MICRO II

PRELIMS
GRAM STAINING: Lactopehnol Cotton Blue
I. Overview
Characteristics
Fungi
1. Cell Type
Eukaryotes
2. Cell Wall
Glucan and Chitin
3. Spores
Reproductive

Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan
Non- Reproductive

Medically Significant Fungi

A. General Characteristics
1. a) Yeast
- Unicellularand forms bacterial like colony
- Reproduce by budding
b) Molds
- Multicellular, vegetative cell
- Woolly (fuzzy) appearance in culture
- Made up of Mycelium
Intertwining structures compose of Hyphae
Tube like structure
Fundamental unit
PARTS OF HYPHAE
i.
Aerial (Reproductive)
- Above the surface
- Produce conidia/spores
ii.
Vegetative (Thallus)
- Extends downwards into the medium
- Absorbs water and nutrients
TYPES OF HYPHAE
i.
Septate
- With frequent crosswalls
- Has septum boundaries
ii.
Sparsely Septate
- Aseptate
- Few crosswalls
STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH HYPHAE
i.
Conidiophore/Sporangiophore
- Stalks for conidia/sporangium
ii.
Conidia/Sporangium
- Asexual structure that form at the hyphae (sessile conidia) or
conidiophore/sporangiophore
iii.
Phialide/Annelids
- Increase in length
- Secondary segment born from conidiophore/sparangiophore
iv.
Vesicle/Columella
- Enlarged or dome shape structure at the tip of cconidiophore/sporangiophore
OTHER HYPHAL FORM
i.
Spirals
- Coiled
- T. mentagrophytes
ii.
Nodular Bodies
- Knot of twisted hyphae
- M. canis and T. mentagrophytes
iii.
Racquet
- Enlarge, club shaped
- E. floccosum
iv.
Pectinate Body
- Broken comb
- M. audouinii
v.
Favic Chandelier

Eu and Nic

- Antler hyphae
- T. scoenleinii and T. violaceum
2. HYALINE VS DEMATIACEOUS
a) Hyaline (Monoliaceous)
- Non or lightly pigmented
b) Dematiaceous
- Darkly pigmented due to melanin
3. DIMORPHISM VS POLYMORPHISM
a) Dimorphism (Dimorphic Fungi)
- Ability to exist in two forms
i.
Yeast or Spherule Phase (Tissue Phase)
- 37C with Increase of CO2
Spherule large, round structure that contains spore
b) Polymorphism (Polymorphic Fungi)
- Have both yeast and mold form in the same culture
4. REPRODUCTION
a) Asexual
- Forms conidia from hyphae of one organism
Types:
I.
BlasticConidiogenesis
- The parent cells enlarge a septum forms
II.
Thallic Conidiogenesis
- A septum forms then a new growth forms
Conidia
i.
Macroconidia
- Large and multicellular
ii.
Microconidia
- Small and unicellular
Vegetative Mycelium
iii.
Blastoconidia (Blastospores)
- Daughter cell that binds from mother cell, hyphae or pseudohyphae
iv.
Chlamydoconidia (Chlamidospores)
- Formed from rounding up and enlargement of hyphal segment
Teminal (tip)
Sessile (Sides)
Intercalary (Within)
v.
Arthroconidia (Arthrospores)
- Fragmentation of the hyphae into barrel
Contain in Sacs
vi.
Sporangiospores
- Aseptate
- Produced at the tip
- Zygomycetes
b) Sexual
- Merging of two cells
Types:
i.
Ascospores ( SaccFungi)
- Contained in sac like structures
- Molds with septate hyphae
- Ascus
ii.
Zygospore (Conjugation Fungi)
- Sparsely septate hyphae
- Molds
- Fusion of 2 adjacent identical cells
- Zygote (zygosporangium)
iii.
Basidiospores (Club Fungi)
- Spores produce in basidium
- Septate hyphae
iv.
Oospores
- Fusion of 2 separate non-identical cells
Phases of Reproduction

Eu and Nic

i.
Teleomorph
- Sexually
ii.
Anamorph
- Produce asexually
iii.
Synamorph
- Greater than one anamorph is present for the same teleomorph
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
-

Taxonomy
GLOMERULOMYCOTA (Zygomycota)
Aseptate
Presence of sporangium
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia, Cunninghamella
ASOMYCOTA
Septate
Presence of ascospores
Yeast (Saccharomycoses, Candida)
Mold (Coccidioides, Blastomyces, Trichophyton)
BASIDIOMYCOTA
Septate with clamp connections
Presence of basidiospores
Filobasidiellaneoformans
DEUTERMYCOTA
Imperfect fungi
No mode of sexual reproduction
Largest number of specie

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
a) General Characteristics
- Affects the outermost layer of the skin/hair
b) Clinical Manifestation and Lab Diagnosis
i.
Malassezia furfur
a. Tinea Versicolor (pityriasis versicolor)
Skin pale or fawn patches
Hair - dandruff
b. KOH/PAS Preparation of Skin Scrapings
Budding yest with hyphae
Spaghetti and meatballs
ii.
Hortaewerneckii
a. Tinea Nigra
Palms and Soles brown to black macules
b. Bright Field/Phase Contract
Dark 1-2 celled (budding) annelloconidia/blastoconidia
iii.
Piedraiahortae
a. Black Piedra
Brown to black crusts/nodules on hair
b. KOH preaparation of Hair Shaft
Dark hyphae with asci
iv.
Trichosporonbeigelii
a. White Piedra
Light brown, soft nodules
T. ovoides (scalp)
T. inkin (pubic)
b. Bright Field/Phase Contract
Hyaline Hyphae
Arthroconidia
Blastoconidia
2. CUTANEOUS MYCOSES
a) General Characteristics
- Agents of dermatophytoses
- Keratinophilic (hair, nails, skin)
b) Infections

Eu and Nic

c) Agents
Infections

Agents
Macroconidia
E.floccosum
Singly/Clusters
a. Tinea Favosa
Broad/Spatulate
b. Tinea Capitis
2-5 Cells
Microsporumspp
- Gray Patch Ringworm
M. canis
Sparse
Spindle Shape
Trichophytonspp
- Black Dot Ringworm
Clavate
Echinulate
ii.
Beard
Sessile
Trichophytonspp 3-15 cells
a. Tinea Barbae
Tapered Ends
iii.
Body
M.
gypseum
Sparse
Microsporumspp Cigar shaped with spiny
a. Tinea corporis
Clavate
Trichophytonspp surface and rounded tips
Sessile
iv.
Groin
M.
Rare
Chlamydoconidia-like
Epidermophytonspp
a. audouinii
Tinea Cruris
Chlamydospores
Swelling
v.
Feet
Bizzare Shape
Epidermophytonspp
a. Tinea Pedis
T. mentagrophytes
Teardrop/Globose
Trichophytonspp Rare
Grapelike
Cigar Shapre
vi. Clusters
Nail
Epidermophytonspp
Coiled Spiral Hyphae
a. Tinea Ungium
T. rubrum
Clavate PegTrichophytonspp Pencil Shape
Tear shaped sessile
Cylindrical
T. tonsurans
Abundant
Cylindrical
Teardrop peg
Balloon Shape
d) Tests

i.Microconidia
Scalp
Absent
T. schoenleinii

Test
Rice Grain
Wood Lamp
Urease

Hair Baiting

Thiamin Req

Specie
M. audouinii
M. canis/ M. gypseum
M. audouinii/ M. canis
M. gypseum
T. mentagrophytes
T. rubrum
T. tonsurans
T. mentagrophytes
T. rubrum
T. tonsurans
T. mentagrophytes
T. rubrum
T. tonsurans

Result
Poor Growth (Brown)
Good Growth
Positive
Negative
Positive (2 days)
Negative (7 days)
Positive (4 days)
Positve ( Endothrix)
Negative
Negative (Ectothrix)
Negative
Negative
Positive

3. SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES
a) General Characteristics
Result from traumatic puncture of thorns or vegetation contaminated with fungi
b) Chromoblastomycosis
Verrucous dermatitidis and chromomycosis
Caused by dematiaceous fungi
Hard, warty, tumor like cutaneous lesions
i.
Phialophoraverrucosa
Flask shaped phialide with collarettes
Conidia occur in balls at tips of phialides
ii.
Cladophialophoracarrionii
Erect conidiophores w/ branched chains of blastoconidia
iii.
Fonsecaeaspp
Primary to tertiary conidia is formed sympodially on conidiophore tip of phialides
iv.
Rhinocladiellaaquaspersa

Eu and Nic

Conidiophores bearing elliptical conidia sympodially on its upper portion

c) Mycetomas
Local swelling of tissue with abscesses, draining sinuses and granulomatus pus
i.
Pseudalleschriaboydii
Anamorphic form of S. apiospernum
Cleistothecia containing ascospores
ii.
Madyrellamycetomatic/grisea
Conidia from the tips of phialides
May remain sterile
iii.
Exophialajeanselmei
Conidiophores from cylindrical annelids
Conidia gathers at the tip of annelids
iv.
Acremoniumfalcifrome
Elliptical conidia borne from phialides of an unbranched conidiophores
d) Phaeohyphomycosis
Infection caused by dematiaceous fungi
i.
Alternaria
Conidiophores that branch with chains of conidia (muriform or tapered)
ii.
Bipolaris
Conidiophores with multicelled, oblong to cylindrical conidia
iii.
Curvularia
Conidiophore twisted at point of attachment to curved
Multicelled conidia
e) Sporotrichosis
Exposure to rose thorns and sphagnum moss
Dimorphic fungus
i.
Sporothrixschenckii
Small, cigar shaped yeast
Conidia in a rosette or sleeve pattern
Intracellular to PMNs
Asteroid Body Starlike
4. SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
a) General Characteristics
Dimorphic: Mold (22C 30C) or yeast (35C- 37C)
b) Ecology and Diseases
Agent
B. Dermatitidis

H. capsulatum

C. Immitis

P. brasiliensis

Agent
B. dermatitidis
H. capsulatum
C.immitis
P. brasiliensis

Eu and Nic

Ecology
River Valleys
Basin
Soil
Bird
Bat Guano
Alkaline Soil
Soil

Soil

Mold
Ovoid conidia borne on
short conidiophore
Round, Large, Echinulate
Tuberculate Macroconidia
Barrel Shape arthroconidia
Sterile hyphae
Chlamydoconidia

Disease
Gilchrist
Chicago
Cave
Spelunkers
Darling
Dessert Bumps
Dessert Rheumatism
Valley Fever
South American
Blastomycosis
Lutz-Splendore Almeida
Yeast
Large Yeast
Broad base bud
Small
Oval
Spherule sac like
containing endospores
Mariners wheel
Mickey mouse cap

5. OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES
a) General Characteristics
Sapphrophytes and opportunistic
b) Zygomaycetes
i.
Absidia
Sporangiophore, smooth and ovoid
Intermodal rhizoids
ii.
Mucor
Sporangia remain intact
Rhizoids are absent
iii.
Rhizopus
Sporangiophores clusters in stolonrhizoid is at the base of sporangiophore
iv.
Aspergillus
Conidiophore expands to vesicle
Vesicle is covered with phialides

MIDTERMS

6. YEAST AND YEAST LIKE

a) General Characteristics
Unicellular, budding and round to oval organisms
b) Ecology

Specie
C.neoformans
C.albicans

G.candidum

Ecology
Pigeon/ Bat droppings
Decaying vegetations
GI Tract
Mucus Membrane
Soil
Decaying Woods

Infection
Systemic
Meningitis
Vulvovaginatis
Diaper Rash
Thrush
Oral
Lung
Skin

c) Cryptococcosis (True Yeast)

Teleomorph, basidiomyces, budding/blastospores
i.
C. neoformans
Round to ovals yeast with capsule
Narrow base budding
Blood/ CSF
India Ink
COLONY: Niger Seed Agar (brown to black)
Phenol Oxidase (+)
d) Candidiasis (Yeast Like)
i.
C. albicans
Direct exam
Blastoconidia (budding yeast/Pseudohyphae)
Hyphalike extensions of yeast cell in germ tube (35C; 1-3 hrs)
e) Geotrichosis
i.
G. candidum
Fragmented hyphae
Rectangular arthrospores with rounded ends
Direct Exam: Rectangular Yeast Cells (in pairs/chains)
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

Eu and Nic

1. SAFETY ISSUE
BSC 2 and BSL 2
2. SPECIMEN COLLECTION
2.1 Respiratory Sample : Sputum (Dimorphic/Opportunistic)
2.2 Subcutaneous Tissue: Pus/Isolates Dimorphic)
2.3 Blood/Bone Marrow/ CSF: Systemic
2.4 Hair/ Skin/Nails: Superficial/Cutaneous; Candida
2.5 Throat/Urine/Vaginal and Cervical: Candida
a) Hair
Pulled/cut
Woods Lamp
KOH Culture (SDA/SDA-CC)
b) Skin/Nails
Cleanse with 70% alcohol
Scrape outer edge
KOH culture
SDA with oil (olive)
c) Blood and Bone Marrow
Lysis centrifugationg (breakdown of macrophage and neutrophil)
Culture (SPS/BHI)
Wrights and Giemsa (H. capsulatum)
d) CSF
Colorless
India Ink/Later agglutination
Culture (BHI)
e) Abscess/Lesions
Biopsy/Needle
Sulfur granules
Culture (SDA/SDA-CC/BHI)
f) Sputum
3 consecutive every morning
Deep cough
Giemsa (SDA/BHI)
g) Urine
3 consecutive
Clean catch midstream
Culture (SDA/SDA-CC)
h) Throat/Cervical/Vaginal
2 swabs, Direct and Culture
KOH Culture
3. DIRECT EXAM
a) KOH 10% - 20%
Dissolve keratin in skin, hair and nails
b) KOH with Calcoflour White
Bind chitin
Blue white
c) India Ink/Nigrosin
Encapsulated yeast (neoformans) in CSF
d) Lactophenol cotton Blue (Anan Medium)
Fungal morphology
Contains lactic acid, phenol and aniline blue
e) Tissue Stains
i.
PAS: polusaccharide (purplish red)
ii.
Fontana-Masson: Melanin
iii.
Grocot-Gomori: Methenamine Silver
iv.
Gram Stain (Hucker) :Giemsa or Wrights Stain
4. ISOLATION METHOD
a) Growth Requirements
i.
Nutrients and Moisture
Nitrogen
Carbon

Eu and Nic

Vitamins
Minerals
ii.
Temperature
25C- 30C (Molds)
37C (Yeast)
iii.
Time
2-4 weeks (Molds)
2-3 days (Yeast)
b) Fungal Culture Media
b.1 Primary Isolation Media
i. Brain Hear Infusion Agar
ii. Sabarauds Dextrose Agar (SDA)
Pathogenic A saprophytic fungi (zygomycetes and aspergillus)
Cyclohexinide inhibits saprophytes
Chloramphenicol inhibits bacteria
iii.
BHI- CC
iv.
Mycosel or Mycobiotic Agar (SDA-CC)
v.
DTM (Dermatophyte Test Medium or Pfizer)
Phenol red: Dermatophyte (yellow to red)
b.2Differential Test Media
i. Birdseed or Nigerseed Agar
Blood or CSF
C. neoformans:Phenol Oxidase (+)
Brown to Black Colonies
ii.
Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80
Candida
Stimulates conidia and chlamydospores production
iii.
Cottonseed Agar
B. dermatitidis
Induces conversion of mold to yeast
iv.
Potato Dextrose Agar
Induces production of pigment of T. rubrum
Stimulates conidia production
v.
Rice Medium
Differentiation of Microsporonspp
vi.
Urea Agar
Detects urease of C. neoformans
Differentiation of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes
vii.
Tricophyton Agar
7 agars with casein or NH4 nitrate base plus enrichment
viii.
Czapeks
Spp identification of Aspergilli
ix.
Yeast Test System
Yeast Assimilation Media
Utilization of carbon and nitrogen
Yeast Fermentation Broth
Fermentation of carbs
c) Macroscopic Examination
i.
Growth Rate
ii.
Topogrophy
iii.
Texture
iv.
Pigmentation
5. EXAMINATION OF GROWTH
a) Tease Mount
b) Cellophane Tape Mount
c) Slide Culture

Eu and Nic

VIROLOGY
Introduction
a
b

General Characteristics: Obligate intracellular parasites, cannot multiply by binary

fission, cannot generate ATP, lack ribosomal RNA, size of 20 250 nm.
Structure:
1 Components
1 Virion (nucleocapsid) virus particle
2 Capsid : protein coat, composed of capsomer(protein subunit)
3 Nucleic Acid : DNA or RNA
4 Envelope : Phospholipid bilayer with adhesion molecules (spikes)
5 Enveloped Nucleocapsid : with envelope
6 Naked Nucleocapsid : without envelope
2 Capsid Morphology: 1. Helical (rodlike) 2. Icosahedral (cubic) 3. Complex
3 Nomenclature
1 Family end in viridae(eg. Herpesviridae)
2 Genus end in virus (Simplexvirus)
3 Species Common names ( Human Herpes Virus 1, Human Herpes Virus 2)

4. Taxonomy: a. Type of genome

b. Strandedness of genome
c. Capsidmorphology
d. Presence and absence of envelope
5. Viral Replication
1. Absorption: attachment of the virus to the host cell receptor
2. Penetration: injection (naked) ,fusion , and endocytosis (enveloped)
3. Uncoating: virus loses its capsid exposing the viral nucleic acid
4. Eclipse: replication and expression of the genetic material
5. Assembly: genetic material combines with the protein coat
6. Release:lysis (naked) and budding (enveloped)
Laboratory Diagnosis
a. Specimen Collection
1. Early stage of infection
2. Sample in the infected site
3. Use transport medium(swab, tissue)
term)

4. Swab (dacron, rayo, cotton)

5. Aspirates (w/o transport media)
6. Store at 4C (short), -70C (long

b. Specimen Collection
Body system
Disease/manifestation
Respiratory tract
Croup, Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Gastrointestinal

Gastroenteritis

Specimen
Nasal aspirate/
nasopharyngeal, throat
swab
Stool/ Rectal swab

Cutaneous

Lesions
&Exanthems(rashes)

Vesicle aspirate, lesion

swab

Ocular

Conjunctivitis, Keratitis

Congenital

Lesions
&Exanthems(rashes)
Urethritis, etc., Penile
lesions
Encephalitis, Aseptic

Conjucntival scrapings,
corneal swabs
Throat, urine, serum

Rota, Norwalk, Adeno,

40&41, Enterovirus
HHVI-3, Adeno,
Measles, Rubella,
Entero, Rota
HSV, Adeno, Coxsakie,
Entero
CMV, HSV, Rubella

Vesicle aspirates/swab

HSV

CSF, NP swabs

HSV, Arbovirus,

Genital
CNS

Eu and Nic

Common agents
Influenza, PIV, HSV,
Picorna, Rota, Adeno

meningitis

Entero, Mumps

c. Method of Diagnostic Virology

1. Direct Detection
a. Cytopathic Effects ( CPE) alteration, disruption or damage to the cells resulting from
the virus infection.
CPE
Virus
Intranuclear inclusions
Cowdry Type A
HSV &VZV
owl eyes
Cytoplasmic inclusions
Nuclear enlargement

CMV
Negri bodies
Koilocytosis

Rabies
HPV

b.Immunoflourscence Specimen is stained with fluorescein-labeled antibody then

observed under fluorescence microscope (EG. Direct Fluorescent Antibody, DFA)
2. Virus Isolation Viral replication are detected by Cytopathic Effects, rounding, clumping,
vacuolation, granulation, giant multinucleate cell formation, syncytial formation, cell
destruction or lysis or Immunofluorescence.
a. Cell Culture
1. Primary cell culture have the same karyotype and chromosome number as the
original tissue.
Human Embryonic Kidney
HEK
Rabbit Embryonic Kidney
RK
Primary Monkey Kidney
PMK
Rhesus Monkey Kidney
RMK
Cytomolgus Monkey Kidney
CMK
African Green Monkey Kidney AGMK
2. Cell line A subcultivated primary cell culture,>75% of cells have the same karyotype as
the normal cells.
Human Embryonic Lung
WI-38
Human Diploid Fibroblast
HD-E
3. Continous cell lineHeteropoid or immortal cell lines - <75% of cells have the same
karyotype as normal cells
Human Cervical Carcinoma
HeLa
Human Laryngeal Carcinoma
Hep 2
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
KB
Human Lung Carcinoma
A-549
AGMK
Vero
Clinically Significant Spp.
a. Double-stranded DNA viruses
1.Herpesviridae: dsDNA, Enveloped, Icosahedral, Latency and lifelong persistence
Species
MOT
Disease
Specimens for
Culture
Herpes Simplex Virus
Contact to ulcerations
Oral Herpes
Aspirates (vesicles
(HSV1&2)
of mucous membranes (Gingivostomatitis&
&lesions),
genitalia
blister), Genital herpes,
Conjunctival
Neonatal herpes, Herpetic
scrapings, CSF
whitlow, Herpes
encephalitis, Ocular herpes
(Herpes keratitis)
Varicella Zoster Virus Droplet inhalation
Varicella (chickenpox)
Lesion( vesicles)
(VZV)
Direct contact with
Zoster (shingles)
Cowdry Type A

Eu and Nic

Epstein-Barr Virus
(EBV)

lesions
Oral contact w/ saliva

Infectious mononucleosis
Burkitts lymphoma,
Hodgkin dse.,
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Disseminated
Infant (Congenital CMV)
Transplant Patient (40 day
fever)
HIV Patient

Cytomegalovirus
(CMV) salivary gland
virus

Close contact w/
secretions &
excretions, blood &
organ transplants

Human Herpes Virus

6&7 (HHV 6&7)

Close contact w/ saliva

Roseola infantumrose
rash
Exanthemsubitum, Sixth
disease

Human Herpes Virus 8

(HHV 8)

Sexual contact

Kaposi sarcoma

2. Poxviridae: dsDNA, Enveloped, Complex (Largest, Brick-shaped)

Species
MOT
Disease
Variolla
Direct inhalation
Smallpox
Contact w/ lesions
3.Papillomaviridae: dsDNA, Naked, Icosahedral
Species
MOT
Human Papilloma
Close contact
Virus (HPV)

Disease
Laryngeal Wart (
Papillomatosis)
Venereal Wart
(Condylomata
acuminate)
Cervical carcinoma

4. Adenoviridae : dsDNA, Naked, Icosahedral, Posses a long fiber

Species
MOT
Disease
Adenovirus
Fecal-oral
Epidemic of GI infection
Secretions, aerosols,
(serotype 40 & 41) in
close contact
young children in warmer
months
Respiratory infection
(Pneumonia)
Acute respiratory disease
(serotype 14)
Epidemics of
keratoconjuctivitis
B. Single-stranded DNA viruses
5. Parvoviridae :ssDNA, Naked, Icosahedral
Species
MOT
Parvovirus B19
Contact w/ secretions
*animals

Eu and Nic

Disease
Erythema infectiosum
Fifth dse
Aplastic crises, anemia
Hydrops fetalis

Atypical Lymphocytes
(B cells)
Serum (Paul-Bunnell)
Urine, blood, body
fluids & tissues
owl eye in a lung
pneumocyte
*CULTURE human
diploid fibrobla
T cells

Non-culturable
tissue, blood, BM &
secretions

Others
Extinct in nature
Vaccinia (vaccine strain)

Others
Pap smear w/ normal
cervical cells
&koilocytes

Others
*Cytopathic effect
- swollen in grape-like
clusters

Others
Smallest DNA virus

C. Single-stranded RNA viruses

1. Orthomyxoviridae :ssRNA, Enveloped, Helical ( 8
Species
MOT
Virulence factor
Influenza
Aerosols
Hemagglutinin(16)
virus
Respiratory
-mediates
droplets
attachment
Neuraminidase(9)
mediates entry

single-stranded genome)
Disease
Zoonotic (birds
&mammals*swine)
Respiratory inf
(pneumonia/commoncolds
)

Lab Dx
*CULTURE
Embryonated
chicken eggs
PMK
(hemadsoprtion
&hemagglutination

*antigenic drift minor change in antigenic structure

*antigenic shift- result to new H or N antigen due to genetic reassortment and adaptive
mutation
Differences of Influenza Virus
Influenza Virus
RNA segment
H1H1 Spanish flu Antigenic drift
H2N2 Asian flu
Antigenic shift
H3N2 Hongkong
Hemaglutinin
flu
H5N1 Avian flu
Neuraminidase

Inf A
Yes
Yes
Yes

Inf B
Yes
No
Yes

Inf C
Yes
No
Yes

Yes

Yes

No

2. Paramyxoviridae:ssRNA, Enveloped, Helical

Species
MOT
Parainfluenza virus
Respiratory secretions
Aerosols

Disease
PIV-1&2 : Croup in
children (1*)
PIV-3 : Bronchiolitis
&pneumonia inants (2*)
PIV-4 : Mild upper RT
infections

Lab Diagnosis
PMK (Hemadsoprtion)

Saliva & swabs of

Stensens duct
Hemadsorption
Hemmaglutination
inhibition (+)
Spindle / multinucleated
cells

Mumps virus

Saliva droplets

Mumps
Sterility

Measles

Aerosols

RSC and NMPV

Large particles and

droplets
Contact w/ fomites

Measles (Rubeola)
Koplik spots
Pneumonia &
encephalitis (SSPE) *Subacute, schlerosing,
Parencephaltis
Lower RT
infections(Croup,
bronchitis, interstitial
pneumonia) in Infants
(RSV -1*)

4. Arenaviridae :ssRNA, Enveloped, Helical ( Sand capsid)

Species
MOT
Disease
LCM, Lassa Virus, etc Rodent borne
Febrile illness,
Hemorrhagic fever
Encephalitis
5. Bunyaviridae :ssRNA, Enveloped, Helical
Species
MOT

Eu and Nic

Disease

Syncytia in HEp2 (RSV)

Others

Others

LaCrosse, etc.
Hantavirus

Arbociral
Rodent borne

Febrile illness,
Hemmorhagic fever,
Encephaltis

6. Filoviridae :ssRNA, Enveloped, Helical, Club-shaped projections

Species
MOT
Disease
Lake Victoria,
Close contact with
Margburghemmorhagic
Margburg&Ebola
secretions and
fever,
(EBO-Z, -S, -R)
excretions (Eg.
Ebola hemmorhagic fever
Monkeys)
*Zaire, Sudan, Reston, Tai
forest

7. Rhabdoviridae :ssRNA, Enveloped, Helical

Species
MOT
Rabies virus
Bite of infected animal

Disease
Flulike symptoms
(prodromal)
Fatal encephalitis

Others
Rarely cause human
infections but high
mortlity rates.
Isolation, PCR and IF

Lab Diagnosis
Isolation and IF ( Negri
bodies) from the brain of
the animal

D. Single-stranded RNA viruses

8. Flaviviridae :ssRNA, Enveloped, Icosahedral, Zoonotic (Arboviral) (bullet shaped)
Species
MOT
Virulence &Disease
Endemicity
Japanese
A. aedis
Most common cause of
East, South, and
encephalitis
encephalitis in the world
Southeast Asia
Dengue virus
A. aegypti
Dengue fever (break-bone
Tropical and
A. albopictus
fever), Hemmorhagic fever &
subtropical countries
Shock syndrome
$ serotypes (DEN 1-4)
Thrombocytopenia
Hemorrhage
Plasma leakage
>HCT <platelets shock
Yellow fever
A. aegypti
Systemic toxic phase (jaundice) Parts of Africa and
MOT: Sylvatic , Urban,
South America
Intermediate transmission
St. Louis
Culex spp.
Meningoencephalitis
USA Birds
Encephalitis
West nile
Classic WNV infection
9. Retroviridae:ssRNA, Enveloped, Icosahedral, Requires Reverse Transcriptase (RNA
-DNA)
Species
MOT
Virulence &Disease
Others / Dx
Human
Sexual contact,
Acquired Immune
Screening :
Immunodeficiency
Injection(drug use),
Deficiency Syndrome
1. <CD4+ Tcells 2.
Virus
Pregnancy, Childbirth
(AIDS)
<0.9 = CD4+:CD8
and breast feeding,
- Target CD4+ T
ratio
Occupational Vlood
cells & monocyte
3. Impaired monocyte
transfusion and organ
macrophage
transplant
4. low NK cell activity
5. anergy to recall Ags
in skin test
Western Blot Assay
10. Togaviridae :ssRNA, Enveloped, Icosahedral
Species
MOT

Eu and Nic

Disease

Others

Eastern-, Western-,
Venezuelan Equine
Encephalitis
Rubella

Mosquito-borne

Droplet inhalation

Nonspecific febrile
illness
Encephalitis
German measles
Congebital rubella
syndrome

11. Picornaviridae :ssRNA, Naked, Icosahedral, Smallest virus (dessiminated)

Species
MOT
Disease
Poliovirus
Aerosols, fecal oral &
Polio (paralysis
fomites
Prevalent overcrowded
areas w/ poor hygiene
Coxsakie, Entero,
*same as Polio
Diarrhea, Hand foot
Echo, Parechovirus
and mouth dse
Rhinovirus
Aerosols and fomites
Common cold

12. Caliciviridae :ssRNA, Naked, Icosahedral

Species
MOT
Norwald(Norovirus)
Food-borne, watersmall round structured
borne, Person-tovirus
person
13.Reoviridae : dsRNA, naked, Icosahedral
Species
MOT
Rotavirus
Fecal-oral route
Food and waterborne

Eu and Nic

Disease
Gastroenteritis
(outbreaks)

Disease
Most common cause of
Gastroenteritis in infants
and children

May lead to fetal death

and spontaneous
abortion

Other Manifestations
Exanthems, aseptic
meningitis(in summer
months), pharyngitis and
pneumonia
*same as Polio
Dx Sero, mole, acid
labile

Others
Most common in the US
Feces, EM
( nonculturable)

Others