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molsolute
kgsolvent
determined for each solvent based its freezing point depression constant (kf,
T f mk f
kg oC
).
mol
Equation 1
In this investigation masses of an unknown solute and known solvent will be measured and combined
to form a solution. The freezing point depression of the solvent will be measured and the molality of
317025883.doc
Figure 1
PROCEDURE
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Cyclohexane is flammable.
No flames.
Work in the hood!
Each pair of students will be assigned a hood and will work in the same hood all quarter.
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Check out the freezing point apparatus. The freezing point apparatus will include a Nessler
tube (a flat bottomed tube) and a Lab Quest with two temperature probes.
Nest a 250 mL beaker in a 400 mL beaker to use for the ice bath.
Record the mass of the empty Nessler tube to the nearest tenth of a milligram.
Measure about 12 mL of cyclohexane (d = 0.779 g/mL) with a clean, dry graduated cylinder
and transfer to the Nessler tube, re-weigh and record the mass.
Cover the Nessler tube with Parafilm while setting up the LabQuest.
Plug the temperature probes in channels (CH) 1 and 2.
Turn on the Labquest. Tap File, then New.
On the right window, make sure that Mode is set to: Time Based.
Tap on Rate and set the following:
Rate: 4
Length: 20
Tap OK
Interval: 0.25
then the tap down arrow and tap min
Tap Autoscale
Type Time on the X-Axis Column
Enter Left: 0 Right: 20
Graph 1 Y-Axis, enter:
Top: 25 Bottom: 0
In the Run 1 box, check Temperature 1 and Temperature 2
Check Point Protectors and Connect Points
Tap OK.
11. Make an ice bath with a least a 3:1 ratio of ice to water. Place the temperature probe
connected to the CH2 in the ice bath.
12. Remove the Parafilm from the Nessler tube and place the CH1 probe into the cyclohexane.
13. Place the Nessler tube into the ice bath and press the start icon,
.
14. Carefully stir the cyclohexane with the probe through the freezing point determination.
15. Monitor the temperature of the ice bath to make sure that its temperature is always lower than
that for the cyclohexane. Add more ice and remove the water with a dropper to keep the ice:
water ratio 3 to 1.
16. After the determination, insert your thumb drive. Tap on File, click Export. Type your file
name, tap on the thumb drive icon, and press OK.
17. Cover with Parafilm until the next trial. Melt the cyclohexane by holding the Nessler tube
with your hand.
Reset the LabQuest. Tap on File, then New. This will return the settings to default.
Re-enter the settings as shown above with the exception of Graph 1 Y-Axis, which will
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set as follows:
Top: 25
Bottom: -15
1. First read steps 2-9 very carefully. You should have 4 mass measurements of the tube +
contents at various stages.
2. Weigh 0.1 grams of the unknown solid to the nearest tenth of a milligram and record the mass.
3. Remove the Parafilm from the cyclohexane and re-weigh. Record the mass.
4. Quantitatively add the unknown solid to the cyclohexane. Cover with Parafilm until ready
to begin the trial. Dissolve the solid completely. If solid adheres to the wall of the tube
carefully roll the solvent along the wall to dissolve the solid. Do not bring solvent in contact
with Parafilm as this will dissolve the Parafilm.
5. Mix 6 mL of methanol and 18 mL of water in a beaker and then add ice. If the ice bath
temperature needs to be lowered beyond this point, add more methanol in small amounts (1 or
2 mL). Remember to replenish the ice as it melts. Fifty milliliters of methanol will lower the
temperature to about -13 oC.
6. Place the CH1 thermometer in the cyclohexane solution. Position the Nessler tube in the ice
bath and mix until freezing point is reached. Note the temperature at which solidification is
evident. Remember to monitor the ice baths temperature (CH2) to assure that its temperature
is lower than the cyclohexane solution.
7. After the run is complete, cover the Nessler tube with Parafilm and thaw the solution. Be
sure to warm the solution close to room temperature before starting the next trial.
8. Export the data to your thumb drive.
9. Repeat the trial two more times adding another 0.1 gram (to the nearest tenth of a milligram)
for each trial following the instructions 2-7 above. Also note any solubility changes.
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10
kg oC
. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown solid for each trial.
mol
Determine the average molar mass with standard deviation. Identify the unknown from a list of
given compounds.
cyclohexane, kf = 20.0
The word-processed report will consist of the following 8 sections (exact order is worth points).
1. Title: Top of page: Provide the experiment title in YOUR own words (do not use the manuals
title), the date the experiment was performed, and your name first followed by your partners
name.
2. Introduction and Purpose: Using YOUR own words, interest the reader in the investigation
and explain what is being determined, generally how the investigation is conducted, and why
this determination is important in the greater sense. Avoid plagiarism by citing information
that is not yours.
3. Procedure: Use the following reference:
Loftus, C.; Cabasco-Cebrian, T.; Wick, D. Laboratory Manual for CHEM 163 spring 2011
Edition, Department of Chemistry, Seattle Central Community College.
Include the relevant page numbers for the investigation. If you change a given procedure, you
must outline, briefly, exactly what was done differently. Websites may be referenced simply,
such as www.google.com. You must also put in when the website was last updated.
4. Results: Embed any required tables into your document. Follow this section with your graphs.
For this lab you will have 1 data summary table (11R x 5C), 7 LINEST tables, and 4,
temperature vs. time plots. The summary table labels must be accurate and the table values
must respect significant digit rules and have attached units.
Trial
Quantity
Pure Solvent
Solution 1
Solution 2
Solution 3
NA
Tf
molality
moles of solute
molar mass of solute
NA
NA
NA
NA
The plots must have an informative and original title (never just y vs. x), properly labeled axes,
simple but visible data points, trend line equations with errors (forecast as needed), and precise
SCCC CHEM 163: Freezing Point Depression, vB01x
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11
tick marks on axes. In regard to the last matter, the temperature is accurately measured to 1C
with the most uncertain digit being in the 10ths of C: your plot should have the smallest
division being 1C.
5. Calculations: Show at least one representative calculation if the calculation is used to generate
multiple values. Dont forget significant figures and units.
6. Discussion with Error Analysis (http://seattlecentral.edu/faculty/dwick/Error
Analysis.doc):
Report the percent relative uncertainty (for precision); in the example of the CO2 molar mass,
it is 1.2 %. Note that in this particular case the uncertainty is a standard deviation for two
trials. Remember, standard deviation is a measure of reproducibility and is not absolute
uncertainty (the 0.001 g in 0.153 0.001 g is absolute uncertainty). In this case the
experimenter chose to represent only the standard deviation and not the absolute uncertainty.
We will primarily use standard deviation in this class.
Report the percent relative error (for accuracy) if the accurate value is given; in this case of
the CO2 molar mass it is 4.3355 % (based on the accurate value of 44.008 g/mol). Discuss
sources that affect precision and accuracy; observations made during the lab are crucial here.
Suggest one or two improvements.
7. Conclusion (follow basic grammar and spelling rules): Begin by stating the main result(s)
with known uncertainty, usually standard deviation. For example, for a lab that investigated the
molar mass determination of CO2, the following would be an appropriate conclusion: The
average molecular mass of CO2 was 42.1 0.5 g/mol based on two trials. If you have values
with signs (+ or -) make a conclusion about what the sign indicates. For example, for a lab that
investigated heat of vaporization of methanol the following would be an appropriate part of the
conclusion: The positive sign of H indicates the reaction is endothermic which is sensible
given that a liquid converting to a gas requires energy input to separate the molecules.
8. Raw Data: Attach at the back of your report a Xeroxed copy of Lab Staff signed raw data
from your notebook.
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