Alcantara, Ria Diane R.

MT1335

General Properties and Definition of the follow enzymes:

I. MI Profile
1. Creatine Kinase (CK)
A. Definition - CK is an enzyme with a molecular weight of approximately 82,000 Da that is
generally associated with ATP regeneration in contractile or transport systems. Its
predominant physiologic function occurs in muscle cells, where it is involved in the
storage of high-energy creatine phosphate.
B. Isoenzymes, Tissue Source & Associated Diseases
Isoenzyme
CK-BB

Tissue Source
Brain
Bladder
Lung
Prostate
Uterus
Colon
Stomach
Thyroid

Associated Diseases/ Conditions

Central nervous system shock
Anoxic encephalopathy
Cerebrovascular accident
Seizure
Placental or uterine trauma
Carcinoma
Reyes syndrome
Malignant hyperthermia
Acute and chronic renal failure

CK-MB

Heart
Skeletal Muscle

Myocardial infarction
Myocardial injury
Inflammatory heart disease
Cardiac surgery
Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy
Reyes syndrome

CK-MM

Heart
Skeletal Muscle

Myocardial infarction
Skeletal muscle disorder
Muscular dystrophy
Malignant hyperthermia
Physical activity
Intramuscular injection

2. Aspartate Amino Tranferase (AST)

A. Definition - Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme belonging to the class of
transferases. It is commonly referred to as a transaminase and is involved in the transfer
of an amino group between aspartate and -keto acids. The older terminology, serum
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT, or GOT), may also be used.
B. Associated Diseases Myocardial infarction, Hepatic Disorder & Skeletal muscle
disorder.
C. Tissue Source AST is widely distributed in human tissue. The highest concentrations
are found in cardiac tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle, with smaller amounts found in the
kidney, pancreas, and erythrocytes.
3. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
A. Definition LDH is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of lactic and pyruvic
acids. It is a hydrogen-transfer enzyme that uses the coenzyme NAD+.
B. Associated Diseases Myocardial infarction, Hepatic disorder, Hemolysis & Carcinoma
C. Tissue Source LDH is widely distributed in the body. High activities are found in the
heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and erythrocytes; lesser amounts are found in the
lung, smooth muscle, and brain.
II. Liver Enzymes
4. Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT)
A. Definition - Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is a transferase with enzymatic activity
similar to that of AST. Specifically, it catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from
alanine to -ketoglutarate with the formation of glutamate and pyruvate.
B. Associated Diseases Hepatic disorders
C. Tissue Source ALT is distributed in many tissues, with comparatively high
concentrations in the liver. It is considered the more liver-specific enzyme of the
transferases.
5. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
A. Definition ALP belongs to a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of various
phosphomonoesters at an alkaline pH. Consequently, ALP is a nonspecific enzyme
capable of reacting with many different substrates. Specifically, ALP functions to liberate
inorganic phosphate from an organic phosphate ester with the concomitant production of
an alcohol.

B. Associated Diseases Hepatic disorder & Bone disorder

C. Tissue Source ALP activity is present on cell surfaces in most human tissue. The
highest concentrations are found in the intestine, liver, bone, spleen, placenta, and kidney.
6. y-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
A. Definition y-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) is an enzyme involved in the transfer of the yglutamyl residue from y-glutamyl peptides to amino acids, H2O, and other small
peptides. In most biologic systems, glutathione serves as the y-glutamyl donor.
B. Associated Diseases Hepatic disorder
C. Tissue Source GGT activity is found primarily in tissues of the kidney, brain, prostate,
pancreas, and liver. Clinical applications of assay, however, are confined mainly to
evaluation of liver and biliary system disorders.
III. Pancreatic Enzymes
7. Amylase (AMS)
A. Definition Amylase (AMY) is an enzyme belonging to the class of hydrolases that
catalyze the breakdown of starch and glycogen. Starch consists of both amylose and
amylopectin.
B. Associated Diseases Acute pancreatitis
C. Tissue Source The acinar cells of the pancreas and the salivary glands are the major
tissue sources of serum AMY. Lesser concentrations are found in skeletal muscle and the
small intestine and fallopian tubes.
8. Lipase (LPS)
A. Definition LPS is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the ester linkages of fats to produce
alcohols and fatty acids. Specifically, LPS catalyzes the partial hydrolysis of dietary
triglycerides in the intestine to the 2-monoglyceride intermediate, with the production of
long-chain fatty acids.
B. Associated Diseases Acute pancreatitis
C. Tissue Source LPS concentration is found primarily in the pancreas, although it is also
present in the stomach and small intestine.
IV. Other Enzymes
9. Acid Phosphatase (ACP)
A. Definition Acid phosphatase (ACP) belongs to the same group of phosphatase enzymes
as ALP and is a hydrolase that catalyzes the same type of reactions.
B. Associated Diseases Prostatic carcinoma

C. Tissue Source ACP activity is found in the prostate, bone, liver, spleen, kidney,
erythrocytes, and platelets. The prostate is the richest source, with many times the activity
found in other tissue.
10. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH)
A. Definition G-6-PD is an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of glucose-6phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate or the corresponding lactone. The reaction is important
as the first step in the pentose phosphate shunt of glucose metabolism with the ultimate
production of NADPH.
B. Associated Diseases Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
C. Tissue Source Sources of G-6-PD include the adrenal cortex, spleen, thymus, lymph
nodes, lactating mammary gland, and erythrocytes. Little activity is found in normal
serum.