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ABSTRACT OF THESIS
OF DOCTORATE IN ENGINEERING
HANOI - 2012
PREFACE
1. Necessary requirement of research
In drilling well, there are many paramerters effect of drilling
efficiency, as kind of drilling rig, application technology, driling
fluid. A mong of them there is a respect which effect on drilling
efficiency is driling fluid circulation to separate and cutting transport
out of the hole.
Research on driling fluid circulation to know clean capable
bottom hole and cutting transport. If the regime of driling fluid flow
are sensible, the cutting are separated and transported efficiency out
of the hole.
For this reason, Research on drilling fluid flow in wellbore to
enhance effective drilling is imperative and have sience and reality
meaning.
2. The research purpose of thesis
The thesis reseach on drilling fluid flow with three respect are:
- Reseach on flow regime of drilling fluids in annulus and
drillingpipe, application of drilling fluids used in Nam Con Son and
Cuu Long basin.
- Reseach on cutting transport capable of drilling fluids flow in
vertical annulus segment and effect of paramaters on cutting
transport efficiency, application for drilling in Nam Con Son and
Cuu Long basin.
3. Objectives and Scope of Research
- Reseach on flowing Newtonian and non Newton fluid flow in
annulus and drillingpipe.
- Reseach on flowing of drilling fluids used to drilling well in
Nam Con Son and Cuu Long basins.
- Reseach on cutting transport in annulus and effecting
parameters, application for drilling well in Nam Con Son and Cuu
Long basins.
- Reseach on cleaning bottom hole base on optimum bit
hydraulic with maximum horsepower and impact force.
4. Content and Mission of Research
- Reseach on flowing of drilling fluid flow in annulus and
drillingpipe, following:
m/s. The interval annulus velocity have low pressure gradient is 0.7
to 1.3 m/s. The minimum shoud not lower 0.4 m/s.
5. The first time simulate determination optimum bit hydraulic
and propose condition application of optimum criterions, that is the
optimum horsepower hydraulic criterion are only used for low and
medium deep of drilling, the optimum hydraulic impact force
criterion can use for high deep of drilling.
9. Scientific and Practical Significances
1- Scientific significances
- The thesis was reseached logic and full about mathermatical
when establish friction pressure losses equations of drilling fluid in
lamilar regimes flow. From that define flow regime of non
Newtonian fluids base on Newtonian equivelent viscousity.
- Evaluation and illustration effect of annulus velocity, fluid
rheology, fluid density, cutting density, cutting size, and rate of
pemetration cutting transport in vertical segment well.
- Propose optimum hydraulic condition of drilling fluid flow
through bit nozzoles and application range optimum bit hydraulic.
2 - Practical significances
- The thesis is basic for drilling engineer plan drilling program
10. Thesis structure
The thesis are content prefere, four chater, conlusions and
recommendations, and references. All the thesis are performed in
150 page. There are 45 figures, 89 tables and appendix
Chapter 1
Literature review of reseaching on drilling fluid flow
1.1. Introducion
Cutting transport and cleaning well is important in drilling
insustrial. According to history devlopment, there are many scientist
to be interested in reseaching. The reseaching to concentrate on
flowing of fluid, kind of cutting transport, drilling fluid flow through
bit nozzoles.
There are mumerous mathematical and empirical models for the
prediction and interpretation of hydraulics of cutting transport
mechanism. Common problems with most of these cutting transport
models include inaccurate prediction, when compared with the
Chapter 2
Drillling fluids and flowing of drilling fuids in drillingpipe
and annulus
2.1. Drilling fluids and rheology
2.1.1. Drilling fluids rheology
Rheology is correlation of fluid shear tress and shear rate.
Almost drilling fluids are non Newtonian fluids, general following:
s
where: - shear tress; s - shear rate; - Newtonian viscousity.
2.1.1.2. Non Newtonian fluids
1- Bingham fluid
The Bingham fluid is defined by equation
y ps
where: y - yield point; s- shear rate; p - plastic viscousity.
2- Power law fuid
The Power law fluid is defined by equation:
ks n
where: k - consistence factor; n - flow index.
3 - Herschel Bulkley fluid (yield Power Law fluid)
The Herschel Bulkley fluid is defined by equation:
y ks n
The API considered the power law fluid is standard fluid use in
oil field.
2.1.2. Paramerters practice rheology of driliing fluids
The result of experimental [44]:
The water based mud has: y = 2.2 Pa, k = 2.15 Pa.sn; n = 0.3858
The oil based mud has: y = 4.35 Pa, k = 4 Pa.sn; n = 0.3561
Mojis [44] studied the water based fluids with two main types
are: water base mud with Bentonite and added, and Brines with
polymer and added. Water based mud with Bentonite base on basic
fluid (CLN). CLN: 15g Bentonite in 350 ml water + caustic soda.
Table 2.1. Rheology of drilling fluids
Drilling fluids
CLN+KCl
CLN+KF
KCl+PHPA
KCl+Xanthan
KF+PHPA
KF+Xanthan
density
(kg/m3)
1290
1171
1200
1166
1166
1172
y (N/m2)
k (Pa.sn)
7.9033
9.74
1.62
12.02
0.91
13.172
0.48
0.3
0.74
0.412
0.763
0.478
1.612
2.71
0.06
2.117
0.03
1.491
The two types of salts used are KCL and KF, two types of
Drilling fluids
Fluid
kg/m3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
SW/GEL/PAC
1114
1084
1042
1090
1078
1108
1132
1120
1048
1132
1084
1174
SW/GUAR GUM
VISKOPOL
VISKOPOL/PRE.BENTONITE
SW/POLYMER
KCL/PHPA
PAC/CMC
GEL/VISKOPOL/PRE.BENTONIT
GEL/CMC
ANCO 2000
KCL/POLYMER
ULTRADRIL
density,
YP, N/m2
PV,Pa.s
8.1
6.7
4.8
8.1
7.2
8.4
7.2
9.1
5.7
7.4
6.0
11.3
0.0120
0.0210
0.0235
0.0440
0.0120
0.0160
0.0190
0.0475
0.0325
0.0175
0.0185
0.0305
Drilling fluids
Fluid
kg/m3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
ULTRADRIL
1210
1042
1282
1174
1078
1234
1234
1318
1150
1150
1108
1019
1108
1150
1090
1090
1078
13
14
15
16
17
SW HIVIS SWEEP
KCL/POLYMER/IDCAP D
KCL/IDCAP/MUD
SPUD MUD
SOBM
OLEFIN SOBM
SBM
NaCl/BRINE
RDIF
KCL/POLYMER
PREHYDRATED/BENTONITE
HIVIS PIL
KCL/POLYMER/LCM
SW/GUA GUM/CMC
SW/GUA GUM/GEL/CMC
GEL/POLYMER
GEL/CMC
density,
YP, N/m2
PV,Pa.s
5.3
1.0
6.2
6.5
5.3
8.1
11.3
14.6
3.4
8.6
6.9
4.6
8.4
10.3
6.7
4.8
5.5
0.0315
0.0030
0.0235
0.0180
0.0080
0.0180
0.0175
0.0200
0.0060
0.0225
0.0235
0.0175
0.0270
0.0380
0.0155
0.0245
0.0155
p ms
l v
L
D ip 2
64 / Re
2.2.5. Friction pressure losses when turbulent flow
There are some equations to define the Darcy friction factor, but
two equations used usually are:
Colobrook equation [30]:
2
1
18,7
1,74 2 lg
ip Re
1
21,25
1,14 2 lg
0,9
D
ip Re
Drillingpipe diameter
inch
mm
5
127
5
127
5
127
5
127
3
88.9
Flow rate
gpm
l/s
10001100
63.169.4
6931033
43.765.2
628855
39.653.9
500606
31.538.2
230245
14.515.5
660.4
444.5
311.15
215.9
152.4
Drillingpipe diameter,
mm
ouside
inside
127
108.5
127
108.5
127
108.5
127
108.5
88.9
70.2
va
vp
0.19 0.21
0.31 0.46
0.63 0.85
1.32 1.6
1.21 1.29
6.83 7.51
4.73 7.06
4.29 5.83
3.41 4.13
3.75 4.01
Re
D e v 2 n
n
3n 1 n 1
k
8
4n
va
Equivalent
viscousity, Pa.s
Reynolds
number
Dodge and
Metzner
Reynolds
number
Flow
regimes
CLN+KCl
0.19 0.21
0.31 0.46
0.63 0.85
1.32 1.6
1.21 1.29
0.5451-0.5175
0.3566-0.2904
0.2146-0.1837
0.1288-0.1165
0.1139-0.1101
240-279
356-469
697-1100
1175-1575
871-960
125-145
205-372
463-729
1004-1345
748-825
lamilar
lamilar
lamilar
lamilar
lamilar
CLN+KCl
vp
Equivalent
viscousity, Pa.s
Reynolds
number
Dodge and
Metzner
Reynolds
number
Flow
regimes
6.83 7.51
4.73 7.06
4.29 5.83
3.41 4.13
3.75 4.01
0.0356-0.0339
0.0431-0.0350
0.0453-0.0386
0.0511-0.0462
0.0388-0.0374
26867-31037
15371-28255
13251-21121
9347-12507
8763-9703
13434-15518
7685-14127
6625-10561
4674-6253
4382-4852
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
2.3.2.2. Drilling fluids wich used in Nam Con Son and Cuu Long
basins
- Drilling fluids flow in annulus
SW/GEL/PAC
va
0.19 0.21
0.31 0.46
0.63 0.85
1.32 1.6
1.21 1.29
Equivalent
viscousity, Pa.s
0.08550.0834
0.20140.0194
0.55020.5452
2.29672.2934
4.49334.4915
Raynolds
numbers
13211497
544839
235319
5769
1921
Flow
regimes
lamilar
lamilar
lamilar
lamilar
lamilar
vp
Equivalent
viscousity, Pa.s
Raynolds
numbers
Flow
regimes
SW/GEL/PAC
6.83 7.51
4.73 7.06
4.29 5.83
3.41 4.13
3.75 4.01
0.09780.0900
0.13590.0950
0.14860.1125
0.18380.1539
0.11310.1065
844210084
42088934
34906264
22423244
25932944
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
turbulent
Chapter 3
Reseach enhance efficiency of transport in drillingpipe and
annulus
3.1. Slip velocity and drag coefficient
3.1.1. Slip velocity
Slip velocity is falling of solids in static fluids. The forces on the
solids spheres falling in static fluidds content: Drag force, gravity
force, buoyancy force. By force balance equation, have:
vs
4 gd p
3 CD
s L
where: vs- slip velocity, dp- solid diameter, CD- drag coefficient.
3.1.2. Drag coefficient
3.1.2.1. Newtonian fluid
Drag coefficient is defined by three area with Shahs equations.
3.1.2.2. Non Newtonian fluids
Drag coefficient is defined by three area with Mayers equation.
3.2. Property of cutting transport in vertical segment well
Cutting transport in vertical segment well base on slip velocity
that performance of ratio transport:
Rt
vt
1
1 v s
v a cos
v a cos
1
ms hd gA a cos
Aa
Fluid A
7.18
0.32
0.5
1100
0.1944
Fluid B
7.18
0.32
1.0
1100
0.3889
Fluid C
7.18
0.32
2.5
1100
0.9721
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
Tran sp ort ratio Rt
T ran sp o rt ratio R t
Rheology
y (N/m2)
n
k (Pa.sn)
L(kg/m3)
tdN (Ns/m2)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
0
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
Transport ratio Rt
1
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1600
0.6
0.1
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
0
0
10
Cutting size, mm
Figure 3.8: Cutting transport efficiency Figure 3.10: Cutting transport efficiency
following cutting density in vertical well following cutting size in vertical well with
with va= 0.7m/s
va= 0.7m/s
14000
13500
13000
12500
12000
11500
13500
13000
12500
12000
11500
11000
0
11000
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
0.2
0.4
CLCS
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Fluid A
Fluid B
Fluid C
11600
15000
P re s s u re g ra d ie n t in a n n u lu s ,
P a /m
P re s s u re g ra d ie n t in a n n u lu s ,
P a /m
16000
11400
14000
11200
13000
11000
12000
10800
11000
10600
10000
10400
9000
10200
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
10000
1800
13000
12000
11000
10000
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
2600
2800
3000
3200
1.8
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2400
14000
0.4
2200
15000
0.2
2000
0.8
0.6
1.8
Gradp, Pa/m
VISKOPOL/
PRE.BENTONITE
KCL/POLYMER
ULTRADRIL
KCL/POLYMER/
IDCAP D
GEL/POLYMER
13530
12113
11909
11904
11969
12068
12188
12321
12466
13438
11970
11724
11679
11703
11762
11840
11931
12032
14446
13113
12902
12879
12923
13000
13097
13209
13331
15049
13809
13627
13618
13671
13753
13854
13967
14090
13462
11981
11725
11673
11692
11747
11823
11914
12015
10750
P re s s u re g ra d ie n t in a n n u lu s ,
P a /m
14000
13500
10500
10250
13000
10000
12500
12000
11500
11000
10500
9750
9500
9250
9000
0
10000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Fluid A
Fluid C
Chapter 4
Reseach enhance bottom hole clean of drilling fluid flow
4.1. Reseach optimum condition to enhance bottom hole clean of
drilling fluids flow
4.1.1. Pressure loss across jet bit
By energy balance equation, we have:
pc
Q 2
2 gA 2t C d2
where: pc- pressure loss across jet bit; Q - flow rate; At - total area of
the bit nozzles;C- Constant.
4.1.2. Optimum drill bit hydraulics
4.1.2.1. Maximum drill bit hydraulic horsepower, optimum velocity
and nozzoles diameter
Horsepower hydraulic of drilling fluid through bit is defined by
equation:
Hc = (pb pdc pms).Q
where: Hc-Horsepower bit hydraulic; pb-pump pressure; pdc- pressure
loss across mud motor; pms- friction pressure losses.
To simple and can define maximum horsepower hydraulic of
drilling fluid through bit, the friction pressure loss is described:
p ms C.Q
where: - flow exponent
yields
H c p b Q p dc Q CQ 1
The horsepower hydraulic is the denpendent variable and is a
function of flow rate Q
Thus, by use of differential caculus, taking the first derivative of
Hc with respect to Q and setting the equal to zezo, we have:
1
p mstu
pb
1
p ctu
pb
1
where:pmstu - optimum friction pressure loss; pctu- optimum pressure
drop across the nozzoles.
The literature had been published [1], if Hc is know, then
optimum pump can be calculated by equation
Pbtu = 3 Pms
According ro previous chapter 2, chapter 3, the total friction
pressure loss is defined by equation:
Pms = Pmsa + Pmsp
where:pmsa - friction pressure loss in annulus; pmsp- friction pressure
loss in drillingpipe.
where
8 hd L
8 L L
p ms Q 2 a
p
2
2 D 5ip
2 D 2h D 2op D h D op
Q tu
8 hd L
8 L L
a
p
2 2
2 D 5ip
D h D op
2 D 2h D op
A tu
Q 2ctu
2 gC d2 p ctu
A tu
n .
ctu
Cd
2g
pb
1
F B QH b CQ 2
where: B - fator, B C d 2 / g
After differentiating and setting to zero yields
p btu
2
1
p btu
p mstu
p ctu
for bit three nozzoles. The result of running program was presented
under part.
4.2.3. Results and discustion
4.2.3.1. Parameters of optimum horsepower hydraulic
60
Pressure, MPa
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Deep of drilling, m
Friction pressure losses
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Deep of drilling, m
Friction pressure losses
Figure 4.12: Optimum parameters jet impact force following well deep at va
= 1,3 m/s
4.2.3.3. Discustion
Fllowing the result of simulate determination, have some
comments:
- As the well drilled deeper, the optimum pressure pump,
optimum friction pressure, optimum pressure bit drop, optimum flow
rate increase.
- As the well drilled deeper rate of increasing the optimum pump
pressure are maximum and rate of increasing continuous decrease are
optimum pressure bit drop, optimum friction pressure
- As the well drilled deeper the optimum pressure pump for the
optimum horsepower hydraulic criterion very biger as the impact
force maximum criterion
- The flow rate increase, the optimum pump pressure, optimum
friction pressure losse increase.
- From the upper commentations and data in tables, we show
that the value of optimum pump pressure is very big, special in high
deep of well drill. The questions bring out are what condition to
aplication optimum bit hydraulic.
The Sunnda Corporation [3], the maximum pump pressure is
5000 PSI (350 at).
Compare the maximum pump pressure and optimum pressure,
we show that when optimum horsepower bit hydraulic at va = 1,3m/s
and 2500m deep of drillings (table 4.5, pbtu = 35 MPa), the optimum
pump pressure reach maximum pump pressure. On the other, when
optimum jet impact force at = 1,3m/s and 3500m deep of well (table
4.15, pbtu = 34,8 MPa), the optimum pump pressure reach maximum
pump pressure. Therefore, the optimum horsepower bit hydraulic
criterion were only applied in low deep and medium deep of well,
the optimum jet impact force criterion can apply in high deep of
well.
BIBLIOGRAPHY