first
observed the bus.
(Using "x" for time rather than the
more common "t" will make it easier to
compare velocities with slopes.)

Cont
Suppose that after x seconds the bus has gone a
distance y meters to the east (see Figure).
Since the distance y depends on the time x, we have
a distance function y = f(x).

Cont
For example, if f(x) happens to be f(x) = 2x2
for 0 x 5, then the bus has gone 2 .(3)2
= 18 meters after 3 seconds and 2 . (5)2 = 50
meters after 5 seconds.
The velocity of the bus at any given
moment, measured in meters per second, is
a definite physical quantity; it can be
measured by a speedometer on the bus or
by a stationary radar device.

Cont
Since this velocity refers to a single instant, it
is called the instantaneous velocity.
Given a distance function such as y = f(x) =
2x2, how can we calculate the
instantaneous velocity at a specific time xo,
such as xo = 3 seconds?
To answer this question, we will relate the
instantaneous velocity to the average velocity
during short time intervals.

Cont

Suppose that the distance covered is

measured at time xo, and again at a later
time x; these distances are yo = f(xo)
and y = f(x ).
Let x = x - xo, designate the time
elapsed between our two measurements.
Then the extra distance covered is y - yo,
which we designate by y = y - yo.

Cont
The average velocity during the time interval x
is defined simply as the distance travelled divided
by the elapsed time; that is, average velocity =
y/x =[ f(x) - f(xo)]/x.
Since x = xo + x, we can also write

Cont

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Cont
The following more general procedure is suggested
by Example 2.

Cont

Cont
The second problem we study is a
geometric one-to find the slope of
the line tangent to the graph of a
given function.
We shall see that this problem is
closely related to the problem of
finding instantaneous velocities.
To solve the slope problem for the
function y = f(x), we begin by
drawing the straight line which
passes through the points (xo, f(xo))
and (xo + x, f(xo + x)), where x
is a positive number; see Figure

Cont..
This straight Iine is called a
secant line, and y/x =
[ f(xo + x) - f(xo)]/x is its
slope.
As x becomes small, xo,
being fixed, it appears that the
secant line comes close to
the tangent line, so that the
slope y/x of the secant
line comes close to the slope
of the tangent line. See Fig. in
left.

Cont

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Cont...
The problems involving rate of changes exist in
many area of engineering research.
Since this type of limit happens so widely, it is given
a special name derivative
The notation of derivative is f '(a).
The derivative of a function f at a given point a is
defined as:

(1)

Cont...
The definition does assume that the limit exists. In
order to extend this definition, let x = a + h,
substitute x into f '(a) and will get

(2)
The notation of a derivative can be written as: f '(a),
y ', df/dx, dy/dx, Df(x), Dxf(x).

Explanation of the Derivative

Tangent

A good way to understand

derivatives is to think
about a tangent line.
According to the definition
of the tangent line to a
curve y = f(x) at point A(a,
f(a)), the tangent line can
be written as:

(3)

Cont...
Notice that this definition is the same as the
definition of derivative f '(a).
In other words, the tangent line to y = f(x) at point
A(a, f(a)) is the line that passes through (a, f(a)) and
whose slop is equal to the derivative of f at a.
In a previous section, the concept of rate of change
was introduced. Is it related to derivative? The
answer is yes.

Cont...
In a small interval [x1, x2], the
changes in x is
x = x2 - x1
The corresponding change in y is
y = y2 - y1
The instantaneous rate of change
is
Rate of Change

According to equation (3), r is the

derivative of f(x) at x1.

1.Derivative Formulas
Calculating derivative according to its definition is tedious.
Some rules have been developed for finding derivatives
without having to use the definition directly.
F(x)

F '(x)

xn

nxn-1

cf(x)

cf '(x)

f(x) + g(x)

f '(x) + g '(x)

f(x) - g(x)

f '(x) - g '(x)

f(x)g(x)

f '(x)g(x) + f (x)g '(x)

f(x)/g(x)

(f '(x)g(x) - f (x)g '(x))/g2(x)

x-n

-nx-n-1

Cont...
If F is a constant function, F(x) = c,
then F '(x) = 0.
If F(x) = xn, where n is a positive integer,
then F '(x) = nxn-1.
Assume that c is constant and f '(x) and g '(x) exist.
If F(x) = cf(x), then F '(x) = cf '(x)
If F(x) = f(x) + g(x), then F '(x) = f '(x) + g '(x)
If F(x) = f(x) - g(x), then F '(x) = f '(x) - g '(x

Cont...
If F(x) = f(x)g(x), then
F '(x) = f '(x)g(x) + f (x)g '(x)
If F(x) = f(x)/g(x), then
F '(x) = (f '(x)g(x) - f (x)g '(x))/g2(x)
If F(x) = x-n, where n is a positive integer, then
F '(x) = -nx-n-1

CASE STUDY

Rate of increased area

As Tom plays football with a

group of friends he happens to
kick the ball into some water.
A girl nearby finds that the ball
creates circular ripple that
travele outward.
She wonders how fast the circle
area of the circular circles
increase in size.
What is known:
The circular ripple travels
outward at 2 ft/sec.

Cont...
Questions
How fast does the circle of area increase after 3
seconds?
Approach
The rate of circular circles area change is the
derivative of the area function.

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CASE STUDY SOLUTION

Circular Ripple

A football is kicked into a pool. It

creates a circular ripple that
traveles outward with a speed of
2 ft/sec. How fast does the
circular area enlarge after 3
seconds?
If the radius of the circular ripple
is r and the area of the circular
ripple is s. The area of the circular
ripple is
s = r2

Cont...
The enlarging circular area with respect to time t is s't or ds/dt
ds/dt = d(r2)/dt
= d((r2))/dt
= 2r(dr/dt)
When t = 3 seconds,
r = (2)(3) = 6
So
ds/dt = 2r(dr/dt)
= 2(6)(2)
= 24 ft2/sec

Discussion
In order to evaluate the rate of the
enlarging circular area, the concept of
derivative has been employed.
Derivative is widely used in science
and engineering research.
For example, how to calculate the
linear density of a non-homogeneous
rod.
The mass from the left end to the
point x is
Non-homogeneous Linear Density
mass = f(x)
Calculation

Cont...

Non-homogeneous Linear Density

Calculation

The mass between x2 and

x1 is
mass = f(x2) - f(x1)
So the average density of
the rod between x2 and x1
is
average density =
mass/x = ( f(x2) f(x1))/(x2-x1)

Cont...
Letting x2 approaches x1, the linear density of the
rod at point x1 is the limit of the average density
when x approaches 0.

In other words, the linear density of the rod is the

derivative of the mass with respect to length.
Since the concept of derivative can apply to many
problems in science and engineering, it is important
for students to understand its physical meaning.

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2.Trigonometric Functions
In order to compute the derivatives of trigonometric
function, some of the trigonometric limits need to be
mentioned first.

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The derivatives of
trigonometric functions
can be proven by use
of the definition of
derivative and the
trigonometric limits.

(1)
sin'x = cos x

Proof
If f(x) = sinx, then

Cont...
Now that d(sinx)/dx equals cosx has been proven,
what does d(sinx)/dx look like in graph? Is it the
same as cosx?
The value of the derivative at any value of x can be
estimated by drawing the tangent at the point (x, f(x))
and estimate its slope.
For example, at the point of x equals 0, draw the
tangent at this point and estimate its slope to be
around 1, so d(sinx)/dx = 1.

Cont...
Now plot the point (0, 1) on the graph of df/dx or f '.
By repeating this procedure at different points, the
graph of f ' can be drawn and will resemble a cosine
curve.
The correction of the graph is confirmed by formula
(1).
Using the definition of derivative and the
trigonometric limits, the formula
d(cosx)/dx = -sinx
(2)
can be proved.

Cont...
According to the formula (1) and (2), the derivative of
tangent function can be found.
d(tanx)dx = sec2 x
Proof
If f(x) = tanx

Cont...
The derivatives of the csc, sec, and cot are listed
below:
d(secx)/dx = secx tanx
d(cscx)/dx = -cscx cotx
d(cotx)/dx = -csc2x

Cont...
The follow table is a list of most commonly used
derivatives of the trigonometric functions
Number

Derivatives of the trigonometric functions

d(sinx)/dx = cosx

d(cosx)/dx = -sinx

d(tanx)/dx = sec2x

d(secx)/dx = secx tanx

d(cscx)/dx = -cscx cotx

d(cotx)/dx = -csc2x

CASE STUDY

Car's shadow

As Curtis drives from McDonalds

at 5 m/sec, his daughter notes
that as the distance between the
car and the light increases, the
shadow of the car gets longer.
She knows that this is due to the
changing angle made by the
pole, the car and the light.
She is curious about how fast
this angle changes one second
after starting to leave.

Cont...
What is known:
The height of the pole is
4 m.
The height of the car is
1.5 m.
The speed of the car is 5
m/sec.
The Relationship among
the Pole, the Light and
the Car

Cont...
Questions
How fast does the angle that is made by the pole,
the light and the car change 1 second after they
start driving?
Approach
Derivative can be employed in this case.

CASE STUDY SOLUTION

The Relationship among

the Pole, the Light and
the Car

The speed of the car is 5 m/sec.

The height of the pole and the
car is 4 and 1.5 meters
respectively.
How fast does the the angle
change 1 second after the car
starts to move.
Let the angle made by the pole,
the light and the car be .
Let the distance from the pole to
the car be x.
Let the length of the shadow be
y.

Cont...

Trigonometry for Finding

sec2

ABC is similar to ADE, so

1.5/4 = y/(x + y)
y = 0.6x
x + y = 1.6x
In trigonometry, the
relationship between x + y and
is:
tan = (x + y)/4
= 1.6x/4
= 0.4x

Cont...
Differentiate this relationship with respect to time:
sec2(d/dt) = 0.4dx/dt
d/dt = 0.4(dx/dt)/sec2
Notice that the rate of change of the angle, d/dt is a
function of both the car speed, dx/dt and the current
angle.
In this case dx/dt = 5 is given, but sec2 must be
determined

Cont...
1 second after the car starts,
x = (1)(5) = 5
x + y = 1.6(5) = 8
sec2(AD/4)2
= (<(x + y)2 +42)/16
=5
Substituting sec2 = 5 into 't = 0.4x't/sec2 gives
d/dt =(0.4)5/5 = 0.4 radians/sec

3. Differentiability

y = 3x2 + 2x + 1

dy/dx = 6x + 2

Consider for example, the function y

= 3x2 + 2x - 1, then dy/dx = 6x + 2,
which is reasonable.
When x < -1/3, dy/dx or tan is
negative and when x > -1/3, dy/dx or
tan is positive.
When x= 1/3, the slope of the
tangent line is horizontal and thus
equal to 0.
These correspond to its derivative
function figure and it is obvious that
the function is differentable at all
points.

Cont...

3x2 + 2x - 1 is differentiable

y = (x2)0.5

y = (x2)0.5

A function is differentiable at a
point if the derivative of the
function exists at that point.
A function is differentiable on
an interval if it is differentiable
at every point in the interval,
as already concluded.
According to the above
definition, y = 3x2 + 2x - 1
function is differentiable.

Cont...
Now, consider another example, y = (x2)0.5. Is y
differentiable in this case at all points?
The definition of derivative gives

In order to applying the definition to the y = (x2)0.5

function, y/x need to be find first.
At x = 0,

Cont...

The left hand limit is:

The right hand limit is:

(x2)0.5 is not Differentiable at
all Points

The left hand limit is not equal to the right hand limit.
Thus
does not exist, in other words, the
function y = (x2)0.5 is not differentiable when x = 0.

Differentiability and Continuity

If a function is differentiable at
point b, then this function is
continuous at this specific point.
Proof:
When x approaches b, the
difference between f(x) and f(b)
is yx - yb. Since x b, yx - yb can
Differentiability and Continuity I
be written as:

Cont...
Thus

Therefore,

Cont...

Differentiability and Continuity II

This proves that when y is

differentiable at point b, it is
continuous at that point.
Function y = 3x2 + 2x - 1 is
differentiable in its variable
range, and so it is
continuous.
If a function is continuous, is
it differentiable? The answer
is may not be. For example
y = (x2)0.5 is continuous, but
it was shown that it is not
differentiable.

Not Differentiable at a -- A Corner

Differentiability and Continuity

Not Differentiable at a -- A Corner

Not Differentiable at a -- Kink or Loop

Function y = (x2)0.5 is
not differentiable at 0
because its left hand
limit is not equal to its
right hand limit.
Normally, if a function's
graphic has a corner or
kink (loop), then the
function is not
differentiable.

Cont...

Not Differentiable at a -- Function

Discontinuous

Not Differentiable at a -- Vertical

Tangent Line

If a function's graphic is
discontinuous, then this function
is not differentiable. since the
function's left and right hand
limits are different.
When the curve of a continuous
function has a vertical tangent
line at point a, the slope of the
tangent line is infinity. This
means

Tilt Ice Hockey Stick

Case Study

Tilt Ice Hockey Stick

After a game, Alan put his ice hockey

stick against a vertical wall, but the
bottom of the stick slid away from the
wall.
He wonders how fast the slipped
distance changes with respect to the
angle made by the wall and the stick.
What is known:
The length of the stick is 53 in.
The angle made by the wall and the
stick is = 45o.
The slipped distance is y.

Cont...
Questions
How fast does the slipped distance change with
respect to the angle that is made by the wall and the
stick is 45o or /4?
Approach
Derivative with respect to angle can be used in this
case to calculate the rate of slippage.

CASE STUDY SOLUTION

A 53 in ice hockey stick rests
against a vertical wall.
The bottom of the stick slides
away from the wall.
How fast does the distance, y
change with respect to the angle, ,
which is made by the wall and the
stick, when is equals 45o?
Assumption:
The angle made by the wall and
the stick is .
The slipped distance is y.

Cont...

y = 53 sin

According to the diagram,

sin = y/53
Thus
y = 53 sin

y = 53 sin

Cont...

dy/dx = 53 cos

dy/dx = 53 cos

Derivative y with respect to

dy/d = d(53 sin)/d
=53 cos
When = 45o,
dy/d = 53 cos = 37.5 in/rad
The derivative of y = 53 sin is dy/d =
53 cos when is in the range of (0,
/2).
Since y is differentiable, it is
continuous, this is shown in the plot of
y = 53 sin.

Cont...

Derivative Formula

In previous sections, various

formulas have been introduced to
calculate derivatives.
However, it is not possible to have a
formula for every possible situation.
Thus, basic formulas like d(xn)/dx =
nxn-1 need to be generalized so they
can be used in a variety of cases.
Suppose y = (x2 + 1)3, how can
dy/dx be calculated using derivative
formula?

Cont...
Let f(u) = u3, where u = g(x) = x2 + 1.
Then

The derivative of f and g can be calculated according

to derivative formula.
A rule is needed to calculate the derivative of F
which is a composite function.
This rule is named as Chain Rule.

4.Chain Rule
The Chain Rule states:
If the derivatives of g(x) and f(g(x))
exist, and F = f g is the composite
function defined by F(x) = f(g(x)), then
the derivative of F(x) exists and is
given by

F'(x) = f '(g(x))g'(x)
In other words, If both y = f(u) and u =
g(x) are differentiable functions, then

The Power Rule and the Chain Rule

When y = (x2 + 1)3, y
relates to the power
function of x2 + 1, this is a
special case of chain rule.
If n is any real number
and u = g(x) is
differentiable, then

Cont...
Returning to the example y = (x2 + 1)3, dy/dx can be
easily be determined.
Let y = f(u) = u3 and u = g(x) = x2 + 1, then

so

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CASE STUDY

Brightness of Delta Cephei

Albert, astronomy amateur, notices

that the brightness of Delta Cephei
periodically increases and decreases.
He wonders how fast does its
brightness changes at time equals
1day?
What is known:
The brightness cycles every 5 days
The brightness of the star is modeled
by the function:
B(t) = 4 + 0.35 sin(2t/b)
The time, t, is 1 day.

Cont...
Questions
How fast is the brightness changing after a day?
Approach
Applying the chain rule to find the derivative of the
brightness.

CASE STUDY SOLUTION

B(t) = 4 + 0.35 sin(2t/5)

The brightness of Delta Cephei

increases and decreases according to
its brightness function
B(t) = 4 + 0.35sin(2t/b).
The brightness of the star b is 5 days.
How fast does its brightness changes
at time equals one day?
Substitute the average brightness of
the star 5 days into the brightness
function,

B(t) = 4 + 0.35 sin(2t/5)

Let f(t) = 2t/5, then

B(t) = 4 + 0.35 sin(f(t))

Cont...
Using the to Chain Rule,

the rate of changes for the

brightness of Delta Cephei
is
dB(t)/dt = 0.7 cos(2t/5)/5

Cont...
After a day the brightness is

Cont...
In the last section, the Chain Rule is introduced. It
can calculate the derivative of a function when it is
can be expressed in terms of another expression,
such as y = (x +1)2 sin(x + 1).

Chain Rule Example

Cont...

Implicit Differentiation Example

Suppose y is defined by a relation with x

and it is hard to express the function y in
terms of x.
For example, x3 + y3 - 4xy = 0. In order to
draw the diagram of function x3 + y3 - 4xy =
0, the diagram of function z = x3 + y3 - 4xy
is plotted.
The function z intersects the x-y plane at z
= 0.
The function expression and diagram
shows that y is hard to be rewritten in term
of x.
In these cases, the derivative of y can be
calculated by with the Implicit
Differentiation method.

Cont...

Function z = x3 + y3 - 4xy

Function x3 + y3 - 4xy = 0

5.Implicit Differentiation

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Implicit Differentiation

The implicit differentiation method

states:
An equation f(x,y) = 0 defines y
implicitly as a function of x.
In order to to find the derivative
of y, differentiate both sides of the
original equation f(x, y) = 0 and
solve the resulting equation for
dy/dx.
This differentiation method is
known as implicit differentiation.

Cont...
For example, given x3 + y3 - 4xy = 0, find dy/dx.
Differentiate both side of x3 + y3 - 4xy = 0 with
respect to x, gives

(1)
Since y is implicitly defined by x, d(y3)/dx is not 0.
Consider z = y3 and apply Chain Rule,

(2)

Cont...
Recall that if F(x) = f(x)g(x), then F '(x) = f '(x)g(x) + f
(x)g '(x).
The formula can be used to calculate d(4xy)/dx.
Consider f(x) = x and g(x) = y, thus

(3)

Cont...
Substitute equation(2) and (3) into (1),

so

3x2 + 3y2dy/dx - (4y + 4xdy/dx) = 0

(3y2 - 4x)dy/dx = 4y - 3x2

dy/dx = (4y - 3x2)/(3y2 - 4x)

CASE STUDY

Rectangular Box

In his arts and crafts class, Tony

is given a piece of paper and
asked to make a rectangular box.
The length of the box he created
is 3 times of its width.
His friends made boxes with
various lengths, widths and
heights.
He wonders how the height
changes affects the width.

Cont...
What is known:
The surface area of the box is constant at 100 in2.
The length is 3 times of its width.
Questions
What is the rate of change of the width with respect to
the enlarge of height?
Approach
Find the relationship between the width and the
height.
Apply implicit differentiation method

CASE STUDY SOLUTION

Recall Tony made a rectangular box with 100 in2
surface area in his arts and crafts class.
The length of his box is 3 times of its width.
He wondered how the height changes affects width's
enlargement?
Let the length of the box be y, the width be x and the
height be z.
Let the surface area of the box be s.
The surface area of the box can be calculated as
s = 2xy + 2xz + 2yz

Cont...
Since the length is 3 times of the box's width,
substitute y = 3x into the equation.

s = 2x(3x) + 2xz + 2z(3x)

= 6x2 + 2xz + 6zx

= 6x2 + 8xz
Because the height z is implicitly defined by its width
x, the expression, the height z changes with respect
to its width x (dz/dz), can be calculated using implicit
differentiation method.

Cont...
Differentiate both side of surface area equation with respect
to x
ds/dx = d(6x2 + 8xz)/dx
The left hand side of the equation, ds/dx is zero since the
surface area is constant at 100 in2.
The right hand side is

Cont...
The left hand side equals the right hand side, so
12x + 8z + 8xdz/dx = 0
Rearranging gives
dz/dx = -(3x + 2z)/2x = -1.5 + z/x

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