Section 2-2 Engineering and Linear Models

P 2.2-1

Solution:
The element is not linear. For example, changing the current from 4 A to 6 A does not change
the voltage from 10 V to 15 V. Instead the voltage changes from 10 V to 34 V. Hence, the
property of homogeneity is not satisfied.

P 2.2-2

Solution:
(a) The data points do indeed lie on a straight line. The slope of the line is 0.12 V/A and
the line passes through the origin so the equation of the line is v = 0.12 i . The element is indeed
linear.
(b) When i = 50 mA, v = (0.12 V/A)×(50 mA) = (0.12 V/A)×(0.05 A) = 6 mV
6
(c) When v = 6 V, i = = 50 A
0.12

P 2.2-3

Solution:
(a) The data points do indeed lie on a straight line. The slope of the line is 256.5 V/A and
the line passes through the origin so the equation of the line is v = 256.5 i . The element is indeed
linear.
(b) When i = 5 mA, v = (256.5 V/A)×(5 mA) = (256.5 V/A)×(.005 A) = 1.282 V
15
(c) When v = 15 V, i = = .0584 A = 58.47 mA.
256.5

P 2.2-4

Solution:
Let i = 1 A , then v = 6i + 10 = 16 V. Next 2i = 2A but 16 = 2v ≠ 6(2i) + 10 = 22. Hence,
the property of homogeneity is not satisfied. The element is not linear.
P 2.2-5

Solution:
v v v
(a) 0.4 = + = ⇒ v = 3.2 V
10 40 8
v
i= = 0.08 A
40
v v2 v
0.4 = + ⇒ v 2 + − 0.8 = 0
(b) 10 2 5

−0.2 ± 1.8
Using the quadratic formula v= = 0.8, − 1.0 V
2
( −1) = 0.5 A .
2
0.82
When v = 0.8 V then i = = 0.32 A . When v = -1.0 V then i =
2 2

v v2 v
(c) 0.4 = + 0.8 + ⇒ v 2 + + 0.8 = 0
10 2 5

−0.2 ± 0.04 − 3.2

Using the quadratic formula v=
2
So there is no real solution to the equation.
Section
n 2-4 Ressistors
P 2.4-1

Solution
n:
i=is =5A

v = Ri = 10 × 5 = 50v
v and i adhere to th
he passive convenntion
∴ P = vi = 50 × 5 = 250 W

iss the power absorrbed by the resistoor.

P 2.4-2

Solution
n:
i=
=i s =5mA and v=550 V
v 50
R= = = 10 000 = 10 K Ω
i .005
P = (5 ×10 −3 ) × 50 = 250 ×10 −3 = 2500 mW

P 2.4-3

Solution
n:
v=
=v s =15V and R=3 Ω
v 15V
i= = = 5A
A
R 3Ω
v and
a i adhere to thhe passive conveention
∴ p = vi = 15 × 5 = 75 W
is the power absorrbed by the resisttor

P 2.4-4

Solution
n:
v=
=v s =25V and i=
=5A
v 25V
R= = = 5Ω
i 5A
p = vi = 25(5) = 1125 W
P 2.4-5

Solution
n:
v1 =vv 2 =v s =200V; R 1 =50Ω; R 2 =50Ω

v1 annd i1 adhere to thhe passive convention so

v1 200
i1 = = = 4A v2 and i 2 do noot adhere
R 1 50

v2 200
ntion so i 2 = −
to the paassive conven =−
R2 25
= −8A
The power absorbed by R1 is P1 = v1i1 =200 ⋅ 4

=800
0W

The power absorbed by R 2 is P2 = − v 2 i 2 = − 200( − 8)

= 1600W

P 2.4-6

Solution
n:

i1 − i 2 = is = 50 mA; R1 = 8Ω and R 2 = 16Ω

n adhere to thee passive convenntion so v1 = − R1i1 = 8(.050) = − 0.4V.
v1 and i1 do not
The power abbsorbed by R1 iss P1 = − v1i1 = − ( −0.4) (0.050) = 20W

v 2 and i 2 do adhere to the passivve conventioon so v 2 = R 2 i 2 = 16 ( 0..050) = 0.8 V

V.
wer absorbed by R 2 is P2 = v 2 i 2 =(0
The pow 0.8)(0.050) = 40 mW.
P 2.4-7

Solution:
v2
Model the heater as a resistor, then from P=
R
v2 (200)2
⇒R= = = 40Ω
P 1000
with a 210 V source

v2 (210)2
P= = = 1210 W
R 40

P 2.4-8

Solution:
P 5000 125
The current required by the mine lights is: i = = = A
v 120 3
Power loss in the wire is : i 2 R
Thus the maximum resistance of the copper wire allowed is
0.05 P 0.05×5000
R= = = 0.144 Ω
i2 (125/3) 2
now since the length of the wire is L = 2×100 = 200 m = 20,000 cm
thus R = ρ L / A with ρ = 1.7×10 −6 Ω⋅ cm from Table 2.5−1
ρL 1.7×10−6 ×20,000
A= = = 0.236 cm 2
R 0.144

P 2.4-9

Solution:
380 420
0.7884 = ≤ gain ≤ = 0.8108
102 + 380 98 + 420

0.7884 + 0.8108
nominal gain = = 0.7996
2

0.7996 − 0.7884 0.8108 − 0.7996

gain tolerance = × 100 = × 100 = 1.40%
0.7996 0.7996
So
gain = 0.7996 ± 1.40%
P 2.4-10

Solution:
Label the current i as shown. That current is
the element current in both resistors. First

v a
i =
50
Next
va v b
v b =R i =R ⇒ R = 50
50 va
For example,
7.05
R = 50 = 30 Ω
11.75
Section
n 2-5 Indep
pendent So
ources
P 2.5-1

Solution
n:
vs 10
i = = = 2 A an
a d
(a) R 5
P = R i 2 = 5(22 ) = 20 W
(b) i and P do not dep
pend on is .
The values off i and P are 2A
A and 20W both when
w i s = 2A annd when i s =4A
A.

P 2.5-2

Solution
n:
(a) From Ohm’s
O law v=R
v i s =5(5)=25V
V . (The resiistor voltagee does not deepend on thee
v 2 252
urce voltagee.) Next P =
voltage sou = = 125 W .
R 5
(b) Since v and P do not
n depend on o v s the vallues of v andd P are 25 V and 125 W
both when n vs =15V annd when vs =10V .

P 2.5-3

Solution
n:
Consider the current
c source. i s and

v s do not adh
here to the passivee convention,
so

Pcs =is vs =5
5⋅10 = 50 W

is the power su
upplied by the cu
urrent source.

Consider the voltage source. i s and

v s do adhere to the passive convention,

so

Pvss = is vs =5⋅10 = 50 W

is the power absorbed

a by the voltage source.

∴ The voltag
ge source suppliees −50 W.
P 2.5-4

Solution
n:
Consider the
t current soource. iS andd vS adhere too the
passive co o PCS = i S v S = 3 (10) = 330 W
onvention so
is the receiived by the current
c sourcce. The curreent source
supplies −30 W.

Consider the
t voltages source. iS an
nd vS do not adhere to
n so PCS = i S v S = 3 (10) = 30 W
the passivee convention
is the supp
plied by the voltage
v sourrce.

P 2.5-5

Solution
n:
(a) P = vi = (5 cos t ) (20 cos t ) = 100 cos 2 t mW

1 1
(b) W = ∫
0
P dt = ∫ 100 cos t dt
0
2

1
⎛1 1 ⎞
= 100⎜ t + sin 2t ⎟ = 50
5 + 25 sin 2 mJJ
⎝2 4 ⎠ 0

P 2.5-6

Solution
n:
capacityy 800 mAh
(a) time to dischargee = = = 32 hourss
currentt 25 mA
A

(b) energ
gy = (12 V) (0.025
( A) (32 * 60*60 seeconds) =344.56 kJ
Section 2-6 Voltmeters and Ammeters

P 2.6-1

Solution:
v 5
(a) R = = = 1.7 Ω
i 3

(b) The voltage, 15 V, and the

current, 0.5 A, of the voltage
source adhere to the passive
convention so the power

P = 15(3) = 45 W

is the power received by the

source. The voltage source
delivers -45 W.

P 2.6-2

Solution:
The voltmeter current is zero
so the ammeter current is
equal to the current source
current except for the
reference direction:

i = -4 A

The voltage v is the voltage of

the current source. The power
supplied by the current source
is 40 W so

40 = 4 v ⇒ v = 10 V
2.6-3

Solution:
(a)
⎛ 1000 ⎞
im =⎜ 2 = 1.96 A
⎝ 1000 + 20 ⎟⎠

2 − 1.96
% error = × 100 = 2%
2
(b)
⎛ 1000 ⎞
2−⎜
⎜ 1000 + R m ⎟⎟
2
⎝ ⎠ 1000
0.05 ≥ ⇒ ≥ 0.95 ⇒ R m ≤ 52.63 Ω
2 1000 + R m

(checked: LNAP 6/17/04)

P 2.6-4

Solution:
a.)
vR = 30iR = 30(−5) = − 150V
vm = 15 − vR = 15 − ( − 150) = 165V
b.)
Element Power supplied
voltage source ( )
−15 i s = −15 ( 5) = −75 W
current source 165 ( 5) = 825 W
resistor −v R × i R = − ( −150)( −5) = −750 W
total 0
P 2.6-5

Solution:
a.)
v R 15
iR = = = 0.5 A
30 30

i m = i R − 2 = 0.5 − 2 = −1.5 A

b.)
Element Power supplied
voltage source ( )
16 i m = 16 ( −1.5) = −24 W
current source v s ( 2) = 15 ( 2) =30 W
resistor −v R × i R = − (15)( 0.5) = −6.0 W
total 0
Section 2-7 Dependent Sources

P 2.7-1
Solution:

v b 10V
r= = = 2Ω
ia 5A

P 2.7-2
Solution:
ia 5A A
v b =10V ; gv b =i a =5A ; g= = = 0.5
vb 10V V

P 2.7-3
Solution:
ia 40A A
i b = 10A ; di b =i a =40A ; d= = =4
i b 10A A

P 2.7-4
Solution:
vb 9V V
v a =3V ; bv a =v b =9V ; b= = =3
va 3V V

P 2.7-5
Solution:
4 3 V
R=− = 2 Ω and A = = −6
−2 −0.5 A

1
P 2.7-6
Solution:

v c = −2 V, i d = 4 v c = −8 A and v d = 5 V
id and vd adhere to the passive convention so
P = v d i d = (5) ( −8) = − 40 W
is the power received by the dependent source. The power supplied by the
dependent source is 40 W.

P2.7-7

Solution:
20
ia = − = −0.09 A = −90 mA
220

k i a = −450 mA

k ia −450 A
k= = =5
ia −90 A

2
P2.7-8

Solution:

v a = 100 ( 0.05 ) = 5 V

mA A
k = 100 = 0.1
V V

i b = − ( 0.1)( 5 ) = −0.5 A = −500 mA

3
Section
n 2-8 Transducers
P 2.8-1
Solutionn:
θ 360 v m
a= , θ=
360 R pi
(360)(25 V)
θ= = 40.9°
(110kΩ )(2 mA)

P 2.8-2

Solution
n:
μA
D590 : k =1
AD °
,
K
v =20
= V (voltage conditionn satisfied)

4 μ A < i < 13 μ A ⎫
⎪
i ⎬ ⇒ 4 ° K< T <13° K
T = ⎪⎭
k
Section 2-9 Switches

P 2.9-1

Solution:
At t = 1 s the left switch is open and the
right switch is closed so the voltage
across the resistor is 20 V.

v 20
i = = = 2 mA
R 10 × 103

At t = 4 s the left switch is closed and the right switch is open so the voltage across the resistor is
20 V.
v 20
i = = = 2 mA
R 10 × 103

P 2.9-2

Solution:

At t = 1 s the current in the resistor

is 3 mA so v = 15 V.

At t = 4 s the current in the resistor

is 0 A so v = 0 V.

P 2.9-3

Solution:

(a) v = 12 V
⎛ 100 ⎞
(b) v = ⎜ ⎟12 = 11.43 V
⎝ 105 ⎠
(c) v = 0 V
⎛ 100 ⎞
(d) v = ⎜ ⎟12 = 0.1188 ≃ 0.12 V
⎝ 10100 ⎠
Section 2-10 How Can We Check…?

P 2.10-1

Solution:
vo =40 V and i s = − (−2) = 2 A. (Notice that the ammeter measures − i s rather than i s .)
vo 40 V
So = = 20
is 2 A
Your lab partner is wrong.

P 2.10-2

Solution:
vs 12
We expect the resistor current to be i = = = 0.48 A. The power absorbed by
R 25
this resistor will be P = i vs = (0.48) (12) = 5.76 W.
A half watt resistor can't absorb this much power. You should not try another resistor.
Design Problems

DP 2-1 Specify the resistance R in Figure DP 2-1 so that i

both of the following conditions are satisfied: +
10 V – R
1. i > 40 mA.
2. The power absorbed by the resistor is less than 0.5 W.
Figure DP 2-1
Solution:
10 10
1.) > 0.04 ⇒ R< = 250 Ω
R 0.04

102 1
2.) < ⇒ R > 200 Ω
R 2

Therefore 200 < R < 250 Ω. For example, R = 225 Ω.

DP 2-2 Specify the resistance R in Figure DP 2-2 so that

+
both of the following conditions are satisfied:
2A R v
1. v > 40 V.
–
2. The power absorbed by the resistor is less than 15 W.
Hint: There is no guarantee that specifications can always be
satisfied. Figure DP 2-2

Solution:
1.) 2 R > 40 ⇒ R > 20 Ω
15
2.) 2 2 R < 15 ⇒ R < = 3.75 Ω
4
Therefore 20 < R < 3.75 Ω. These conditions cannot satisfied simultaneously.
DP 2-3 Resistors are given a power rating. R1 R2 R3
For example, resistors are available with
ratings of 1/8 W, 1/4 W, 1/2 W, and 1 W. A ir = is
1/2-W resistor is able to safely dissipate 1/2 W
of power, indefinitely. Resistors with larger
power ratings are more expensive and bulkier
than resistors with lower power ratings. Good is
engineering practice requires that resistor
power ratings be specified to be as large as, but Figure DP 2-3
not larger than, necessary.
Consider the circuit shown in Figure DP 2-3. The values of the resistances are
R1 = 1000 Ω, R2 = 2000 Ω, and R3 = 4000 Ω
The value of the current source current is
is = 30 mA
Specify the power rating for each resistor.

Solution::
P1 = ( 30 mA ) ⋅ (1000 Ω ) = (.03) (1000 ) = 0.9 W < 1 W
2 2

P2 = ( 30 mA ) ⋅ ( 2000 Ω ) = (.03) ( 2000 ) = 1.8 W < 2 W

2 2

P3 = ( 30 mA ) ⋅ ( 4000 Ω ) = (.03) ( 4000 ) = 3.6 W < 4 W

2 2
 Chapter 2 Circuit Elements
Exercises

Exercise 2.4-1 Find the power absorbed by a 100-ohm resistor when it is connected directly
across a constant 10-V source.
Answer: 1-W
v 2 (10 )
2

Solution: P= = =1 W
R 100

Exercise 2.4-2 A voltage source v = 10 cos t V is connected across a resistor of 10 ohms. Find
the power delivered to the resistor.
Answer: 10 cos2 t W

v 2 (10 cos t ) 2
Solution: P= = = 10 cos 2 t W
R 10
Exercise 2.7-1 Find the power absorbed by the CCCS in Figure E 2.7-1.
Hint: The controlling element of this dependent source is a short circuit. The voltage across a
short circuit is zero. Hence, the power absorbed by the controlling element is zero. How much
power is absorbed by the controlled element?
Answer:–115.2 watts are absorbed by the CCCS. (The CCCS delivers +115.2 watts to the rest of
the circuit.)
– 1. 2 0
+ 2 4. 0
Ammeter
Voltmeter

2Ω 2Ω

ic +
12 V + 4Ω id = 4ic vd
–
–

Figure E 2.7-1

Solution:
ic = − 1.2 A, vd = 24 V
id = 4 ( − 1.2) = − 4.8 A

id and vd adhere to the passive convention so

P = vd id = (24) (−4.8) = −115.2 W

is the power received by the dependent source

Exercise 2.8-1 For the potentiometer circuit of Figure 2.8-2, calculate the meter voltage, vm,
when θ = 45°, Rp = 20 kΩ, and I = 2 mA.
Answer: vm = 5 V

Voltmeter (1 – a)Rp
+ vm –
+

I I aRp vm
Rp

(a) (b)
Figure 2.8-2
Solution:
θ = 45° , I = 2 mA, R p = 20 kΩ
θ 45
a= ⇒ aR = (20 kΩ) = 2.5 kΩ
360 p 360

vm = (2 ×10−3 )(2.5 ×103 ) = 5 V

i(t)
Exercise 2.8-2 The voltage and current of an + +
AD590 temperature sensor of Figure 2.8-3 are 10 V
and 280 μA, respectively. Determine the measured v(t) AD590 v(t) i(t) = kT
temperature. – –
Answer: T = 280°K, or approximately 6.85°C

(a) (b)
Figure 2.8-3
Solution:
μA
v = 10 V, i = 280 μA, k = 1 for AD590
°K

i ⎛ °K ⎞
i = kT ⇒ T = = (280μA)⎜1 ⎟ = 280° K
k ⎜ μA ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 t=5s t=3s
Exercise 2.9-1 What is the value of the
current i in Figure E 2.9-1 at time t = 4 s?
Answer: i = 0 amperes at t = 4 s (both switches + +
12 V 3 kΩ 6V
are open). – –
i

Figure E 2.9-1
Solution:
At t = 4 s both switches are open, so i = 0 A.

t=5s
Exercise 2.9-2 What is the value of the voltage v in +
Figure E 2.9-2 at time t = 4 s? At t = 6 s? 3 kΩ v
Answer: v = 6 volts at t = 4 s, and v = 0 volts at t = 6 s. 2 mA –
i

Figure E 2.9-2
Solution:
At t = 4 s the switch is in the up position, so v = i R = (2 mA)(3 kΩ) = 6V .

At t = 6 s the switch is in the down position, so v = 0 V.