Section 5-2: Source Transformations

P 5.2-1

Solution:

(a) ∴ Rt = 4 Ω
vt = − 0.5 V

(b) −9 − 4i − 4i + (−0.5) = 0
−9 + (−0.5)
i = = −1.1875 A
4+ 4
v = 9 + 4 i = 9 + 4( −1.1875) = 4.25 V

(c) ia = i = −1.1875 A

P 5.2-2

Solution:

16 20
Finally, apply KVL: −10 + 3ia + ia − =0 ∴ ia = 2 A
3 3
P 5.2-3

n:
Solution

Source trransformatio uivalent resistor for paraallel 6 and 3 Ω resistors:

on at left; equ

Equivalents for series resistors, series

s voltagee source at l eft; series reesistors, thenn source
transform
mation at top
p:

Source trransformatio
on at left; serries resistors at right:
Parallel resistors,
r theen source tran
nsformation
n at left:

Finally, apply
a KVL to
t loop
− 6 + i (9 + 19) − 36 − vo = 0
i = 5 / 2 ⇒ vo = −42 + 28 (55 / 2) = 28 V

(chhecked usingg LNAP 8/15/02)

P 5.2-4

Solution
n:

− 8 − 4000 ia − 8000
8 ia + 18 − 4000 ia − 6 = 0
∴ ia = 250 μ A
P 5.2-5

Solution:

−16 − 6ia + 30 − 3ia − 6 = 0 ⇒ ia = 0.89 A

P 5.2-6

Solution:
A source transformation on the right side of the circuit, followed by replacing series resistors
with an equivalent resistor:

Source transformations on both the right side and the left side of the circuit:

Replacing parallel resistors with an equivalent resistor and also replacing parallel current sources
with an equivalent current source:

100 ( 200) 200

Finally, va = ( 0.105) = ( 0.105) = 7 V
100 + 200 3
P 5.2-7

Solution:

Replace series and parallel resistors by an

equivalent resistor.

30 & ( 20 + 4 ) 0 = 20 Ω

Do a source transformation, then replace

series voltage sources by an equivalent
voltage source.

Do two more source transformations

Now current division gives

⎛ 13.3 ⎞ 39.9
i=⎜ ⎟3 =
⎝ 13.3 + R ⎠ 13.3 + R
Then Ohm’s Law gives
39.9 R
v = Ri =
13.3 + R
39.9
(a ) i= = 1.87 A
13.3 + 8

39.9 (16 )
(b) v = = 21.79 V
13.3 + 16

39.9
(c) 2 = ⇒ R = 6.65 Ω
13.3 + R

39.9 R
(d) 32 = ⇒ R = 53.87 Ω
13.3 + R
(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)
P 5.2-8

Solution:
Use source transformations and equivalent resistances to reduce the circuit as follows

The power supplied by the current source is given by

p = ⎡⎣ 22.86 + 2 (18) ⎤⎦ 2 = 117.72 W

Section 5-3 Superposition

P5.3-1

Solution:
Let vo1 = a v1 be the output when v2 = 0. In this case,
the right voltage source acts like a short circuit so we
have the circuit show to the right. Then

40 ||10 8 1 1
vo1  v1  v1  v1  a 
24   40 ||10 24  8 4 4

Let vo2 = b v2 be the output when v1 = 0. In this case, the

left voltage source acts like a short circuit so we have the
circuit show to the right. Then

40 || 24 15 15 3 3
vo2  v2  v2  v2  v2  b
10   40 || 24 10  15 25 5 5

P5.3-2

Solution:
The output of a linear circuit is a linear combination of the inputs:

v o  a1v1  a 2v 2
From the first two measurements we have:

 1
 2  4 0   a1   a1 
 5   0 5  a      2
 a2   
2
 1

Now the output of the third measurement can be determine to be

1
vo  a1  6  a2  6   6   1 6  3V
2
P5.3-3

Solution:

From the 1st fact:

0.45  a  0.25  b 15
From the 2nd fact:
0.30
0.30  a  0.50   b  0   a   0.60
0.50
0.45   0.60  0.25
Substituting gives 0.45   0.60  0.25  b 15  b   0.02
15
Next, consider the circuit:
 R1 
a i s  i o1  i o 
 R1  R 2  s
i
v s 0
 
R1
so 0.60   2 R1  3 R 2
R1  R 2
vs
and b v s  i o2  i o 
i s 0 R1  R 2
1 1
so 0.02   R1  R 2   50 
R1  R 2 0.02

Solving these equations gives R 1 = 30  and R 2 = 20 .

P 5.3-4

Solution:
Consider 6 A source only (open 9 A source)
Use current division:

v1  20 
 6  v1  40 V
20  20  40 

Consider 9 A source only (open 6 A source) Use current division:

v2  20 
 9  v2  60 V
20  20  40 

 v  v1  v2  40  60  100 V

P5.3-5
Solution:
We’ll use superposition. Let v1(t) the be the part of v(t) due to the voltage source acting alone.
Similarly, let v2(t) the be the part of v(t) due to the voltage source acting alone. We can use these
circuits to calculate v1(t) and v2(t).

Using voltage division we calculate

v1  t   
40
10  40
12  15cos 8 t    9.6  12cos 8t 
Using equivalent resistance we first determine 10||40 = 8 Ω and then calculate
v 2  t   8 1  sin  5t    8  8sin  5t 
Using superposition v  t   v1  t   v 2  t   1.6  8sin  5 t   12cos 8 t  V
P 5.3-6

Solution:
Consider 8 V source only (open the 2 A source) Let i1 be the part of ix due to the 8 V
voltage source.

Apply KVL to the supermesh:

6  i1   3  i1   3  i1   8  0

8 2
i1   A
12 3
Consider 2 A source only (short the 8 V source) Let i2 be the part of ix due to the 2 A
current source.

Apply KVL to the supermesh:

6  i 2   3  i 2  2   3 i2  0

6 1
i2   A
12 2

2 1 1
Finally, i x  i1  i 2    A
3 2 6

P 5.3-7

Soluton:
vs  va
ix 
R1
vs  va
va  vo  A ix  A
R1
R1 v o  A v s
va 
R1  A
Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the CCVS to get
va  vs va vo
  ia  0
R1 R2 R3

R1  R 2 vs vo
va   ia  0
R1 R 2 R1 R3

R1  R 2  R1 v o  A v s  v s vo
   ia  0
R1 R 2  R1  A  R1 R3

 R R
 1 2

1   R1  R 2 A
vo  
 1  
  vs  ia  0
  
 R 2 R1  A R 3 

 R1 R 2 R1  A R1 
  
  
R 3 R1  R 2  R 2 R1  A  v  A  R2 v  i  0
R 2 R 3  R1  A R 2  R1  A
o s a

R 3  R 2  A R 2 R 3  R1  A 
vo  vs  ia
R 3  R1  R 2   R 2  R1  A R 3  R1  R 2   R 2  R 1  A 

When R1  6 , R 2  12  and R 3  12 

12  A 12  6  A
vo  vs  ia
24  A 24  A
Comparing this equation to v o  2 v s  9 , we requires

12  A V
2  A  12
24  A A
Then 2 v s  9  v o  2v s  6i a so we require

9  6ia  i a  1.5 A
(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)
P 5.3-8

Solution:

40 ||10 4 4
vo1  v1  v1  a 
10  40 ||10 9 9

10 10 5
vo2   v2   v2  b  
10 || 40  10 18 9

40 40
vo3  10 ||10 || 40 i3  i3  c 
9 9
P 5.3-9

Solution: Using superposition:

v x  10 i x
and
v x  12 cos 2t vx vx
   4i x
40 10 10
so

10 i x  12cos 2t 12
 2i x  ix   cos 2t
40 70

Finally,
 
v o1  5 4 i x  3.429 cos 2t V

v x  10 i x
and
vx vx  2 vx
   4ix
40 10 10
so

0.2  1.75 i x  i x  0.11429 A

Finally,
 
v o1  5 4 i x  2.286 V

v o  v o1  v o2  3.429 cos 2t  2.286 V

(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

P 5.3-10

Solution: Using superposition:

v o1  20  0.2   4 V

25
v o2   15  3 V
100  25

v o  v o1  v o 2  1 V
P 5.3-11

Solution:
Using superposition
 R || 4   4 
v o  2   i1  2   i 2
 6   R || 4    2   R || 4   4 

Comparing to v o  0.5 i1  4 , we require

 R || 4 
2    0.5  4  R || 4   6   R || 4   R || 4  2  R  4 
 6   R || 4  
and

 4   4 
2   i 2  4  2   i 2  4  i 2  4 A
 2   R || 4   4   2   4 || 4   4 

(checked LNAP 6/12/04)

P 5.3-12

Solution:
Use units of mA, k and V.

8 + (10||40) = 16 k
(a) Using superposition

 16  16
4 14   4  R  16  208  R  36 k
 R  16  R  16

(b) Using superposition again

 10   36  16  1  9 4
ia       14      14    2 mA
 10  40   16  36  16  36  5  13 13
P 5.3-13

Solution:
 8  v1   8  16 
io             i2
 8  32   16  10   32 8    8  32   16  10   32 8   
 16  10   v3 
     
 32  16  10    8  32 16  10   


 1   8  130 
io     v1     i 2     v3
 162   81   7047 
So

a = 0.006, b = -0.09 and c = 0.018

P 5.3-14

Solution:
25 3
im    5  5  3  2 A
3 2 23
Section 5-4: Thèvenin’s Theorem
P 5.4-1

Solution:
P 5.4-2

Solution:
The circuit from Figure P5.4-2a can be reduced to its Thevenin equivalent circuit in four steps:

Comparing (d) to Figure P5.4-2b shows that the Thevenin resistance is Rt = 16  and the open
circuit voltage, voc = 16 V.
P 5.4-3

Solution:
Find Rt:

16 12  2.7 
Rt   7.7 
16  12  2.7 
Write mesh equations to find voc:
Mesh equations:

16 i1  12 i1  8  i2  i1   0 (1)
8  i2  i1   4 i 2  24  0 (2)

36 i1  8 i 2 . . . (1)
12 i 2  8 i1  24 . . . (2)
12
46 i1  24  i1  A
23
9  12  54
i2    = A
3  23  23
 54   12 
Finally, voc  4 i 2  12 i1  4    12    15.65 V
 23   23 
P 5.4-4

Solution:
Find voc:
Notice that voc is the node voltage at node a. Express
the controlling voltage of the dependent source as a
function of the node voltage:
va = voc
Apply KCL at node a:

 6  voc  voc  3 
     voc   0
 8  4  4 
6  voc  2 voc  6 voc  0  voc  2 V

Find Rt:
We’ll find isc and use it to calculate Rt. Notice that
the short circuit forces
va = 0
Apply KCL at node a:

 60 0  3 
      0   i sc  0
 8  4  4 
6 3
i sc   A
8 4
voc 2 8
Rt    
i sc 3 4 3
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)
P5.4-5

Solution: a.) From

Vs 2
We see that v oc  and R t  R a . With the given values of voc and Rt we calculate
5 5
Vs 2
15   Vs  75 V and 60  R a  R a  150  .
5 5

v oc 15
b.) i   0.2   R b  15 
Rt  Rb 60  R b
Rb 15 R b
c.) v  v oc  12   R b  240 
Rt  Rb 60  R b

P 5.4-6

Solution:
From the given data:
3000 
9 voc 
R t  3000   voc  3 V
  
2
8000
voc   R t  2000 
R t  8000 

When R = 15000 ,
R
v 15000
Rt  R
voc
v  3  3.46 V
2000  15000
P 5.4-7

Solution:
From the given data:
voc 
0.004 
R t  2000   voc  24 V
  
0.003 
voc   R t  4000 
R t  4000 

voc (a) When i = 0.002 A:

i 24
Rt  R 0.002   R  8000 
4000  R

(b) Maximum i occurs when R = 0:

24
 0.006  6 mA  i  6 mA
4000
P 5.4-8

Solution:

18  9000ia  2000ia  1000ia  0

ia  3 2000 A
3
voc  1000ia  V
2

ia = 0 due to the short circuit

18  9000isc  0  isc  2 mA

3
voc
Rt   2  750 
isc 0.002

3
ib  2
750  R

ib = 0.002 A requires

3
R  2  750  0
0.002
P 5.4-9

Solution: Replace the part of the circuit that is connected to the variable resistor by its Thevenin
equivalent circuit:

24 k || 18 k  30 k   24 k || 48 k  16 k

50 R
ia  and v a  50
R  16000 R  16000

2
 50 
p  ia va    R
 R  16000 
50
(a) i a   3.125 mA when R = 0  (a short circuit).
0  16000
150000
(b) v a  50  45.18 V when R is as large as possible, i.e. R = 150 k.
100000  16000
(c) Maximum power is delivered to the adjustable resistor when R  R t  16 k . Then
2
 50 
p  ia va    16000  0.039  39 mW
 16000  16000 
P 5.4-10

Solution:
Replace the source by it’s Thevenin equivalent circuit to get
v oc
io 
R t +R L

Using the given formation

v oc 
0.375  
R t  4
  0.375  R t  4   0.300  R t  8 
v oc 
0.300 
R t  8 
So

Rt 
 0.300 8   0.375 4  12  and v  0.3 12  8  6 V
oc
0.075
6
(a) When R L  10 , i o   0.2727 A.
12  10
(b) 12   R t  48 11R  R  16  .
(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)

P 5.4-11

Solution:
(a)

i 3  i 2  0.25 A
Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get
20  i1  i 2   20  i1  i 3   40  0
Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the unspecified resistance to get

40i 2  10i 3  20  i1  i 3   20  i1  i 2   0
Solving, for example using MATLAB, gives

 0 1 1   i1  0.25  i1  1.875 
 40 20 20 i    40  
   
  2   i 2   0.750 
 40 60 30  i 3   0  i 3  1.000 
 

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

20  i1  i 2   40i 2
40i 2  R  i 2  i 3   20  i1  i 2   0  R  30 
i 2  i3
(b)

 20   40 
v oc    40    40  12 V
 20  20   10  40 

R t  18 

12
0.25   R  30 
18  R

(checked: LNAP 5/25/04)

P 5.4-12

Solution: Replace the circuit by its Thevenin equivalent circuit:

 Rm 
vm  
 R m  50 
5
 
(a) v mi  lim v m  5 V
R m 

(b) When R m  1000 , v m  4.763 V so

5  4.762
% error = 100  4.76%
5
 Rm 
5
 R m  50 
5
(c) 0.02    
Rm
 0.98  R m  2450 
5 R m  50
(checked: LNAP 6/16/04)
P5.4-13

Solution:
We can replace the part of the circuit to the left of the terminals by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit:
R
Using voltage division v R  v oc and using Ohm’s law
R  Rt
v oc
iR  .
R  Rt
R v oc
By inspection , v R  v oc  will be maximum when
R  Rt Rt
1
R
R = . The maximum value of v R will be v oc . Similarly,
v oc
iR  will be maximum when R = 0. The maximum value
R  Rt
v oc
of i R will be  i sc .
Rt
The maximum power transfer theorem tells us that p R  i R v R will be maximum when R  R t .
2
 v oc  R   v oc 
Then p R  i R v R    v oc   R   .
 R  Rt  R  R t   R  Rt
    
v oc
Let’s substitute the given data into the equation i R  .
R  Rt
v oc
When R = 2  we get 2   4  2 R t  v oc . When R = 6  we get
2  Rt
v oc
1  6  R t  v oc .
6  Rt
v oc 8
So 6  R t  4  2 R t  R t  2  and v oc  4  2 R t  8 V . Also i sc    4 A.
Rt 2
P5.4-14
Solution:
Reduce this circuit using source transformations and equivalent resistance:

 R  14.4
Now vR    14.4 and iR  so the questions can be easily answered:
 R  24  R  24

a) When R = 9  then vR = 3.93 V.

b) When R = 27  then vR = 7.62 V.
c) When R = 12  then iR = 400 mA.
P5.4-15

Solution

46  R t  R   42 || 84   R  28  R  18 

84
v oc  18  12 V
42  84
Section 5-5: Norton’s Theorem

P5.5-1

Solution:
Two source transformations reduce the circuit as follows:

Recognizing the parameters of the Norton equivalent circuit gives:

50 + vs 200 R1
0.5 = isc = ⇒ vs = .50 V and 20 = Rt = 200 || R1 = ⇒ R1 = 25 Ω
200 200 + R1
R t R 2 i sc R t i sc
(
Next, the voltage across resistor R 2 is given by v = i sc R t || R 2 = ) Rt + R2
=
Rt
so this
+1
R2
voltage is maximum when R 2 = ∞ and max v = R t i sc =10 V. The power p = vi will be
R t i sc 20 ( 0.5 ) v 5
maximum when R 2 = R t = 20 Ω . Then v = = =5 V, i= = = 0.25 A and
2 2 R 2 20
p = v i = 5 ( 0.25 ) = 1.25 W.
P 5.5-2

Solutionn:
When thee terminals ofo the boxes are open-cirrcuited, no ccurrent flowss in Box A, bbut the resisttor in
Box B diissipates 1 watt.
w Box B is therefore warmer
w than Box A. If yyou short the terminals of
each boxx, the resistorr in Box A will
w draw 1 ampa and disssipate 1 wattt. The resistoor in Box B w
will
be shorteed, draw no current,
c and dissipate no
o power. Theen Box A wiill warm up aand Box B w will
cool off.

P5.5-3

n:
Solution

240 R
48 = R t = R || ( 80 + 1660 ) = ⇒ R = 60 Ω
R + 2400

80
i sc = ( 4.8 ) = 1.6 A
80 + 160

P 5.5-4

Solution
n:
P 5.5-5

Solutionn:
To deterrmine the value of the shhort circuit cuurrent, Isc, w
we connect a short circuitt across the
terminalss of the circu
uit and then calculate
c thee value of thee current in that short cirrcuit. Figuree (a)
shows the circuit fromm Figure 4.6 6-5a after ad
dding the shoort circuit annd labeling thhe short circuuit
current. Also,
A the nod
des have beeen identifiedd and labeledd in anticipattion of writinng node
equationss. Let v1, v2 and v3 denoote the node voltages
v at nnodes 1, 2 annd 3, respecttively.
In
n Figure (a), node voltagge v1 is equall to the negaative of the vvoltage sourcce voltage.
Consequently, v1 = −24 V . The voltage
v ode 3 is equaal to the volttage across a short, v3 = 0 .
at no
The controlling voltaage of the VC CCS, va, is equal
e to the nnode voltagee at node 2, ii.e. va = v2 . The
voltage at
a node 3 is equal
e to the voltage
v across a short, i.e. v3 = 0 .
Apply
A KCL ata node 2 to get
g

v1 − v 2 v2 − v3
= ⇒ 2 v1 + v 3 = 3 v 2 ⇒ − 48 = 3 v a ⇒ v a = −16 V
3 6

Apply KC
CL at node 3 to get

v2 − v3 4 9 9
+ v 2 = isc ⇒ v a = isc ⇒ isc = ( −116 ) = −24 A
6 3 6 6

Figure (a
a) Calculatin
ng the short circuit curreent, Isc, usingg mesh equattions.

To
T determinee the value off the Theven nin resistanc e, Rth, first rreplace the 24 V voltage
source byy a 0 V voltaage source, i.e.
i a short ciircuit. Next, connect a cuurrent sourcee circuit acrooss
the termiinals of the circuit
c and th
hen label thee voltage acrooss that currrent source aas shown in
Figure (b
b). The Thev venin resistan
nce will be calculated
c froom the curreent and voltaage of the cuurrent
source ass
v
R th = T
iT

Also, thee nodes have been identiffied and labeeled in anticipation of wwriting node eequations. L
Let
v1, v2 and
d v3 denote th
he node volttages at nodees 1, 2 and 33, respectivelly.
 In ge v1 is equal to the across a short cirrcuit, i.e. v1 = 0 . The
n Figure (b),, node voltag
ng voltage of the VCCS,, va, is equal to the node voltage at nnode 2, i.e. va = v2 . The
controllin
voltage at
a node 3 is equal
e to the voltage
v across the currennt source, i.ee. v3 = vT .
Apply
A KCL ata node 2 to get
g

v1 − v 2 v2 − v3
= ⇒ 2 v1 + v 3 = 3 v 2 ⇒ vT = 3 v a
3 6

Apply KC
CL at node 3 to get

v2 − v3 4
+ v 2 + iT = 0 ⇒ 9 v 2 − v3 + 6 iT = 0
6 3
⇒ 9 v a − vT + 6 iT = 0
⇒ 3 v T − vT + 6 iT = 0 ⇒ 2 vT = −6 iT
Finally,
vT
Rt = = −3 Ω
iT

vT
Figure
F (b) Calculating
C th n resistance, R th =
he Thevenin , ussing mesh eqquations.
iT
To
T determinee the value off the open ciircuit voltagee, voc, we coonnect an opeen circuit accross
the termiinals of the circuit
c and th
hen calculatee the value oof the voltagee across thatt open circuiit.
Figure (cc) shows the circuit from m Figure P 4.6-5a after addding the oppen circuit annd labeling tthe
open circcuit voltage. Also, the no odes have beeen identifiedd and labeled in anticipaation of writiing
node equuations. Let v1, v2 and v3 denote the noden voltagees at nodes 11, 2 and 3, reespectively.
In
n Figure (c), node voltag ge v1 is equall to the negaative of the vvoltage sourcce voltage.
Consequently, 1 v = −24 V . The controlling
c voltage
v of thee VCCS, va, is equal to tthe node volltage
2 i.e. va = v2 . The voltag
at node 2, ge at node 3 is equal to tthe open circcuit voltage, i.e. v3 = voc .
Apply
A KCL ata node 2 to get
g

v1 − v 2 v2 − v3
= ⇒ 2 v1 + v 3 = 3 v 2 ⇒ − 48 + v oc = 3 v a
3 6
Apply KC
CL at node 3 to get

v2 − v34
v 2 = 0 ⇒ 9 v 2 − v 3 = 0 ⇒ 9 v a = v oc
+
6 3
Combinin
ng these equ
uations givess

3 ( −48
4 + voc ) = 9 v a = voc ⇒ voc = 72 V

Figure (cc) Calculatin

ng the open circuit
c voltag
ge, voc, usingg node equattions.

As a checck, notice th
hat
R th I sc = ( −3)( −24 ) = 72 = Voc

(chhecked usingg LNAP 8/16/02)

P 5.5-6

n:
Solution
(a) Replaace the part of
o the circuitt that is conn
nected to thee left of term
minals a-b byy its Norton
equivalennt circuit:

Apply KC L at the top node of the dependent

source to ssee that i b = 0 A . Then

( )
v oc = 25 + 5000 i b = 25 V

Apply KV
VL to the suppermesh corrresponding too the
dependent source to geet

( )
−5000 i b + 10000 3 i b − 25 = 0 ⇒ i b = 1 mA

Apply KC L to get
i sc = 3 i b = 3 mA
Then
v oc
Rt = = 8.33 kΩ
i sc
Current divvision gives
8333
0.5 = 3 ⇒ R = 41.67 kΩ
R + 8333
(b)
Noticee that i b and 0.5 mA are the mesh
currentts. Apply KC CL at the topp node of thee
dependdent source tto get
1
i b + 0.5 × 10 −3 = 4 i b ⇒ i b = mA A
6
Apply KVL to the supermesh ccorrespondinng to
the deppendent sourrce to get

( )
−50000 i b + (100000 + R ) 0.5 ×10−3 − 25 = 0
⎛1
⎝6
⎞
(
−50000 ⎜ × 10−3 ⎟ + (10000 + R ) 0.5 ×10−3 = 25
⎠
)
1125
R= 6 = 41.67 kΩ
0.5 × 10−3
P5.5-7

Solution
Simplify the circuit using a source transformation:

Identify the open circuit voltage and short circuit current.

Apply KVL to the mesh to get:

(15 + 2 + 3) ix − 18 = 0 ⇒ ix = 0.9 A

Then
voc = 3ix = 2.7 V

Express the controlling current of the

CCVS in terms of the mesh currents:

i x = i1 − i sc

The mesh equations are

15i1 + 2 ( i1 − isc ) + 3 ( i1 − isc ) − 18 = 0 ⇒ 20i1 − 5isc = 18

and
4
i sc − 3 ( i1 − i sc ) = 0 ⇒ i1 = i sc
3
so
⎛4 ⎞
20 ⎜ isc ⎟ − 5isc = 18 ⇒ isc = 0.83 A
⎝3 ⎠
venin resistaance is
The Thev
2.7
Rt = = 3.25 Ω
0
0.83
Finally, the
t Norton equivalent cirrcuit is

P 5.5-8

Solution
n:
Replace the
t circuit by
y its Norton equivalent circuit:
c

⎛ 16 600 ⎞
⎜ 16000 + R m ⎟⎟ (
im = ⎜ 1.5 × 10−3 )
⎝ ⎠
(a)
i mi = lim
m i m = 1.55 mA
R m →0

(b) When Rm = 20 Ω then i m = 1.48

1 mA so

5 − 1.48
1.5
% error = × 1000 = 1.23%
1.5
(c)
⎛ 1600 ⎞
⎜ 1600 + R m ⎟⎟ (
0.015 − ⎜ 0.015 )
⎝ ⎠ 16600
0.02 ≥ ⇒ ≥ 0.988 ⇒ R m ≤ 32.65 Ω
0.015 1600 + R m

(checkedd: LNAP 6/18/04)

P 5.5-9

Solution:

2ia − 24
ia = ⇒ ia = −2.4 A
12
voc = 2ia = −4.8 V

24 + 12ia = 2ia ⇒ ia = −2.4 A

2
6isc = 2ia ⇒ isc = ( −2.4) = −1.6 A
3

−4.8
Rt = =3Ω
−1.6
Section 5-6: Maximum Power Transfer

P 5.6-1

Solution:
(a) The value of the current in R 2 is 0 A so v oc = 4 i a . Then
KVL gives

8 i a + 4 i a − V s = 0 ⇒ V s = 12 i a = 3 ( 4 i a ) = 3 ( v oc ) = 24 V

Next, KVL gives

8 i a + 4 i a − 24 = 0 ⇒ i a = 2 A
and
4 i a = R 2 i sc ⇒ 4 ( 2) = R2 ( 2) ⇒ R2 = 4 Ω

(b) The power delivered to the resistor to the right of the terminals is maximized by setting R
equal to the Thevenin resistance of the part of the circuit to the left of the terminals:

v oc 8
R = Rt = = =4Ω
i sc 2
v oc 2 82
Then p max = = =4W
4 Rt 4 ( 4)
P 5.6-2

Solution:

a) For maximum power transfer, set RL equal

to the Thevenin resistance:

RL = Rt = 100 + 5 = 105 Ω

b) To calculate the maximum power, first replace the circuit connected to RL by its Thevenin
equivalent circuit:

105
The voltage across RL is vL = (100) = 50 V
105 + 105
vL2 502
Then pmax = = = 23.8 W
RL 105

P 5.6-3

Solution:
Reduce the circuit using source transformations:

Then (a) maximum power will be dissipated in resistor R when: R = Rt = 120 Ω and (b) the
value of that maximum power is
P = iR2 ( R) = (0.03)2 (120) = 108 mW
max
P 5.6-4

Solution:

⎡ 340
( 40) ⎤⎥ 20 − ⎡⎢ ( 40) ⎤⎥ 100
60
The required value of R is voc = ⎢
⎣ 340 + 60 ⎦ ⎣ 340 + 60 ⎦
340(40)(20) − 60(40)(100)
R = Rt = 16 +
( 40 + 240)( 20 + 100) = 100 Ω = = 80 V
400
( 40 + 240) + ( 20 + 100)
The maximum power is given by
v2 802
pmax = oc = = 16 W
4 Rt 4 (100)
P 5.6-5

Solution:

A
iL = vs
Ro +RL

A 2v s 2 R L
PL = i L R L =
2

(R +RL)
2
o

(a) R t =R o so R L =R o = 15 Ω maximizes the power delivered to the load. The corresponding

load power is
252 ( 0.75 ) 15
2

PL = = 5.86 W .
(15 + 15)
2

(b) Ro = 0 maximizes PL (The numerator of PL does not depend on Ro so PL can be maximized

by making the denominator as small as possible.) The corresponding load power is

252 ( 0.75 )
2
A 2v s 2 R L A 2v s 2
PL = = = = 27.04 W.
R L2 RL 13

(c) PL is proportional to A2 so the load power continues to increase as A increases. The load can
safely receive 20 W. This limit corresponds to

A 2 ( 0.75 ) 13
2
20 ×12544
20 = ⇒ A= = 46.31 V.
( 28)
2
117
P 5.6-6

Solution:
Replace the part of the circuit connected to the variable resistor by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit. First, replace the left part of the circuit by its Thevenin equivalent:

⎛ 150 ⎞
voc1 = ⎜ 15 = 5 V
⎝ 150 + 300 ⎟⎠

Rt1 = 300 & 150 = 100 Ω

Next, replace the right part of the circuit by its Thevenin equivalent:

⎛ 480 ⎞
voc2 = ⎜ 40 = 32 V
⎝ 480 + 120 ⎟⎠

Rt2 = 120 & 480 = 96 Ω

Now, combine the two partial Thevenin equivalents:

voc = voc1 − voc2 = −27 V and Rt = Rt1 + Rt2 = 196 Ω

So
The power received by the adjustable resistor
will be maximum when R = Rt = 177.4 Ω. The
maximum power received by the adjustable

resistor will be p =
( −27 ) 2 = 0.93 W .
4 × 196
P5.6-7

Solution: Two source transformations reduce the circuit as follows:

(a) Recognizing the parameters of the Norton equivalent circuit gives:

100 R1
1.5 = i sc = i s + 0.25 ⇒ i s = 1.25 A and 80 = R t = 100 || R1 = ⇒ R1 = 400 Ω
100 + R1
(b) The maximum value of the power delivered to R2 occurs when R 2 = R t = 80 Ω . Then
2
1 ⎛1 ⎞
i = i sc = 0.75 A and p = ⎜ i sc ⎟ R t = ( 0.6252 ) 80 = 45 W
2 ⎝2 ⎠
P5.6-8

Solution:

Calculate the resistance in parallel.

14 R
14 || R =
14 + R

Therefore,
21
ia =
14 R
7+
14 + R

14 R
14 + R
va = 21
14 R
+7
14 + R

21
(a) ia = = 3 A when R = 0
14(0)
7+
14 + 0

14(∞ ) / (14 + ∞ )
(b) va = 21 = 21V when R = ∞
14(∞ )
+7
(14 + ∞ )
Here ‘R” is as large as possible.
(c) Maximum power is delivered when R = 7Ω
Therefore,
⎛ ⎞⎛ 14 R ⎞
⎜ 21 ⎟⎜ 14 + R ⎟
P = ia va = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ va = 21 ⎟
⎜ 7 + 14 R ⎟⎜ 14 R
+7 ⎟
⎜ 14 + R⎟⎜ 14 + ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ R ⎠
⎛ ⎞⎛ 14(7) ⎞
⎜ 21 ⎟ ⎜ 14 + 7 ⎟
=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ va = 21 ⎟
⎜ 7 + 14(7) ⎟ ⎜ 14(7)
+7 ⎟
⎜ 14 + 7 ⎟ ⎜ 14 + 7 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
9 42
= ×
5 5
= 15.12W
P5.6-9

Solution:

Calculate the resistance in parallel.

50(5 + R)
50 & (5 + R) =
50 + (5 + R)

Therefore,
15
ia =
50 (5 + R )
20 +
50 (5 + R )
50 (5 + R)
va = 15
50 (5 + R)
+ 20
50 (5 + R)
Maximum is delivered when R = 20Ω

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 50 (5 + R ) ⎞
⎜ 15 ⎟ ⎜ 50 50 (5 + R ) ⎟
P = ia va = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 15 ⎟
⎜ 20 + 50 (5 + R ) ⎟ ⎜ 50 (5 + R ) + 20 ⎟
⎜ 50 (5 + R ) ⎟⎠ ⎜ 50 (5 + R ) ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 50 (5 + 20) ⎞
⎜ 15 ⎟ ⎜ 50 50 (5 + 20) ⎟
=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 15 ⎟
⎜ 20 + 50 (5 + 20) ⎟ ⎜ 50 (5 + 20) + 20 ⎟
⎜ 50 (5 + 20) ⎟⎠ ⎜ 50 (5 + 20) ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
= 2.8W
Section 5.8 Using PSpice to Determine the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

P5.8-1

a) Here are the results of simulating the circuit in PSpice. The numbers shown in white on a
black background are the node voltages.

b) Add a resistor across the terminals of

Circuit A. Then

v oc = v R when R≈∞

vR
i sc = when R≈0
R

1
Here are the PSpice simulation results:

v oc = 10 V

1× 10−6
i sc = =1 A
1× 10−6

v oc 10
Rt = = = 10 Ω
i sc 1

c) Here is the result of simulation the circuit after replacing Circuit A by its Thevenin equivalent:

d) The node voltages of Circuit B are the same before and after replacing Circuit A by its
Thevenin equivalent circuit.

2
Section
n 5-9 How Can We Check…?
C

P 5.9-1
Solution
n:
Use the datta in the tablle to determiine voc and issc:
voc = 12
1 V (linne 1 of the taable)
isc = 3 mA (liine 3 of the ttable)
voc
so Rt = = 4 kΩ
isc

Next, check line 2 of thhe table. Whhen R = 10 kkΩ:

v 12
i = oc = = 0.8557 mA
R t + R 10 (10 ) + 5 (103 )
3

which agreees with the data in the taable.

v 112
To causee i = 1 mA reequires 001 = i = oc =
0.0 ⇒ R = 8000 Ω
R t + R 10 (1003 ) + R
I agree with
w my lab partner’s
p claiim that R = 8000
8 causes i = 1 mA.

P 5.9-2
Solution
n:
1 1 1 1 11 6R
= + + = ⇒ Rt =
R t R 2 R 3R 6 R 11
and
⎛ 23 ⎞ ⎛ 34 ⎞ ⎛ 65 ⎞ 180
voc = ⎜ ⎟ 300 + ⎜ ⎟ 20 + ⎜ ⎟10 =
⎝ 3+ 2 3⎠ ⎝ 2+3 4⎠ ⎝1+ 6 5 ⎠ 11

so the prelaab calculatioon isn’t correect.

But then
180 180
voc 11
i= = = 11 = 163 mA ≠ 54.5 mA
Rt + R
(110 ) + 400 60 + 40
6
11

so the meeasurement does

d not agrree with the corrected
c preelab calculattion.
P 5.9-3
Solution:
9000 & 4500 & ( 500 + 1500) = 3000 & 2000 = 1200 Ω
12 12
i= ≤ = 10 mA
R + 1200 1200

How about that?! Your lab partner is right.

P 5.9-4
Solution:
(a)
KVL gives
v oc = ( R t + R ) i
from row 2
v oc = ( R t + 10 ) (1.333)
from row 3
v oc = ( R t + 20 ) ( 0.857 )
So
(R t + 10 ) (1.333) = ( R t + 20 ) ( 0.857 )

28 ( R t + 10 ) = 18 ( R t + 20 )
Solving gives
10 R t = 360 − 280 = 80 ⇒ Rt = 8 Ω
and
v oc = ( 8 + 10 )(1.333) = 24 V

(b)
v oc 24 R 24 R
i= = and v = v oc =
Rt + R 8+ R R + Rt R +8

When R = 0, i = 3 A, and v = 0 V.
1
When R = 40 Ω, i = A .
2
24 ( 80 ) 240
When R = 80 Ω, v = = = 21.82 .
88 11
These are the values given in the tabulated data so the data is consistent.
 24 ( 40 )
(c) When R = 40 Ω, v = = 20 V .
48
24
When R = 80 Ω, i = = 0.2727 A .
88
(d) First
8 = R t = 24 & 18 & ( R1 + 12 ) ⇒ R1 = 24 Ω
the, using superposition,

24 = v oc =
24
( )
12 + 24 & 18 ( R1 + 12 ) i s = 8 + 8i s ⇒ is = 2 A
(
24 + 18 & ( R1 + 12 ) )
(checked using LNAP 6/21/05)
Design Problems

DP 5-1
Solution:
The equation of representing the straight line in Figure DP 5-1b is v = − R t i + voc . That is, the
slope of the line is equal to -1 times the Thevenin resistance and the "v - intercept" is equal to the
0−5
open circuit voltage. Therefore: R t = − = 625 Ω and voc = 5 V.
0.008 − 0
Try R1 = R 2 = 1 kΩ . (R1 || R2 must be smaller than Rt = 625 Ω.) Then
R2 1
5= vs = vs ⇒ vs = 10 V
R1 + R 2 2
and
R1 R2
625 = R 3 + = R3 + 500 ⇒ R3 = 125 Ω
R1 + R2
Now vs, R1, R2 and R3 have all been specified so the design is complete.

DP 5-2
Solution:
The equation of representing the straight line in Figure DP 5-2b is v = − R t i + voc . That is, the
slope of the line is equal to -1 times the Thevenin resistance and the "v - intercept" is equal to the
0 − ( −3 )
open circuit voltage. Therefore: R t = − = 500 Ω and voc = −3 V.
−0.006 − 0
From the circuit we calculate
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 ) R1 R 3
Rt = and voc = − is
R1 + R 2 + R 3 R1 + R 2 + R 3
so
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 ) R1 R 3
500 Ω = and −3 V = − is
R1 + R 2 + R 3 R1 + R 2 + R 3

Try R 3 = 1kΩ and R1 + R 2 = 1kΩ . Then R t = 500 Ω and

1000 R1 R1
−3 = − i s ⇒ 6 = R1 i s
is = −
2000 2
This equation can be satisfied by taking R1 = 600 Ω and is = 10 mA. Finally, R2 = 1 kΩ - 400 Ω =
400 Ω. Now is, R1, R2 and R3 have all been specified so the design is complete.
DP 5-3
Solution:
The slope of the graph is positive so the Thevenin resistance is negative. This would require
R1 R 2
R3 + < 0 , which is not possible since R1, R2 and R3 will all be non-negative.
R1 + R 2
Is it not possible to specify values of vs, R1, R2 and R3 that cause the current i and the
voltage v in Figure DP 5-3a to satisfy the relationship described by the graph in Figure DP 5-3b.

DP 5-4
Solution:
The equation of representing the straight line in Figure DP 5-4b is v = − R t i + voc . That is, the
slope of the line is equal to the Thevenin impedance and the "v - intercept" is equal to the open
−5 − 0
circuit voltage. Therefore: R t = − = −625 Ω and voc = −5 V.
0 − 0.008

The open circuit voltage, voc, the short circuit current, isc, and the Thevenin resistance, Rt,
of this circuit are given by
R 2 ( d + 1)
voc = vs
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2
,
isc =
( d + 1) v
s
R1
and
R1 R 2
Rt =
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2
Let R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ. Then
1000 1000
−625 Ω = R t = ⇒ d= − 2 = −3.6 A/A
d +2 −625
and
( d + 1) vs −3.6 + 2
−5 = ⇒ vs = ( − 5 ) = −3.077 V
d +2 −3.6 + 1

Now vs, R1, R2 and d have all been specified so the design is complete.
 Chapter 5 Circuit Theorems
Exercises
R
Exercise 5.2-1 Determine values of R and is
so that the circuits shown in Figures E 5.2-1a,b +
are equivalent to each other due to a source – 12 V is 10 Ω
transformation.
Answer: R = 10 Ω and is = 1.2 A (a) (b)
Figures E 5.2-1

Exercise 5.2-2 Determine values of R and is R

so that the circuits shown in Figures E 5.2-2a,b
are equivalent to each other due to a source –
transformation. + 12 V is 10 Ω

Hint: Notice that the polarity of the voltage

source in Figure E 5.2-2a is not the same as in (a) (b)
Figure E 5.2-1a.
Figures E 5.2-2
Answer: R = 10 Ω and is = –1.2 A

8Ω
Exercise 5.2-3 Determine values of R and vs
so that the circuits shown in Figures E 5.2-3a,b + vs 3A R
are equivalent to each other due to a source –
transformation.
Answer: R = 8 Ω and vs = 24 V (a) (b)
Figure E 5.2-3

Exercise 5.2-4 Determine values of R and vs 8Ω

so that the circuits shown in Figures E 5.2-4a,b
are equivalent to each other due to a source + vs 3A R
transformation. –

Hint: Notice that the reference direction of

the current source in Figure E 5.2-4b is not the (a) (b)
same as in Figure E 5.2-3b.
Figure E 5.2-4
Answer: R = 8 Ω and vs = –24 V
 3Ω 6Ω Rt
a a
Exercisee 5.4-1 Dettermine valu ues of Rt and voc
that causse the circuitt shown in Fiigure E 5.4-1b + +
to be the Thévenin eq quivalent cirrcuit of the – 3V 6Ω –
voc
circuit in
n Figure E 5..4-1a.
Answer: Rt = 8 Ω and
a voc = 2 V b b
(a) (b)
Fiigure E 5.2-1
Solution
n:
 6Ω 3Ω Rt
a a
Exercisee 5.4-2 Dettermine valu ues of Rt
and voc th
hat cause thee circuit showwn in + + + voc
Figure E 5.4-2b to bee the Théven nin 12 V – –
2iia –
ia
equivalennt circuit of the circuit in
n
Figure E 5.4-2a.
b b
Answer: Rt = 3 Ω and
a voc = –6 V (a) (b)
Figu
ure E 5.2-2

Solution
n:

2 i a − 12
ia = ⇒ i a = −3 A
6
voc = 2 i a = −6 V

12 + 6 i a = 2 i a ⇒ i a = −3 A
2
3 i sc = 2 i a ⇒ i ssc = ( −3) = −2 A
3

−6
Rt = =3Ω
−2
 3Ω 6Ω a a
Exercisse 5.5-1 Deetermine valu ues of Rt
and isc th
hat cause thee circuit sho
own in +
3V 6Ω isc Rt
Figure E 5.5-1b to beb the Norton n –
equivaleent circuit off the circuit in
i
Figure E 5.5-1a. b b
Answerr: Rt = 8 Ω and isc = 0.2
25 A (a) (b)
Figu
ure E 5.5-1

n:
Solution
 3Ω 2Ω
Exercisse 5.6-1 Fin nd the maxim mum power that
can be delivered
d to RL for the ciircuit of +
Figure E 5.6-1 usingg a Thévenin n equivalent 18 V – 6Ω RL
circuit.
Answerr: 9 W wheen RL = 4 Ω
F
Figure E 5.66-1

Solution
n:

6
voc = (18 ) = 12 V
6+3

Rt = 2 +
( 3))( 6 ) = 4 Ω
3+6

For maxim
mum power, we require

R L = Rt = 4 Ω
Then
2
voc 122
pmax = = =9 W
4 Rt 4 ( 4 )
PSpice Problems

SP 5-1

Solution:

a = 0.3333

b = 0.3333

c =33.33 V/A

(a) vo = 0.3333 v1 + 0.3333 v2 + 33.33 i 3

18
7−
(b) 7 = 0.3333 (10 ) + 0.3333 ( 8 ) + 33.33 i 3 ⇒ i3 = 3 = 3 = 30 mA
100 100
3
SP 5-2
Solution:
Before the source transformation:

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS

NAME CURRENT

V_V1 -3.000E-02
V_V2 -4.000E-02

After the source transformation:

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS

NAME CURRENT

V_V2 -4.000E-02
SP 5-3

Solution:

voc = −2 V

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS

NAME CURRENT

V_V3 -7.500E-01
V_V4 7.500E-01

isc = 0.75 A

Rt = −2.66 Ω
SP 5-4

Solution:

voc = 8.571 V

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS

NAME CURRENT

V_V5 -2.075E+00
V_V6 1.132E+00
X_H1.VH_H1 9.434E-01

isc = 1.132 A

Rt = 7.571 Ω