Historical Foundations of Microbiology

300 years of contributions by many

Temuan-temuan penting, meliputi:

Penemuan mikroskop dan teknik mikroskopi
Metode-metode science
Perkembangan mikrobiologi kedokteran
Teknik-teknik mikrobiologi

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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Dutch linen merchant

First to observe living
microbes
Single-lens magnified up
to 300X

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microscope

Discovery of Spores and Sterilization

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn each
demonstrated the presence of heat resistant
forms of some microbes.
Cohn determined these forms to be endospores (sel
bakteri yang mampu bertahan dalam kondisi ekstrim)

Sterilisasi bertujuan menghilangkan semua bentuk

kehidupan termasuk endospore dan virus yang
tidak diinginkan (sehingga tidak menyebabkan
kontaminasi)
Desinfection: ..desinfeksi = ???

 Joseph Lister introduced aseptic techniques

reducing microbes in medical settings to prevent
infections
involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to
surgery
use of heat for sterilization
Sterilisasi dengan panas:
- panas basah .autoclave (alat dan bahan)
- panas kering oven (alat-alat gelas)
Sterilisasi dengan bahan kimia
Sterilisasi melalui penyaringan

Pathogens and Germ Theory of Disease

Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not

by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

Two major contributors:

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Showed microbes caused
fermentation and spoilage

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Disproved spontaneous
generation of microorganisms
Developed pasteurization
Demonstrated Germ Theory of
Disease
Developed a rabies vaccine
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Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Established Kochs postulates - a
sequence of experimental steps that
verified the germ theory:

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The pathogen present in every case

Isolation from the host to the lab
Reproduce in healthy susceptible
experimental host (usually animals)
The same pathogen recovered from
the experimentally infected host

Identified cause of anthrax, TB,

and cholera;
Developed pure culture methods
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The Study of Microbial Growth

Microbial growth occurs at two levels: growth at a
cellular level with increase in size, and increase in
population
Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through
binary fission (transverse)
parent cell enlarges, duplicates its
chromosome, and forms a central transverse
septum dividing the cell into two daughter
cells
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Rate of Population Growth

Time required for a complete fission cycle is called
the generation, or doubling time
Each new fission cycle increases the population by a
factor of 2 exponential or logarithmic growth.
Generation times vary from minutes to days.
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Characteristics of Microbes (Ciri2

Mikroba)
Tipe sel: Procaryotes and eukaryotes
procaryote microscopic, unicellular organisms,
tidak mempunyai inti
sejati (bahan
inti tidak
terbungkus membran)
eucaryote unicellular (microscopic) and
multicellular
(macroscopic),
mempunyai inti sejati
Viruses
acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic
acid and protein

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basic cell and virus structures

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Microbial Dimensions
Viruses in nanometers
Procaryotes are measured in
micrometers.
Fungi are measured in millimeters.

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measurements

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basic cell and virus structures

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