LINUX SYSTEM AND

NETWORK ADMINISTRATION
RHCSA/RHCE

Course Content

Module I
Lecture/Lab 1
Introduction to UNIX
- UNIX Operating System Architecture
Linux Operating System
Users, Groups and Permissions
- Examining Permissions
Lecture/Lab 2
Linux Installation
Hard Disk Partition Details
Linux File System
- ext2 / ext3
Dual Boot Installation
Lecture/Lab 3
Desktop Familiarization
- Text and GUI Mode
- Virtual Terminals
- GNOME and KDE Desktop

Course Content

Module I
Lecture/Lab 4 & 5
UNIX Shell
UNIX Commands
Shell Commands
- File System Management
- File Management and Viewing
- Help, Job and Process Management
- Network Management
- System Management
- User Management
- Printing and Programming
- Document Preparation
- Miscellaneous
Lecture/Lab 6
System Initialization and Services
- Boot Sequence, Runlevels & Daemon Processes
User Administration
- User Creation/ Suspension & Deletion
- Group Administration

Course Content

Module I
Lecture/Lab 7
Network Configuration
- Configuration Utilities
- Multiple NICs
Task Schedulers
- cron daemons
Disk quota management
Backup and Restore
Lecture/Lab 8
Adding and Removing Software Packages
RPM Package Management
Setting Printer
System Monitoring
- File System Analysis
- System Log Files & Analysis
System Troubleshooting
- Filesystem Corruption and Recovery
- Things to check: The X Window System
- Service, Networking & Booting
- The Rescue Environment
- Recovery Runlevels, Boot Floppies

Course Content

Module II
Lecture/Lab 9
DHCP
- Server setup
- Client setup
NIS
- NIS Server setup
- NIS Client setup
Lecture/Lab 10
NFS
- NFS Server & Client configuration
- autofs implementation
Samba Server
- File & Print Service
Lecture/Lab 11
Basic Concept of DNS
- Implementation of BIND
- forward & reverse lookup
- DNS Directives

Course Content

Module II
Lecture/Lab 12
Apache Web Server
- Basic Configuration
- Name based Virtual Hosting
- Restriction through htaccess
Lecture/Lab 13
Sendmail - Mail Server
- Configuring mail service
- SMTP Server
POP3 / IMAP Server
Lecture/Lab 14
Proxy Server - Squid
- ACL for restricting access
Lecture/Lab 15
Linux System as a Router
- Setup and configuration
- Static Routing
SELinux Configuration
Firewall Using IPTables
- Filter and NAT rules

Schedule

Course Schedule
!
The complete course, including Lectures and
Labs, will be covered in 60 Hours.
The total duration of the course will be 3.5 - 4
months.

!
Lectures

: Every Tuesday, 17:00 18:30 P.M

Labs

: Thursday late, 18:30 20:00 P.M

Grading

Grading Guidelines
!
Two Exams: 40% + 40%
Lab: 20%
!
Minimum 80% attendance and minimum 60%
marks are necessary to clear the course.

Course References

References
Online on the Web
The Linux Documentation Project (LDP), http://
www.tldp.org/
Mirror: http://www.iitk.ac.in/LDP
Red Hat Linux, O'Reilly
The course slides swill be available at http://
portal.feaa.uaic.ro/Master/SDBIS/an1/la/Lists/
Anunuri/DispForm.aspx?ID=14&Source=http%3A
%2F%2Fportal%2Efeaa%2Euaic%2Ero%2FMaster
%2FSDBIS%2Fan1%2Fla%2FPages%2Fdefault
%2Easpx

Introduction to Linux

UNIX/LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

Introduction to Unix
History of UNIX
What is LINUX
LINUX Distributions
Unix OS Structure
Unix File System
Unix Directories, Files and Inodes
Users, Groups and Permissions

Introduction to Linux

UNIX
Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking
operating system.
You can have many users logged
into a system simultaneously, each
running many programs.
It's the kernel's job to keep each
process and user separate and to
regulate access to system
hardware, including cpu, memory,
disk and other I/O devices.

Introduction to Linux

History of UNIX
First Version was created in Bell Labs in
1969.
Some of the Bell Labs programmers who had
worked on this project, Ken Thompson,
Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canaday, and Doug
McIlroy designed and implemented the first
version of the Unix File System on a PDP-7
along with a few utilities. It was given the
name UNIX by Brian Kernighan.
00:00:00 Hours, Jan 1, 1970 is time zero for
UNIX. It is also called as epoch.

Introduction to Linux

History of UNIX
1973 Unix is re-written mostly in
C, a new language developed by
Dennis Ritchie.
Being written in this high-level
language greatly decreased the
effort needed to port it to new
machines.

Introduction to Linux

History of UNIX
1977 There were about 500 Unix sites
world-wide.
1980 BSD 4.1 (Berkeley Software
Development)
1983 SunOS, BSD 4.2, System V
1988 AT&T and Sun Microsystems
jointly develop System V Release 4
(SVR4). This later developed into
UnixWare and Solaris 2.
1991 Linux was originated.

Introduction to Linux

What is LINUX
Linux is a free Unix-type operating system
originally created by Linus Torvalds with the
assistance of developers around the world.
It originated in 1991 as a personal project of
Linus Torvalds, a Finnish graduate student.
The Kernel version 1.0 was released in 1994
and today the most recent stable version is
2.6.9
Developed under the GNU General Public
License , the source code for Linux is freely
available to everyone.

Introduction to Linux

LINUX Distributions
RedHat: http://www.redhat.com/
Fedora: http://fedora.redhat.com/
SuSE/Novell: http://www.suse.com/
Debian: http://www.debian.org/
Mandrake: http://www.mandrakesoft.com/

!
Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a Enterprise targeted
Operating System. It based on mature Open Source
technology and available at a cost with one year
Red Hat Network subscription for upgrade and
support contract.

Introduction to Linux

UNIX Structure

Introduction to Linux

UNIX File System

Introduction to Linux

File System
The Unix file system looks like an
inverted tree structure.
You start with the root directory,
denoted by /, at the top and work down
through sub-directories underneath it.

Introduction to Linux

File System
Each node is either a file or a directory
of files, where the latter can contain
other files and directories.
You specify a file or directory by its path
name, either the full, or absolute, path
name or the one relative to a location.
The full path name starts with the root, /,
and follows the branches of the file
system, each separated by /, until you
reach the desired file, e.g.:
/home/condron/source/xntp

Introduction to Linux

File System
A relative path name specifies the path relative to
another, usually the current working directory
that you are at. Two special directories :
. the current directory
.. the parent of the current directory
So if I'm at /home/frank and wish to specify the
path above in a relative fashion I could use:
../condron/source/xntp
This indicates that I should first go up one
directory level, then come down through the
condron directory, followed by the source
directory and then to xntp.

Introduction to Linux

Structure of Standard Directories

in Unix/Linux
/ The ancestor of all directories on the system;
all other directories are subdirectories of this
directory, either directly or through other
subdirectories.
/bin Essential tools and other programs (or
binaries).
/dev Files representing the system's various
hardware devices. For example, you use the
file `/dev/cdrom' to access the CDROM drive.
/etc Miscellaneous system configuration files,
startup files, etc.

Introduction to Linux

Structure of Standard Directories in

Unix/Linux
/home The home directories for all of the
system's users.
/lib Essential system library files used by
tools in `/bin'.
/proc Files that give information about
current system processes.
/root The superuser's home directory,
whose username is root. (In the past, the
home directory for the superuser was
simply `/'; later, `/root' was adopted for this
purpose to reduce clutter in `/'.)

Introduction to Linux

Structure of Standard Directories in Unix/Linux

/sbin Essential system administrator

tools, or system binaries.
/tmp Temporary files.
/usr Subdirectories with files related
to user tools and applications.

Introduction to Linux

Directories, Files and Inodes

Every directory and file is listed in its parent
directory.
In the case of the root directory, that parent is itself.
A directory is a file that contains a table listing the
files contained within it, giving file names to the
inode numbers in the list.
The information about all the files and directories is
maintained in INODE TABLE
An Inode (Index Nodes) is an entry in the table
containing information about a file (metadata)
including file permissions, UID, GID, size, time
stamp, pointers to files data blocks on the disk etc.

Introduction to Linux

Users, Groups and Access Permissions

In UNIX/LINUX, there is a concept of user and
an associated group
The system determines whether or not a user
or group can access a file or program based
on the permissions assigned to them.
Apart from all the users, there is a special
user called Super User or the root which has
permission to access any file and directory

Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions
There are three permissions for any file, directory
or application program.
The following lists the symbols used to denote
each, along with a brief description:
r Indicates that a given category of user can
read a file.
w Indicates that a given category of user can
write to a file.
x Indicates that a given category of user can
execute the file.

Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions
Each of the three permissions are assigned to
three defined categories of users.
The categories are:
!

owner The owner of the file or

application.
group The group that owns the file or
application.
others All users with access to the
system.

Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions
One can easily view the permissions for a file
by invoking a long format listing using the
command ls -l.
For instance, if the user juan creates an
executable file named test, the output of the
command ls -l test would look like this:
-rwxrwxr-x 1 juan student 0 Sep 26 12:25 test

Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions
The permissions for this file are listed are
listed at the start of the line, starting with rwx.
This first set of symbols define owner access.
The next set of rwx symbols define group
access
The last set of symbols defining access
permitted for all other users.
!

-rwxrwxr-x 1 juan student 0 Sep 26 12:25 test

Introduction to Linux

Access Permissions
This listing indicates that the file is readable,
writable, and executable by the user who
owns the file (user juan) as well as the group
owning the file (which is a group named
student).
The file is also world-readable and worldexecutable, but not world-writable.
!

-rwxrwxr-x 1 juan student 0 Sep 26 12:25 test

Introduction to Linux

Listing the Content of a Directory

ls is used to list the contents of a directory.
If the command ls is written with parameter l
then the command lists contents of the
working directory with details. Example:
$ ls l

Introduction to Linux

Moving in Directories
cd try_it
Changes the directory to try_it
pwd
Prints present working directory (e.g. /home/
smith/try_it)
cd .. Move to superior directory
pwd : Prints /home/smith
cd /home The absolute path
pwd : Prints /home
cd The system is returned to the user home
directory
pwd : Print /home/smith

Introduction to Linux

Make Directory
The command mkdir my_dir
makes new directory my_dir (the path is
given relative) as a subdirectory of the
current directory.

Introduction to Linux

Remove Directory
The command rmdir your_dir
removes directory your_dir if it is empty.

Introduction to Linux

Copy File
The command cp file_1 file_2
copies file_1 to file_2. The both files must be in
the same working directory. If they are in
various directories, the path must be given.

Introduction to Linux

Rename and/or Move the File

The command mv file_1 file_2
moves file_1 to file_2
The both files
directory.

must be in the same working

If they are in different directories, the path must

be given.
The file_1 is removed from the disk.

Introduction to Linux

Remove File
The command rm file_a
removes the file_a from the system
If you use wildcard. For example
rm h*c
you will remove all files beginning with h and
ending with c which are in working directory.
If you write
rm *
you will erase all files from your working
directory.

Introduction to Linux

Access Permission of File/Directory

The ownership of the file or directory can be
changed using the command
chown <owner> <file/directory name>
The group of the file or directory can be changed
using the command
chgrp <group> <file/directory name>
The permissions of the file can be changed using
chmod command
chmod -R ### <filename or directory>
-R is optional and when used with directories will
traverse all the sub-directories of the target
directory changing ALL the permissions to ###.

Introduction to Linux

Access Permission of File/

Directory
The #'s can be:
0 = Nothing
1 = Execute
2 = Write
3 = Execute & Write (2 + 1)
4 = Read
5 = Execute & Read (4 + 1)
6 = Read & Write (4 + 2)
7 = Execute & Read & Write (4 + 2 + 1)
!

RWX

Introduction to Linux

Assignment (1)
1. Login as guest (password is guest123)
2. Find the present Directory
3. Write the / directory structure
4. Write a few commands available in /bin and /sbin directory
5. Find the guest directory
6. Write the permissions of guest directory
7. Create a new Directory test in guest directory
8. Write the permissions of test directory
9. Copy the file /etc/resolv.conf in test directory
10. Rename the test directory to testing
11. Delete the testing directory
12. Change the permissions of guest directory to 775
13. Change the permissions of /tmp directory to 700
14. Login as root user (password is root123)
15. Change the permissions of guest directory to 700
16. The location of kernel files in Unix File System is /boot and by looking at
the kernel file, write the kernel version you are using in your system.

Introduction to Linux

Assignment (2)
1. Login as guest
2. Change directory to /
3. List the contents of /home directory
4. Find the group to which guest belongs
5. Create a file syslinus in the home area of guest (hint: use touch command)
6. Find the permissions of the file syslinus
7. Find the inode number of file syslinus (hint: ls li)
8. Copy the file syslinus to syslinus1
9. Find the inode number of file syslinus1 (hint: ls li)
10. Move the file syslinus to syslinus2
11. Find the inode number of file syslinus2 (hint: ls li)
12. Move syslinus2 to syslinus
13. Login as root
14. Create a new user guest1 with same group as guest (hint: use GUI tool
ApplicationsSystem Settings Users and Groups)[More on this later in the
course]
15. Create a new user guest2 with a different group than the group of guest (hint: use
GUI tool ApplicationsSystem Settings Users and Groups)
16. Find, what permissions should the file syslinus have, so that both guest1 and guest2
can write into this file.