Primary Sources

"Arthur Lewbel." E-mail interview. 14 Nov. 2015.

Mr. Lewbel explained that information storage and transmission was all possible
because of Shannons findings.
Atlantic Conference. N.d. The History Place. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.
This picture showed Churchill and Roosevelt meeting for the Atlantic Conference
during WWII.
Chess. N.d. University of Virginia Computer Science. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This photo shows Claude Shannon demonstrating his chess-playing machine.
Claude Shannon and Colleagues. 1980. Chess Programming. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This was a picture of Claude Shannon, Betty Shannon, Ken Thompson, and
more at a chess convention.
Claude Shannon and Electric Mouse. N.d. Humanity Plus Media. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This was a picture of Shannon holding his mouse above his maze.
Claude Shannon - Father of the Information Age. University of California Television, 16 Jan.
2008. Web. 4 Jan. 2016.
This was a video found on YouTube in which many professors and colleagues
talk about Claude Shannon and give more information on his work.
Claude Shannon Juggling. N.d. Gandini Juggling.
This is a primary source photo showing Shannon juggling.
Claude Shannon Letter. N.d. MIT. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.
This was a letter that Claude Shannon wrote demonstrating one of his theories.
Claude Shannon Statue. 2001. University of Michigan. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.
This was a photograph of a statue dedicated to Shannon at the University of
Michigan which he attended.

"Doug McIlroy." E-mail interview. 30 Nov. 2015.

This interview gave Mr. McIlroy's opinion about the impact of Claude Shannons
research and told about the importance of WWII concerning Shannons work.
Early Version of the Telephone. 1919. Western Electric. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This was a picture of one of the first telephones made in 1919, it was used to
show the influence of information theory.
Eisenstaedt, Alfred. Claude Shannon. N.d. The LIFE Picture Collection.Information Theory:
Intellectual Foundation for the Digital Age. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
This website led me to a picture of Claude Shannon which was helpful in my
slideshow.
"Elwyn Berlekamp." Telephone interview. 21 Oct. 2015.
This is one of my most important sources; Mr. Berlekamp gave helpful insight as
he is someone who directly profits from information theory.
Lewbel, Arthur. "A Personal Tribute to Claude Shannon." N.p., Mar. 2001. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.
This was a source that further explained Claudes work and elaborated on
Shannons charismatic personality.
Mittman, Benjamin. Betty and Claude Shannon. 1980. Computer History Museum. Web. 20 Apr.
2016.
This was a photograph of Shannon and his wife holding various objects. This was
used in the slideshow concerning his personal background.
"Oral-History: Claude E. Shannon." Engineering and Technology History Wiki. N.p., 2003. Web.
23 Nov. 2015.
Robert Price conducted this interview with Claude Shannon discussing the
papers he wrote, working at Bell Labs, and the concept of entropy.
"Remembering Claude Shannon." Interview. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2016.

These were a collection of surveys from people who knew Claude Shannon
answering questions about his personality and impact he had on their work.
SIGSALY. N.d. PC Online. Web. 8 Nov. 2015.
This was a picture of SIGSALY during World War II.
Shannon and Hubbard. 1955. KerryR. Web. 2 Jan. 2016.
This was a picture of Shannon and one of his colleagues.
Shannon and Theseus. N.d. Cybernetic Zoo. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.
This was a picture of Claude Shannon holding up his electric mouse, Theseus.
Shannon, Claude E. A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Currents. N.p.: n.p., n.d. PDF.
This was the PDF file of one of Shannons earlier works on switching currents
and binary digits.
Shannon, Claude Elwood, and Warren Weaver. The Mathematical Theory of Communication.
Urbana: U of Illinois, 1949. Print.
This is the master thesis book co-authored by Shannon and Weaver. It told of
Shannons ideas about information theory.
Tech Icons: Claude Shannon. AT&T Tech Channel, 19 Apr. 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2016.
This was a video made from AT&T (used to be known as Bell Laboratories)
including many fascinating facts and interviews from scientists at AT&T.
"Theseus" N.d. Cybernetic Zoo. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This was a photo of a diagram of Shannons mouse, Theseus.
Theseus Maze-Solving Mouse. 1952. Cyberneticzoo.com. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
This website led to two pictures of Claude Shannon posing by his maze.
The Thinking Machine (Artificial Intelligence in the 1960s). N.p., 31 May 2010. Web. 21 Dec.
2015.

This primary source were videos showing Jerome Wiesner, Oliver Selfridge, and
Claude Shannon talking about artificial intelligence, a field Shannon had an
impact on.
Vannevar Bush. 1946. California Institute of Technology. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.
Vannevar Bush is shown in this picture at a graduation.
Vannevar Bush's Differential Analyzer. 1930. The MIT Museum and Historical Collections,
Cambridge. Computer History Museum. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
This was a primary source photograph of the differential analyzer that Bush
created.

Secondary Sources
"Accomplishments of Electric Mouse Used in Phone Relays." Union Bulletin [Walla Walla] 10
July 1952: 23. Access Newspaper Archives. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
This newspaper article talks of a mouse that navigates its way through a maze, a
way to provide information to help improve telephone service.
"A Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" N.d. University of Miami Computer Science.
Web. 16 Dec. 2015.
This was a photograph of Shannons paper on cryptography.
"A Mathematical Theory of Communication" N.d. UC Berkeley. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This picture was a chart included in Shannons landmark paper.
"An Algebra for Theoretical Genetics" N.d. Bits of DNA. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
This was a photo containing formulas from one Shannons paper, An Algebra
For Theoretical Genetics.
"A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Currents" N.d. Kuenzig. Web. 18 Dec. 2015.
This picture showed a page from another paper that Shannon wrote.
Binary Digits. N.d. Jerome Abel. Web. 6 Jan. 2016.
This was a diagram modeling true and false using 1s and 0s.
Biography.com Editors. "Alan Turing Biography." Bio.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web.
18 Jan. 2016.
This biography on Alan Turing contributed to the information on scientists who
interacted with Shannon.
Boolean Algebra. N.d. New York University. Web. 5 Jan. 2016.
This picture shows switches based on Boolean algebra.
Chiu, Lin, Mcferron, Petigara, and Seshasi. Mathematical Theory of Claude Shannon. N.p.: MIT,
n.d. PDF.

This was a source analyzing information theory and Claude Shannon.

"Claude E. Shannon." IEEE Information Theory Society, 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.
This source explored the time Shannon worked at Bell Laboratories.
"Claude E. Shannon, 84; MIT Mathematician." Sentinel & Enterprise [Medford] 28 Feb. 2001:
C6. Access Newspaper Archive. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
This obituary found in a newspaper talked about how Shannons discoveries are
the foundation of modern technology.
Claude Shannon Cryptography. N.d. Engineering Cryptosystems. Web. 16 Apr. 2016.
This was a photo showing a Claude Shannon statue with a speech bubble saying
that his system of cryptography is the only one to be unbreakable.
Claude Shannon Demonstrates Machine Learning. Dir. Sean Palmer. AT&T Archives and
History Center, 17 May 2014. Web. 24 Dec. 2015.
This was a very helpful video describing the mouse maze, one of the many
machines he built.
"Claude Shannon - Information Theory And More." I Programmar. N.p., 17 Mar. 2013. Web. 29
Mar. 2016.
This website gave information on Vannevar Bushs differential analyzer which
influenced Shannons mathematical concepts. It demonstrated the importance of
the decimal system before Shannon designed a more efficient way.
"Claude Shannon." Magnet Academy. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.
This source mentions how Claude Shannon used Boolean Algebra in information
theory and told of the awards he won.
"Claude Shannon, Medford, 84, Outlined Binary Code Theory for Information Age."The Sun 28
Feb. 2001: 14. Access Newspaper Archive. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
An obituary once again talking about the amazing achievements in science and
technology due to Shannon.

Claude Shannon. N.d. Computer History Museum. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.

This was a picture of Claude Shannon.
Claude Shannon. N.d. The Guardian. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This was another helpful picture of Claude Shannon.
Claude Shannon. N.d. Yovisto. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
This was a photo of Claude Shannon taken from a website.
"Claude Shannon, Visionary in Information Theory, Dies." The Post-Standard 28 Feb. 2001: A2.
Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
This newspaper article tells that his work sparked the communications revolution
and contributed to artificial intelligence.
Collins, Graham P. "Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory."Scientific American.
N.p., 14 Oct. 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
This was an insightful website that focused on information theory, how Shannon
came up with it and how it influenced technology.
Computation History - Claude Shannon. Dir. BinaryCore Media. N.p., 30 Apr. 2013. Web. 26
Dec. 2015.
This podcast gave information on his influence in artificial intelligence and other
fields.
"Dave Forney." E-mail interview. 30 Nov. 2015.
This interview told about Mr. Forneys experience with information theory.
Deffree, Suzanne. "Claude Shannon, Father of Information Theory." N.p., 30 Apr. 2013. Web.
21 Oct. 2015.
This source provided in-depth information on Claudes work during WWII. It
mentioned that he is also credited with the introduction of sampling theory.
Digital World. N.d. Burd Communications. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.
This was a photograph representing the world in binary digits.

Entropy Diagram. N.d. What Is Information? Web. 18 Jan. 2016.

This was a diagram of entropy mentioned in A Mathematical Theory of
communication.
Fourth Bell Logo. N.d. Bell Logo History. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
This is a photo of the Bell Telephone Laboratories old logos which was used
during the time Shannon worked there.
Gallager, Robert G. Claude E. Shannon: A Retrospective on His Life, Work, and Impact. N.p.:
Life Fellow, IEEE, 7 Nov. 2001. PDF.
This was an incredibly helpful source that analyzed Claude Shannons early life
and how his work influenced technology beyond his lifetime.
Gleick, James. The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. New York: Pantheon, 2011. Print.
This book told about the history of communication, the information age, and
Claude Shannon.
Houle, David. Entering the Shift Age: The End of the Information Age and the New Era of
Transformation. Naperville: Source, 2012. Print.
This book mentions the leading up to the Shift Age, the Information Age. Claude
Shannon was the one to kick off the Information Age (aka digital age).
iPhone Technology. N.d. Smart Phones. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.
This was a photograph of an iPhone to show a modern day appliance.
Juggling Clowns. N.d. Heinz Nixdorf Forum Museum. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This was a photo of a juggling clown chart.
"Machine vs. Human-Robot 'Challenges' Chess Expert." The Independent [Long Beach] 12 Nov.
1951: 11. Access Newspaper Archives. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
This article informs about a human taking on a computer playing chess machine
in an upcoming chess tournament.

Markowsky, George. "Claude Shannon | American Engineer." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
This source included information on Shannons partnership with Vannevar Bush,
together they worked on the differential analyzer.
Mitter, Sanjoy K. The Mathematics of the Information Revolution. Cambridge: Department of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science MIT, n.d. PDF.
This PDF file analyzed the mathematics behind the Noisy Channel Coding
Theorem.
Nahin, Paul J. The Logician and the Engineer: How George Boole and Claude Shannon
Created the Information Age. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2013. Print.
This highly informative book told how George Boole, creator of Boolean algebra
and Claude Shannon digitalized the world. Shannon used Booles ideas to create
information theory.
Navajo Code Talkers. N.d. Gordon College. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.
This was a picture of a comic where they translate binary digits into the Navajo
code.
O'Connor, J. J., and E. F. Robertson. "Claude Elwood Shannon." University of St. Andrews. 23
Oct. 2015.
This source told about Claude Shannons life and research; this source included
quotes from Slepian, Gallager, and Minsky about Shannon.
Paper Cover. N.d. Augmented Space. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This was a picture of the original edition of A Mathematical Theory of
Communication.
"Peter Neumann." E-mail interview. 25 Nov. 2015.

Mr. Neumann said that talking with professors at MIT and George Boole
contributed to his master thesis and that Shannon mentored many students who
themselves had an important impact.
"Programming a Computer For Playing Chess" N.d. ViaLibri. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This was a picture of Shannons paper written for chess.
"Scientists Hit Jackpot-Here's Machine Multiplies Itself!" Long Beach Press Telegram 11 Apr.
1953: n. pag. Access Newspaper Archives. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
Shannon talks about building a machine that can multiply itself, a computer to
play complex games, and a machine to do grocery shopping.
Segal, Jerome. "Shannon, Claude Elwood." Glossarium-BITri. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
This encyclopedia article was most helpful in outlining the major points of
Shannons findings. It showed that his work on cryptography helped to develop
information technology.
Shannon Binary Digits. N.d. University of Cambridge. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.
This was a photography representing Shannon in binary digits. It also shows the
devices that rely on information theory.
Shannon's Centenary US Postal Stamp. 2013. IEEE Information Theory Society. Web. 20 Mar.
2016.
This was a picture of a proposal to create a stamp in honor of Claude Shannon. It
got over 1,000 endorsers.
Tech Icons: Claude Shannon. AT&T Tech Channel, 9 Apr. 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.
This video was used to describe the long-term effect of Claude Shannons work,
an excerpt of this video about Claude Shannon talking was used.
Technology. N.d. Huffington Post. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.
This is photo showing an iPad and the things that technology can do.
The Man Who Turned Paper Into Pixels. Dir. Adam Westbrook. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2016.

This was one of the most helpful sources because it explained clearly how a
message or image is transmitted across all the noise using bits or binary digits to
represent each piece of information.
"The Third Industrial Revolution." The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 21 Apr. 2012.
Web. 23 Nov. 2015.
This source have facts about the third industrial revolution, or the digital
revolution. Shannon is given credit for starting this movement.
The Ultimate Machine. N.d. Codes and Clowns Exhibition, Paderborn. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
This was a photo of one of Shannons inventions: a box with a hand to turn itself
off.
Thomson, Scott. "Zip, Zip, Check! Computer Chess Not for Rookies." The Joplin Globe 7 June
1987: 12D. Access Newspaper Archives. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
This newspaper article reported that Shannon discovered a way to relay
information through a computer to play chess, a feat because it has to consider
every possibility.
Titcomb, James. "Who Is George Boole and Why Is He Important? Today's Google Doodle
Explained." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 2 Nov. 2015. Web. 10 Apr.
2016.
This website shows George Booles impact on the world. In addition, it displayed
pictures that were used to describe logic gates.
Tufty, Barbara. "Says Radio Contact With Mars Would Be Simple." El-Paso Herald Post. 4 May
1954: 5. Access Newspaper Archives. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.
In this source, Shannon tells about the simplicity of establishing a communication
with extraterrestrial beings using mathematics.
Ubell, Earl. "Machines May Take Over in Mathematics." The Amarillo Daily News 1 Feb. 1957:
26. Access Newspaper Archives. Web. 25 Nov. 2015.

In this source, Shannon discusses the fact that machines may take over in
mathematics soon; this is proof that Shannon believed in artificial intelligence.
"UCSD-TV DOCUMENTARY ON CLAUDE SHANNON WINS AURORA BIOGRAPHY AWARD."
Jacobs School of Engineering: News & Events. N.p., 12 Aug. 2002. Web. 20 Apr.
2016.
This website mainly talks about Shannon's research complete at Bell Telephone
Laboratories. It includes many quotes about Shannons work and how it was
ahead of its time.
Vannevar Bush. N.d. United States History. Web. 20 Feb. 2016.
This was another photograph of a person working on the differential analyzer.
Included is a short caption.
Waldrop, M. Mitchell. "Claude Shannon: Reluctant Father of the Digital Age." MIT Technology
Review. N.p., 01 July 2001. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.
This article showed the importance of Shannon in modern technology and
summed up his lifes research; it also describe many of the machines he
invented.