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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
By
Geetha Pande
September 2009
Masters Thesis in Energy Systems
Supervisor/Examiner: Dr. Taghi Karimpanah
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor and examiner Dr.Taghi Karimpanah
for his able guidance and support to perform the thesis work. I am also grateful to Ulf
Larsson, head of Master of Science program, for providing me the opportunity to
perform the thesis.
I would also like to thanks Dalarna university library staff for providing me required
articles for the thesis work. Apart from this I am also grateful to all those who directly
or indirectly contributed to the completion of my thesis work.
Finally, I cant forget my family members in India and friends for their
encouragement and support during my stay abroad.
INDEX
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................5
1.2 THESIS OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................6
1.3 ORGANISATION OF THESIS..............................................................................6
CHAPTER2
SOLAR POWER AS RENEWABLE ENERGY
2.1Introduction...............................................................................................................7
2.2Solar Photo Voltaic(PV) Technologies.....................................................................8
2.3Construction of PV cell.............................................................................................8
2.2.2Material used for PV cell........................................................................................9
2.2.3PV array Design and Sun tracking.......................................................................10
2.2.4Types of Solar Powered Systems.........................................................................10
2.3Solar power as Renewable energy in India.............................................................12
CHAPTER3
SOLAR POWER FOR CELLULAR BASE STATIONS
3.1Introduction............................................................................................................13
3.2Power requirement of cellular Base Stations.........................................................14
CHAPTER4
Simulation Using PVSYST 4 Software......................................................................15
CHAPTER5
Simulation Results and Analysis.................................................................................16
CHAPTER6
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTUREWORK....................................................................39
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................40
1.1 Introduction
Now a days developing countries across Asia and Africa are hit with the serious
energy crisis. Fulfilling the power demand of the people for the basic necessities itself
is much a bothered situation. Hence, people started looking towards permanent and
imperishable sources of energy called renewable sources of energy such as solar and
wind energy [1]. The positive aspect of use of renewable energy sources in
developing countries is that they are available in plenty and also pollution free [2].The
cost efficient production of energy using renewable sources is still a major problem in
developing countries. Hence, it is difficult to replace immediately the existing
traditional energy resources with the renewable sources.
Due to the reach of mobile telephony among the people in remote villages, the service
providers are pressured for finding a working solution to the energy crisis. Thus the
provision to power the base stations for mobile operators with renewable energy is
gaining importance steeply.
Traditional Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) [3] equipment is
targeted to the urban environments only. Vendors and operators of the GSM
equipment have been facing difficulty to meet certain challenges in remote rural areas
such as it costs much, expensive to run, uses much power and is difficult in deploying
in rural areas with limited electricity supply, lack of skilled engineers and poor roads.
Hence it is very important to take into consideration all these problems before
deploying solar powered base stations [1].
Before the actual deployment of the solar powered base stations it is very essential to
get an estimate of not only the number of the photovoltaic (PV) cells [4], inverters [3],
batteries and generators required but also the cost of production of energy per unit. In
order to do so it is always suggested to design and simulate the deployable solar
powered base stations using software such as PVSYST4.37 [6]. PVSYST software
has used to study the requirement of cooling demand [5] in solar powered base
stations in developing countries like Morocco. Moreover, this software can be used to
design and simulate the deployment of solar powered base stations in countries like
India, Sweden or any country by considering geographical and other design
parameters for solar power. Hence, the use of PVSYST software will enable to design
and simulate cost efficient deployable solar powered base stations.
Design and analyse the use of Solar power for cellular base stations using
PVSYST4 simulation software
Design and Costs analysis for implementation of Solar powered cellular base
stations in New Delhi, India and Stockholm, Sweden using PVSYST4
simulation software.
light
ncontactt
Pcontact
Electric load
Current direction
V
Figure4. Power change in different sun intensity [4]
Sun angle:
The cell output current is expressed as = cos ,where I is the current with
vertical sun impinging, and theta is the angle to the vertical position. This law is
applied when sun angle is 0 to 50 degrees. When angle is more than 50 degrees there
is decrease in relative current. There will be no power generation when angle is more
than 85degrees.
Sun Track: When PV module is installed on tracker with an actuator which follows
the sun more energy is collected .There are 2 types of trackers.
1. One axis tracker
2. Two axis tracker[4]
2.2.4 Types of Solar powered systems:
Grid connected system have solar panel ,mounting for panels, wiring, inverter. When
rays from sun falls on solar panels DC electricity is produced. This DC passes to
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USER
(LOAD)
SUN
SOLAR
POWER
INVERT
ER
MAIN
GRID
Inverter
Switch
and Fuse
Batteries
AC loads
Inverter
PV
array
End
user
Backup
generato
r,fuelcell
Battery
Capacito
r
Cooler
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CHAPTER 3
Solar Power for Cellular Base stations
3.1 Introduction
A cellular base station is a wireless system and makes use of microwave radio
communication technology. The base station acts as an interface between either two
mobile phones or between a mobile phone and a fixed phone. Generally these base
stations are made up of several antennas mounted on a metallic tower and a house of
electronics at the base of the tower as shown in Fig (8).The antennas are connected to
the base with cables.
The base station antennas are used for transmitting as well as receiving the radio
signals to and fro from mobile phones. Generally, these antennas are mounted on the
top of the tower so that obstacles such as trees, high rise buildings, hills, etc should
not obstruct the radio signals. Usually, three antennas are mounted on the top of the
tower to cover the specified region. Among three antennas two are used for receiving
and one is for transmitting. Though these antennas are operated at different
frequencies they are well separated from each other to avoid interference of emitted
power from each other.
At the bottom of the tower a small house of electronic circuits comprising of power
amplifiers, used to generate strong signals and this power amplifiers are connected to
mounted antennas with long cables. The base station also has supporting components
such as base station controllers using computers and AC/DC rectifiers to convert AC
power to DC power. Many base stations have a DC power back up system in the form
of batteries connected either in series or parallel and these batteries supply power to
the base station during blackout or power failure.
The area covered by base station signals is called cell [3].Based on the amount of area
covered the base stations can be classified as Macro cell base station, Micro cell base
station, Pico cell station and Femto cell base station. Femto cells cover the smallest
area and they are deployed in a room. Pico cells are deployed in offices or shopping
malls and they cover more area than femto cells. Micro cells can cover blocks of
buildings in an urban locality and cover area more than pico cells. Macro cells cover
the largest area among all the cells and generally they are deployed in rural areas or
on high ways.
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varies between 800w to 3200wattb [5].The average power for whole year is 1400watt
for a Macro base station. The equivalent average power in MWh per year for a macro
base station can be computed as 12.3 MWh. If the site container contains more than
one cabinet then the power needed may be more. As in RBS (radio base station) there
are air conditioner and heat exchanger, electronics also present. So the power is used
by all the components. The highest amount of power needed for the by macro RBS IS
3200W.Micro base station needs 110 watts. If minilink is there the power is
150watts.RBS and electrical exchanges are connected by minilink [5].
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Preliminary design:
In this presizing is done for grid connected, standalone, pumping system. This is
used for initial designing of PV system.
Project Design:
In this stage simulation is done using some of the data from preliminary design. In
this we get detailed report with results.
Tools:
In this various solar tools such as solar geometry, Mateo etc. [6] are available for
the project design.
15
16
PV
ARR
AY
INVERTE
R
BASE
STATION
17
18
19
20
21
Inverter
PV
array
Base
End
Station
user
Backup
generato
r,fuelcell
Battery
Capacito
r
Cooler
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Conclusions
The simulation results of the solar powered macro cellular base station suggests that it
is very cost efficient to deploy grid connected system compare to standalone system
either in New Delhi, India or in Stockholm, Sweden. Simulation results show that
estimate of the cost of production was found to be 0.39 euro/kwh for grid connected
system compare to 1.24euro/kwh for standalone system in New Delhi, India. In
Stockholm, Sweden it is found that Grid system will cost 0.66euro/kwh compare to
3.37euro/kwh for Standalone.
It can also be concluded that system design for standalone system is more complicated
compare to grid connected as the standalone system contains batteries and generators
apart from inverters and PV modules. This adds extra constraint to the design.
Grid connected systems are suitable if the supply of solar energy is reliable. In other
words it is suggested to use grid connected system in summers in India. If the supply
of solar energy is not reliable like during monsoon season in India or anytime of the
year in Stockholm, Sweden then it is suggested to use standalone system though it is
costly compare to grid connected system. Hence there is always trade off between
reliability and cost efficiency while deploying solar powered cellular base stations.
Future Work
The obtained simulation results can be compared with the practically implemented
solar powered cellular base stations in New Delhi, India and Stockholm, Sweden.
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