IJSM/5267/12.2.

2016/MPS

Physiology & Biochemistry

Authors

C. Cabral-Santos1,2, T. R. Giacon2, E. Z. Campos1, J. Gerosa-Neto1, B. Rodrigues3, L. C. M. Vanderlei2, F. S.

Lira1,2

Affiliations

Affiliation addresses are listed at the end of the article

Key words
high-intensity exercise

moderate-intensity continu
ous exercise
autonomic modulation

heart rate variability

Abstract

accepted after revision

December 21, 2015
Bibliography
DOI http://dx.doi.org/
10.1055/s-0042-100292
Published online: 2016
Int J Sports Med
Georg Thieme
Verlag KG Stuttgart New York
ISSN 0172-4622
Correspondence
Carolina Cabral Santos
Eduardo Zapaterra Campos
Exercise and Immunometabolism Reseach Group - Physical
Education Department
Universidade Estadual Paulista
Rua Roberto Simonse, 305
Presidente Prudente
Brazil 19061513
Tel.: +55/183/2295 826
Fax: +55/183/2295 826
zacampos@yahoo.com.br

The aim of this study was to compare heart rate

variability (HRV) recovery after two iso-volume
(5km) exercises performed at different intensities. 14 subjects volunteered (25.175.08 years;
74.76.28kg; 1750.05cm; 59.565.15mLkg1
min1) and after determination of peak oxygen
uptake (VO2Peak) and the speed associated with
VO2Peak (sVO2Peak), the subjects completed 2 random experimental trials: high-intensity exercise
(HIE 1:1 at 100% sVO2Peak), and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MIE 70% sVO2Peak). HRV
and RR intervals were monitored before, during
and after the exercise sessions together with, the
HRV analysis in the frequency domains (highfrequency HF: 0.15 to 0.4Hz and low-frequency

Introduction

Heart rate variability (HRV) is considered a noninvasive and well-accepted method for measuring cardiovascular autonomic modulation [20].
The HRV recovery has been widely studied, since
its reduction during rest and exercise are identified as a predictor of mortality and the risk of
sudden death [13,20]. More recently, HRV recovery has also been considered an important tool to
evaluate stress after exercise sessions of different
intensities [10,24].
Seiler et al. [26] compared HRV recovery after
different exercises in trained athletes. They found
that iso-volume (i.e., 60min) exercise performed
between the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds,
and above the anaerobic threshold, resulted in
similar HRV recovery, indicating that high-intensity exercise (HIE) does not promote higher autonomic stress regarding return to baseline
conditions compared to moderate-intensity
exercise (MIE). According to Seiler et al. [26], this
finding may explain why athletes prefer to train

LF: 0.04 to 0.15Hz components) and the ratio

between them (LF/HF). Statistical analysis comparisons between moments and between HIE
and MIE were performed using a mixed model.
Both exercise sessions modified LFlog, HFlog, and
LF/HF (F=16.54, F=19.32 and F=5.17, p<0.05,
respectively). A group effect was also found for
LFlog (F=23.91, p<0.05), and HFlog (F=57.55, p<
0.05). LF/HF returned to resting value 15min
after MIE exercise and 20min after HIE exercise.
This means that the heavy domain (aerobic and
anaerobic threshold) induces dissimilar autonomic modification in physically active subjects.
Both HIE and MIE modify HRV, and generally HIE
delays parasympathetic autonomic modulation
recovery after iso-volume exercise.

at a higher intensity, triggering greater physical

capacity adjustments, with an autonomic modulation recovery similar to that observed in moderate-intensity training [9,26].
Recently, studies have verified the effects of highintensity compared to moderate-intensity training on body composition, physical fitness and
molecular alterations; high-intensity training is
usually more effective in improving these variables [4,5,12]. However, data concerning whether
HIE and MIE exert different HRV recovery in
physically active subjects is conflicting, because
HIE intensities are usually too low and the volume is not matched [6,16,20,23]. Thus, in contrast to highly trained athletes [8,26], physically
active subjects exhibit a different autonomic balance after iso-volume HIE and MIE, which is an
important factor when selecting training distribution for this population.
Moreover, high-intensity training is often
selected as it is time-efficient compared with
moderate-intensity training [4,12,26]; however,
the superiority of high-intensity training over

Santos CC et al. Impact of High-intensity Intermittent Int J Sports Med

Downloaded by: Dot. Lib Information. Copyrighted material.

Impact of High-intensity Intermittent and Moderateintensity Continuous Exercise on Autonomic

Modulation in Young Men

moderate-intensity training could be even higher if an iso-

volume HIE is performed. On the other hand, this could lead to
higher autonomic stress in HIE compared to MIE, both during
exercise and recovery (i.e., retarding autonomic modulation
recovery), as both intensity and session time are greater, reducing the applicability of HIE for every-day training. However, this
hypothesis remains to be tested. Thus, the aim of the present
study.

Methods

Subjects

14 male subjects volunteered for the present study. They presented a health and neuromuscular status that demonstrated
their ability to complete the study protocol. All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the University Research Ethics Committee for studies
involving human participants and met the ethical standards of
this journal described for Harriss and Atkinson [14]. Written
informed consent was obtained from all subjects after they had
been informed about the purpose and risks of the study.

Experimental design

Subjects completed 3 experimental trials at the laboratory. The

first visit aimed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2Peak) and
the speed associated with VO2Peak (sVO2Peak). During the remaining 2 visits, all participants were submitted to 2 protocols of
5km of treadmill running in randomized sequence [28]: highintensity exercise (HIE), or moderate-intensity exercise (MIE),
separated by at least 72h. Due to the influence of time of day on
HRV, all tests took place at the same time of the day, between
1:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., at a average temperature of between
20 and 24 [1]. The subjects were instructed to abstain from
strenuous exercise for at least 24h prior to each exercise session
and were encouraged to maintain their usual nutritional and
hydration routines. Moreover, they were also requested not to
ingest stimulants (tea, coffee, soda, chocolate, chocolate powder)
or alcoholic beverages during this period.

Incremental test

The participants were subjected to an incremental test on a

treadmill (Inbramed MASTER CI, Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, Brazil). The initial speed was set at 8kmh1, increasing by 1kmh1
every 2min until volitional exhaustion. Strong verbal encouragement was given during the test. The oxygen uptake was
measured (Quark PFT, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) throughout the test
and the average of the last 30s defined as VO2Peak. The sVO2Peak
was assumed as the final incremental test speed. When the subject was unable to complete a stage, the speed was expressed
according to the time in the final stage, determined as follows:
sVO2Peak=speed of final complete stage+[(time, in seconds,
remaining at the final incomplete stage / 120s) * 1km.h1] [18].

High and moderate-intensity exercise sessions

For both exercise trials, the subjects performed a warm-up consisting of running at 50% of sVO2Peak for 5min at 1% incline. The
HIE was performed intermittently with subjects running on a
treadmill for 1min at 100% of sVO2Peak [23], interspersed by
1min of passive recovery (without exercise) until they had completed 5km. The MIE consisted of a continuous 5-km run on the
treadmill at 70% of sVO2Peak [23].
Santos CC et al. Impact of High-intensity Intermittent Int J Sports Med

IJSM/5267/12.2.2016/MPS

Heart rate variability recovery

Heart rate variability was monitored before, during and after

each exercise session. A recording strap was placed on the individuals chest at the sternal angle and at the Polar S810i heart
rate receiver (Polar Electro, Finland) on their wrist. After placement of the strap and monitor, the individuals remained at rest
in the supine position, breathing spontaneously for 20min. After
this period, the individuals performed the exercise protocol
before returning to the supine position, at rest, breathing spontaneously, for 60min. For HRV analysis, the behavior pattern was
recorded beat-to-beat throughout the experimental protocol,
with a sampling rate of 1000Hz.
In order to evaluate HRV, data on the intervals between heart
beats (RR intervals) were sent to a microcomputer, from the
pulse receptors data transmission port to Polar Precision Performance software (Polar Electro, Finland), using an infrared signal
interface. Only series with less than 5% errors were included in
the study. The RR interval series passed initially through filtering using standard filter Polar Precision Performance software
(Polar Electro, Finland) [17], with a moderate filter, after which
visual inspection was performed of the temporal series of RR
intervals on the computer monitor to ensure the absence of artifacts that could interfere with HRV analysis. The HRV indices
were calculated in the time and frequency domains using Kubios
HRV software (Kubios, Biosignal Analysis and Medical Image
Group, Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Finland)
[22].
The RR interval series were analyzed at the following moments:
M1 (after 5min at rest), M2 (immediately after the exercise until
the 5th min of recovery), after the 5th min, the recovery period
was divided into 11 excerpts (M3 to M13) of 5min each. All the
excerpts obtained contain at least 256 consecutive RR intervals.
In the time domain, the following indices were used for HRV
analysis: RMSSD and SDNN. The RMSSD index is defined as the
root mean square of successive differences between adjacent
normal RR intervals in a given time interval in milliseconds, and
the SDNN represents the standard deviation of normal to normal
RR intervals in milliseconds [30].
For the HRV analysis in the frequency domain, the high-frequency (HF, 0.15 to 0.4Hz) and low-frequency components (LF,
0.04 to 0.15Hz), as well as the ratio between them (LF/HF), were
analyzed. The spectral analysis was calculated using the Fourier
Transform algorithm [30] after which the HRV parameters were
logarithmically transformed (Log) to control for skewed distributions.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0. Prior to the

analysis, the normality of data was tested and confirmed using
the Shapiro-Wilk test. Comparison of HRV recovery between
moments, and between HIE and MIE was performed using a
mixed model. Exercise and moment were specified as fixed factors, and the subjects as a repeated factor. If a significant main
effect or interaction existed, this was further explored through
multiple comparison analyses with the Sidak adjustment for
multiple comparisons. The comparison between both exercise
characteristics was assessed using Students t test, with significance level set at 5%.

Downloaded by: Dot. Lib Information. Copyrighted material.

Physiology & Biochemistry

IJSM/5267/12.2.2016/MPS

Physiology & Biochemistry

The subjects characteristics, anthropometry measures, summary of the incremental test and baseline HRV are shown
in
Table 1.
The exercise characteristics are presented in
Table 2. Significant differences were found between speed, total session time
and total exercise time.
Resting HRV was similar between each exercise session. Both
exercise sessions significantly modified SDNN and RMSSD
(F=18.45, F=14.42, p<0.05; respectively;
Fig. 1), as well as LF
log, HF log and LF/HF (F=16.54, F=19.32, and F=5.17, p<0.05;
respectively,
Fig. 2). A group effect was also found for SDNN
(F=12.16, p<0.05), RMSSD (F=43.18, p<0.05), LF log (F=23.91,
p<0.05) and HF log (F=57.55, p<0.05). Nevertheless, no interaction (group vs. moment) was observed.
For MIE, the SDNN returned to rest values after 20min of recovery, while the RMSSD returned after 30min. Both the LF log and
HF log returned to rest values at the 20th min of recovery. After

Table 1 Mean, standard deviation and 95% of confidence interval (95% CI)
for subjects characteristics and heart rate variability indices.
Variable

Subjects (n=14)

Age (years)
Body Mass (kg)
Height (m)
BMI (kg/m2)
VO2peak (mlkgmin1)
Rest HR (bpm)
RMSSD (ms)
SDNN (ms)
LF Log
HF Log
LF:HF (a.u.)

25.175.08
74.706.28
1.750.05
24.421.91
59.565.15
61.508.07
58.1518.92
68.5016.10
3.040.30
2.990.29
1.451.03

95% CI
22.5027.83
71.4177.98
1.721.77
23.4125.42
56.8662.25
57.2765.72
48.2368.06
60.0676.93
2.883.19
2.833.14
0.911.98

Values are meanstandard deviation. BMI=body mass index; VO2peak=peak

oxygen uptake; HR=heart rate; RMSSD=root mean square of successive differences;
SDNN=standard deviation of NN intervals; LF=low frequency; HF=high frequency;
LF:HF=LF/HF ratio

Table 2 Mean and standard deviation (SD) of high-intensity exercise (HIE)

and moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) characteristics (n=14).
HIE
1

Speed (kmh )
Total session duration (minutes)
Total exercise duration (minutes)

MIE

14.511.19
40.723.39
20.861.70

10.160.83*
29.722.42*
29.722.42*

*significantly different from HIE

250
200

MIE
MIE

RMSSD (% of rest value)

SDNN (% of rest value)

150
100
50
0

20

40

Time (minutes)

60

150

the HIE, the SDNN returned to the rest values only after 45min,
while the RMSSD did not recover over the 60min. Moreover, the
LF log and HF log recovered after 20 and 35min, respectively.
The LF/HF returned to rest values 15min after MIE exercise and
20min after HIE exercise.

Discussion

The aim of the present study was to compare HRV recovery after
2 iso-volume (5km) exercises performed at different intensities.
The main finding of the present study was that both iso-volume
HIE and MIE modified HRV, and that HIE delayed HRV recovery
compared with MIE. These results mean that from the heavy
domain (i.e., between the aerobic and anaerobic threshold)
onward, iso-volume exercise induces dissimilar autonomic
modification in physically active subjects.
During exercise, general HRV decreases (i.e., parasympathetic
withdraw and sympathetic excitation) with the aim of increasing heart rate [13]. After exercise, the return of HRV to rest level
delays according to exercise intensity, duration and modality
[6,20,26]. Furthermore, HRV recovery is also used to characterize the acute stress response to training sessions in trained individuals [3,26], which contributes to training prescription. Thus,
since HIE and MIE training were compared in physically active
subjects [12,28], understanding the behavior of HRV recovery
after these training sessions may also contribute to training prescriptions for physically active subjects or for optimizing exercise training sessions for individuals who present cardiovascular
disease. Stewart et al. [29] have verified that HRV recovery is
delayed after another range of exercise intensity (at anaerobic
threshold), and duration (2h), evidencing the applicability of
HRV recovery to differentiate autonomic recovery after different
stimuli. Indeed, HRV obtained by both cardiac monitor and electrocardiography is also suggested to be used in different viewpoints [19].
It is important to note that SDNN increased immediately after
both exercises. SDNN index, which represents the standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals and reflects the overall
variability [30], had a significant increase immediately after
exercise until the 5th min of recovery compared to baseline. During the recovery from the exercise period, the initial return of
heart rate to baseline occurs primarily due to parasympathetic
reactivation [7,15]. With cessation of exercise, there is loss of
central command, and the baroreflex activation and other
mechanisms contribute to the parasympathetic activity increase
[15]. This parasympathetic reactivation promotes increase in RR
intervals variation, which may be associated with SDNN index
increase immediately after exercise.

MIE
MIE

100

Fig. 1 Heart rate variability recovery of time

domain indices (a SDNN and b RMSSD) after MIE
(), and HIE (). *significantly different from rest
value for MIE; significantly different from rest
value for HIE.

50

20

40

Time (minutes)

60

Santos CC et al. Impact of High-intensity Intermittent Int J Sports Med

Downloaded by: Dot. Lib Information. Copyrighted material.

Results

IJSM/5267/12.2.2016/MPS

Physiology & Biochemistry

b 150

MIE
MIE

100

50

20
40
Time (minutes)

60

100

Fig. 2 Heart rate variability recovery of frequency

domain indices (a LF log and b HF log) after MIE
(), and HIE (). *significantly different from rest
value for MIE; significantly different from rest
value for HIE.

MIE
MIE

50

20
40
Time (minutes)

Martinmki and Rusko analyzed short-term HRV recovery

(10min) after high-intensity and low-intensity exercise and
found that the intensity delayed parasympathetic recovery after
high-intensity exercise [20]. However, the high-intensity exercise was performed at 61% of maximal power, which is lower
than the MIE in the present study. Mourot et al. compared a constant and interval exercise with similar physical workloads [21].
They found slower parasympathetic recovery (i.e., HF) up to
60min after the interval exercise. Compared with the present
study, these studies presented either lower intensity of exercise
[20] or session volume [21]. Aiming to understand the effect of
both intensity and volume, Kaikkonen et al. compared HRV
recovery after 3 iso-volume different constant-speed exercises:
low, moderate and high-intensity [16]. The authors found no
difference in HRV recovery after moderate and high-intensity
exercise; however, the Kaikkonen et al. study also presented
an intensity lower than the present study (74% vs. 100% of
sVO2Peak) [16].
When comparing the effects of HIE and MIE, HIE seems to induce
better or similar physical fitness adaptations than MIE, with significantly lower volume [5,12]. Therefore, HIE training would
induce even higher adaptation, if performed with the same MIE
volume; however, this would likely induce greater autonomic
stress after the HIE. The present study demonstrates that both
iso-volume HIE and MIE likely reduced parasympathetic control
(RMSSD) and increased sympathetic predominance (high LF/HF
ratio) [3]. However, the group effects for all variables indicate
that, in general, HIE delays parasympathetic autonomic modulation recovery when compared with iso-volume MIE. These
results contradict Seiler et al.'s study, in which similar HRV
responses were verified after 2 exercise sessions performed at
and above anaerobic threshold intensity with the same total session time [26]. 2 factors may contribute to the differences: (i) the
subject's training status, since they evaluated highly trained athletes, and (ii) we equalized exercise session volume by distance
covered instead of session time.
In contrast to highly trained athletes [8,25], physically active
subjects do exhibit different HRV recovery after iso-volume HIE
and MIE; this is important for selecting training distributions for
this population. Given the increasing number of investigations
comparing different aspects of high and moderate-intensity
training (physiological, morphological, and performance), it
would also be interesting to understand whether higher autonomic stress after HIE leads to different HRV adaptations. Moreover, it is not known whether HIE accumulation in training
interferes with training commitment.
It is important to highlight that even though the exercise volume
was the same, the training load was not. Banister et al. develSantos CC et al. Impact of High-intensity Intermittent Int J Sports Med

60

oped the concept of training impulse based on heart rate

response to training as a method for integrating training variables [2], and Foster et al. proposed the calculation of training
impulse through the rating of perceived effort (RPE) [11]. Both
methods help to understand external loads (volume: minutes,
kilometers, and repetitions) and internal loads (heart rate, lactate, and rating of perceived effort) [3]. It is likely that the HIE
training impulse is higher than MIE, which would influence HRV
response. This issue is a limitation of the present study. Moreover, we did not control breathing frequency during the HRV
analysis, which influences HFlog values [25]; however, even
after 60min of recovery, we found modifications in HRV related
to the parasympathetic branch.
In summary, both HIE and MIE modify HRV, and generally HIE
delays parasympathetic autonomic modulation recovery after
an iso-volume exercise. This delay may be taken into account
when prescribing training for physically active subjects, especially since RMSSD indicating parasympathetic control did
not recover after 1h. Future studies should verify whether isotraining loads HIE and MIE also present different HRV recovery
values.

Acknowledgements

Eduardo Zapaterra Campos thanks CNPq for their support

(401676/2014-5). Fabio Santos Lira thanks Fapesp for their support (2013/25310-2).

Conflict of interest: None.

Affiliations
1
Exercise and Immunometabolism Group, Physical Education Department,
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
2
Physiotherapy Graduate Program, Physiotherapy Department, Universidade
Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
3
Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

References

1 Ammar A, Chtourou H, Trabelsi K, Padulo J, Turki M, Abed KE, Hoekelmann A, Hakim A. Temporal specificity of training: intra-day effects
on biochemical responses and Olympic-Weightlifting performances.
J Sports Sci 2015; 33: 358368
2 Banister EW, Clavert WT, Savage MV, Bach T. A systems model of training for athletic performance. Aust J Sports Med 1975; 7: 5761
3 Borresen J, Lambert MI. Autonomic control of heart rate during and
after exercise: measurements and implications for monitoring training status. Sports Med 2008; 38: 633646 Review

Downloaded by: Dot. Lib Information. Copyrighted material.

150

HF Log (% of rest value)

LF Log (% of rest value)

4 Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GJ, Bradwell SN, Gibala MJ.
Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative
potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J Appl Physiol
2005; 98: 19851990
5 Burgomaster KA, Heigenhauser GJ, Gibala MJ. Effect of short-term sprint
interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism
during exercise and time-trial performance. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100:
20412047
6 Cipryan L, Vala R. Cardiac autonomic regulation after continuous and
intermittent maximal exercise interventions. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55: 495505
7 Esco MR, Olson MS, Williford HN, Blessing DL, Shannon D, Grandjean P.
The relationship between resting heart rate variability and heart rate
recovery. Clin Auton Res 2010; 20: 3338
8 Esteve-Lanao J, San Juan AF, Earnest CP, Foster C, Lucia A. How do
endurance runners actually train? Relationship with competition performance. MedSci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 496504
9 Esteve-Lanao J, Lucia A, deKoning JJ, Foster C. How do humans control
physiological strain during strenuous endurance exercise? PLoS One
2008; 3: e2943
10 Finkelstein J, Jeong IC. Using heart rate variability for automated identification of exercise exertion levels. Stud Health Technol Inform 2015;
208: 137141
11 Foster C, Florhaug JA, Franklin J, Gottschall L, Hrovatin LA, Parker S,
Doleshal P, Dodge C. A new approach to monitoring exercise training.
J Strength Cond Res 2001; 15: 109115
12 Gibala MJ, Little JP, van Essen M, Wilkin GP, Burgomaster KA, Safdar A,
Raha S, Tarnopolsky MA. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional
endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J Physiol 2006; 15: 901911
13 Goldberger JJ, Le FK, Lahiri M, Kannankeril PJ, Ng J, Kadish AH. Assessment of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise. Am J Physiol
2006; 290: H2446H2452
14 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science
Research: 2016 Update. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 11211124
15 Javorka M, Zila I, Balhrek T, Javorka K. Heart rate recovery after exercise: relations to heart rate variability and complexity. Braz J Med Biol
Res 2002; 35: 9911000
16 Kaikkonen P, Nummela A, Rusko H. Heart rate variability dynamics
during early recovery after different endurance exercises. Eur J Appl
Physiol 2007; 102: 7986

Physiology & Biochemistry

17 Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, Kinnunen H, Tulppo MP. Endurance training
guided individually by daily heart rate variability measurements. Eur
J ApplPhysiol 2007; 101: 743751
18 Kuipers H, Verstappen FT, Keizer HA, Geurten P, van Kranenburg G. Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiologic
correlates. Int J Sports Med 1985; 6: 197201
19 Lewis MJ, Short AL. Exercise and cardiac regulation: what can electrocardiographic time series tell us. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010;
20: 794804
20 Martinmki K, Rusko H. Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability during immediate recovery from low and high intensity exercise.
Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103: 377378
21 Mourot L, Bouhaddi M, Tordi N, Rouillon JD, Regnard J. Short- and longterm effects of a single bout of exercise on heart rate variability: comparison between constant and interval training exercises. Eur J Appl
Physiol 2004; 92: 508517
22 Niskanen JP, Tarvainen MP, Ranta-aho PO, Karjalainen PA. Software for
advanced HRV analysis. Comput Meth Progr Biomed 2004; 76: 7381
23 Padulo J, Chamari K, Ardig LP. Walking and running on treadmill:
the standard criteria for kinematics studies. MLTJ 2014; 4: 159162
24 Padulo J, Powell D, Milia R, Ardig LP. A paradigm of uphill running.
Plos One 2013; 8: e69006
25 Seiler KS, Kjerland G. Quantifying training intensity distribution in
elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an "optimal" distribution? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 16: 4956
26 Seiler S, Haugen O, Kuffel E. Autonomic recovery after exercise in
trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc
2007; 39: 13661373
27 Schulz K, Grimes DA. Generation of allocation sequences in randomised
trials: chance, not choice. Lancet 2002; 359: 515519
28 Skelly LE, Andrews PC, Gillen JB, Martin BJ, Percival ME, Gibala MJ. Highintensity interval exercise induces 24-h energy expenditure similar
to traditional endurance exercise despite reduced time commitment.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39: 845848
29 Stewart GM 1, Kavanagh JJ, Koerbin G, Simmonds MJ, Sabapathy S. Cardiac electrical conduction, autonomic activity and biomarker release
during recovery from prolonged strenuous exercise in trained male
cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114: 110
30 Vanderlei LCM, Pastre CM, Hoshi RA, Carvalho TD, Godoy MF. Basic
notions of heart rate variability and its clinical applicability. Rev Bras
Cir Cardiovasc 2009; 24: 205221

Santos CC et al. Impact of High-intensity Intermittent Int J Sports Med

Downloaded by: Dot. Lib Information. Copyrighted material.

IJSM/5267/12.2.2016/MPS