No.

Title

Page

1.

Abstract

2.

Introduction

3.

Aims

4.

Theory

5.

Apparatus

11

6.

Procedure

12

7.

Results

15

8.

Calculations

18

9.

Discussions

22

10.

Conclusions

24

11.

Recommendations

25

12.

Reference

26

13.

Appendix

27

1.0 ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted by using SOLTEQ Plug Flow Reactor (Model:
BP101) followed by back titration process in order to carry out the saponification
reaction between sodium hydroxide, NaOH and ethyl acetate, Et(Ac) and to
determine the effect of residence time on the conversion in the plug flow reactor.
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH and ethyl acetate, Et(Ac) are feed to the reactor at
equimolar flowrates for a certain time. The calibration curve is plotted in this
experiment to determine the conversion reaction between sodium hydroxide, NaOH
and ethyl acetate, Et(Ac) at certain conductivity. From graph 1, The conductivity of
sodium hydroxide decreased when the conversion of ethyl acetate increases. Since
the residence time is related to volumetric flow rates, this experiment is conducted in
varies flowrates. This relationship can be seen in graph 2 where the conversion of
reactant increases with the increasing of residence time. There are many scenarios
that must be considered when deciding on which type of reactor to use for a certain
process. Plug flow reactor is most useful when the reaction is not allowed to reach
equilibrium, and the reaction is kinetically limited by the reaction rate. Besides the
objectives that has been discussed above, this experiment also was carried out to
determine the reaction rate for this particular reaction. Based on the results in table 2,
reaction rate constant decrease with increasing of residence time. Since rate of
reaction is proportional to the reaction rate constant, rate of reaction also decreases.

2.0 INTRODUCTION
A plug flow reactor is a pipe-shaped tank where a chemical reaction takes
place with walls coated with a catalyst and an inlet flow of pure reactant. It consists of
a cylindrical pipe and is normally operated at steady state. A reactant is inserted into
the tank via the inlet flow. The reactant is converted to product in the reactor, and the
products flow out of the reactor by the outlet flow.

Figure 1: A simple schematic of a plug flow

Reactors are used in the chemical industry for millions of processes, from the
production high-fructose corn syrup to the formation of polyester and everywhere in
between. There are many different types of reactors due to the numerous different
factors that can control the formation of product during the reaction. To maximize the
product but minimize the cost, it is responsibility of the chemical engineers to run the
reactions. Due to the non-mixing propertyof the reactors, reactors that usually used in
chemical industry is plug flow reactors. Compared to mixed reactor such as CSTR,
non- mixed reactor is more advantage. It is impossible to have no mixing at all during
the reaction, but amount of mixing in the reactor is very minimum.
There must have a specific assumptions about the extent of mixing before the
reactants are continually flow inside the plug flow reactor. The validity of the
assumptions will depend on the geometry of the reactor and the flow conditions;
1)Complete mixing in the radial direction
2)No mixing in the axial direction,ie.,the direction of flow
3)A uniform velocity profile across the radius
4)Mixing in longitudinal direction due to vortices and turbulence
3

5)Incomplete mixing in radial direction in laminar flow conditions

Figure 2: Tubular reactor schematic

It is impossible to proceed to 100% completion for chemical reactions due to the
decreases of rate of reaction when percent of completion gradually increases until
the point where the system achieve dynamic equilibrium where there is no net
reaction occurs. In fact, usually equilibrium point is less than 100%. Hence, in order
to separate any remaining reagents or by products from the desired product,
distillation process is used. In Harber process, the reagents may be reused at the
beginning of the process as a recycled back.
Advantageous of plug flow reactors are:

Easily maintained since there are no moving parts

High conversion rate per reactor volume
Mechanically simple
Unvarying product quality
Goog for studying rapid reactions
Efficient use of reactor volume
Good for large capacity processes
Low pressure drops
4

Tubes are easy clean

Disadvatageous of plug reactors are:

Reactor temperature is difficult to control

Hot spots may occur within the reactor when used for exothermic reactions
Difficult to control due to temperature and compositions variations

3.0 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this experiment are:
1. To carry out the saponification reaction between NaOH and Et(Ac) in plug flow
reactor.
2. To determine the reaction rate constant.
3. To determine the effect of residence time on the conversion in the plug flow
reactor.

4.0 THEORY
In this theory, we used Sodium Hydroxide and Ethyl Acetate to produce Sodium
Acetate and Ethyl Alcohol. The feed of reactor enters at one end of a cylindrical tube
and the product stream leaves at the other end. The function plug flow reactor which
is long tube and the lack of provision for stirring prevent complete mixing of the fluid
in the tube. Rate of reaction can be roughly defined as the rate of disappearance of
reactants or the rate of formation of products. When a chemical reaction is said to
occur, a reactant will diminishes and a product will produced. That product is Sodium
Acetate and Ethyl Alcohol. For example:
aA+Bb cC+Dd
where A and B shown that reactants meanwhile C and D represent products. In this
reaction, A and B is being diminished and C and D is will be produced. Rate of
reaction, concerns itself with how fast the reactants diminish or how fast the product
is formed. Rate of reaction of each species corresponds respectively to their
stoichiometric coefficient. For instance
rA
- a

=-

rB
b

rc
c

rD
= d

The negative sign indicates reactants mean while positive indicate product.
NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Sodium Hydroxide + Ethyl Acetate Sodium Acetate + Ethyl Alcohol

4.1 Conversion
Consider the general equation
aA + bB cC + dD
We choose species A as the basis of calculation, hence the reaction expression can
be arranged as follows:

b
A+ a B +

c
C
a

d
a D

The basis of calculation is most always the limiting reactant. The conversion of
species A in a reaction is equal to the number of moles of A reacted per mole A feed
XA=

moles of A reated
moles of A feed

Conversion is an improved way of quantifying exactly how far has the reaction
moved, or how many moles of products are formed for every mole of A has
consumed. Conversion XA is the number of moles of A that have reacted per mole of
A fed to the system. Thus, irreversible reaction is the maximum values of conversion,
X is that for complete conversion is X=1.0 .Meanwhile for reversible reactions where
the maximum value of conversion, X is the equilibrium conversion is X=X e.

4.2 Plug Flow Reactors

It consists of a cylindrical pipe and is usually operated at steady state. For analytical
purposes, the flow in the system is considered to be highly turbulent and may be
modeled by that of a plug flow. Therefore, there is no radial variation in concentration
along the pipe. In a plug flow reactor, the feed enters at one end of a cylindrical tube
and the product stream leaves at the other end. The long tube and the lack of
provision for stirring prevent complete mixing of the fluid in the tube. Hence the
properties of the flowing stream will vary from one point to another. Assumptions are
made regarding the extent of mixing, no mixing in the axial direction, and complete
mixing in the radial direction. a uniform velocity profile across the radius.

Mass Balance
In a plug flow reactor, reactants are fed to the reactor at the inlet and the products
are removed from the reactor at the outlet. The reaction takes places within the
reactors as the reacting mixtures moves through the pipe. In an ideal plug of reactor,

the reacting mixture is assumed to move as a plug and its properties are assumed to
be uniformly distributed across the cross section of the reactor.

Differential volume dV
FAo

FAf
FA

FA+ dFaA

Vo

Vf

FA =molar flow rate of A in moles per time

FAo =molar flow rate of A at the inlet in moles per time
FAf =molar flow rate of A at the exit in moles per time
Vo = volumetric flow rate at the inlet in volume per time
Vf = volumetric flow rate at the exit in volume per time
Design equation for reactant A in the PFR is obtained by writing the mass balance for
reactant A over a deferential volume of the reacting mixture dV as follows:
mass of A entering the volume dV per unit time = mass of A leaving the volume
dV per unit time + mass of A accumulated within the volume dV per unit time +
mass of A disappearing by the reaction within the volume dV per unit time

At steady state, no accumulation takes place. Therefore, at steady state, the above
reduces to
FAMA = (FA + dFA)MA + (-rA)MA dV

(Eq 4.1)

Where :
FA =number of moles of A per unit time entering the differential volume dV ,
(FA+dFA) =number of moles of A per unit time leaving the deferential volume dV

MA =molar mass of A
(-rA) =molar rate at which A is disappearing because of the progression of the
reaction
Note that the unit of rA is, in general, moles per volume per time and therefore rA is
multiplied by the molar mass of A to get the reaction rate in compatible unit for the
mass balance given by (Eq 4.1). Removing MA from ( Eq 4.1) and rearranging it, we
get the design equation for reactant A in an ideal PFR operated at steady-state as
follows:
dFA
dV = rA

(Eq 4.2)

Working out in terms of the molar flow rate of A, FA:

The volume VPFR required to reducing the molar flow rate of A in the PFR from F Ao
mol/sec at the entrance of the reactor to F Af mol/sec at the exit of the reactor can be
evaluated by integrating (4.2) as follows:
FAf

VPFR =

FAo

1
rA

F Ao

d FA =

(r
F Af

dF A

(Eq 4.3)

Where (-rA) should be expressed as a function of FA.

Working out in terms of the concentration of A, CA:

Concentration CA in an ideal PFR is defined as follows:

CA=

Molar ow rate of A at a certain crosssection

Volumetric ow rate of the reactingmixture at the crosssection

FA
v

(Eq4.4)

Equation (4.4) gives FA = CA v. Substituting which in (4.2), we get

9

d (CA v )
dV

= rA

(Eq4.5)

If the volumetric flow rate v is a constant then (4.5) yield

CAf

VPFR =

CAo

v
dCA
rA

CAo

v
(rA
)

CAf

d CA

(Eq4.6)

Where CAo and CAf are the respective concentrations of A at the entrance and at the
exit of the reactor, respectively, and (-r A) should be expressed as a function of C A. If
the volumetric flow rate v is not a constant then the solution procedure gets slightly
more complicated .

Working out in terms of the conversion of A, xA:

Conversion of A in a PFR is defined by

XA=

F AO F A
F AO

(Eq4.7)

Which gives FA = FAo (1 xA). Substituting which in (Eq 4.2), we get

F Ao dxA
=rA (Eq4.8)
dV
Equation (4.8), when integrated with the conditions x A = 0 at the entrance (where V =
0) and xA= xAf at the exit (where V = VPFR), gives
xAf

VPFR=

FAo
(rA)
0

dxA

(Eq4.9)

where xAf is the conversion of A at the exit of the reactor, and (- rA) should be
expressed as a function of xA.

10

5.0 APPARATUS

Figure 3: SOLTEQ Plug Flow Reactor (Model: BP101)

Plug Flow Reactor (model: BP101) is designed for students experiment on chemical
reactions. Included in the unit is a jacketed plug flow reactor; individual reactant feed
tanks and pumps, temperature sensors and conductivity measuring sensor.

11

Apparatus used in this experiment are:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

SOLTEQ Plug Flow Reactor (Model: BP101)

Burette
Conical flask
Measuring cylinder
Beaker

Chemicals used in this experiment are:

1)
2)
3)
4)

0.1 M sodium hydroxide, NaOH

0.1 M ethyl acetate, Et(Ac)
0.25 M hydrochloric acid, HCL
De-ionised water

6.0 PROCEDURE
6.1 GENERAL START-UP PROCEDURE
All valves were initially closed except valves V4, V8 and V17. The solutions
were prepared by following:
a)20 L of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (0.1M)
b)20 L of ethyl acetate, Et(Ac) (0.1M)
c)1 L of hydrochloric acid, HCL (0.25M), for quenching
The feed tank B1 was filled with NaOH solution followed by tank B2 with the Et(Ac)
solution. The water jacket B4 was filled and pre-heater B5 with clean water. The
power for the control panel was turned on. Valves V2, V4, V6.8, V9, andV11 were
open. Both pump P1 and P2 were switch on. P1 and P2 were adjusted to obtain flow
of approximately 300ml/min at both flow meters FI-01 anf FI-02. Both flowrates were
ensure to be same. The both solutions were allowed to flow through the water R1
and overflow into the waste tank B3. Valves V13 and V18 were opened. The pump
P3 was switched on to circulate the water through pre-heater B5. The stirrer motor MI
was switched on and the speed was set to around 200 rpm to ensure homogeneous
water jacket temperature. The unit was now ready for experiment.

12

6.2

BACK

TITRATION

PROCEDURES

FOR

MANUAL

CONVERSION

DETERMINATION
A BURETTE WITH 0.1 m was filled up. 10 mL of 0.25 M HCL in a flask was
measured. A 50 mL sample was obtained from the eperiment and immediately added
the sample to HCL in the flask to squench the saponification reaction. A few drops of
pH indicator were added into the mixture. The mixture with NaOH solution was
titrated frm the burette until the mixture is neutralize. The amount of NaOH titrated
was recorded.

6.3 PREPARATION OF CALIBRATION CURVE FOR CONVERSION AGAINST

CONDUCTIVITY
The following solutions were prepared:
a) 1 L of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (0.1 M)
b) 1 L of sodium acetate, Na(Ac) (0.1 M)
c) 1 L of de-ionised water, H2O
The conductivity and NaOH concentrations were determined for each conversion
values by mixing the following solutions into 100 mLof de-ionised water:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

0% conversion: 100 mL NaOH

25% conversion: 75 mL NaOH + 25 mL Na(Ac)
50% conversion: 50 mL NaOH + 50 mL Na(Ac)
75% conversion: 25 mL NaOH + 75 mL Na(Ac)
100% conversion: 100 mL Na(Ac)

6.4 EFFECT OF RESIDENCE TIME ON THE REACTION

The general start-up procedure was performed. Valve V9 and V11 were
opened. Both NaOH and Et(Ac) solutions was allowed to enter the plug reactor R1
and empty into the waste tank B3. P1 and P2 were adjusted to give a constant
flowrate about 300 mL/min at flow meters FI-01 and FI-02. Both flowrates were
ensure to be same and the data was recorded. The inlet (QI-01) and outlet (QI-02)
conductivity values were monitored until they do not change over time to ensure that
the reactor has reached steady state. Both inlet and outlet steady state conductivity
13

values were recorded. The concentration of NaOH exiting the reactor was find and
extent of conversion from the calibration curve. Open sampling valve V15 and collect
a 50 mL sample. A back titration procedure was carried out to manually determine the
concentration of NaOH in the reactor and extent of conversion. The experiments was
repeated for difference residence times by reducing the feed flowrates of NaOH and
Et(Ac) to about 250, 200, 150, 100 and 50 mL/min. The both flowrates were ensure
to be same.
GENERAL SHUT-DOWN PROCEDURES
Pumps P1, P2 and P3 were switched off. Valves V2 and V6 were closed. The
heaters were switched. The cooling water was keep to circulating through the reactor
while the stirrer motor is running to allow water jacket to col down to room
temperature. If the equipment was not going to be used for long period of time, all
liquid from the unit will be drain by opening valves V1 to V9. The feed tanks was
rinsed with clean water. The power for the control panel was turned off.

14

7.0 RESULTS
7.1 PREPARATION OF CALIBRATION CURVE FOR CONVERSION AGAINST
CONDUCTVITY
Table 1: Preparation of Calibration Curve
Conversion

Solution Mixtures
0.1 M NaOH

0.1 M Et(Ac)

H2O

Concentratio

Conductivity

n of NaOH

(s/cm)

(M)
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%

100 mL
75 mL
50 mL
25 mL
-

25 mL
50 mL
75 mL
100 mL

100 mL
100 mL
100 mL
100 mL
100 mL

14.21x10-3
9.68x10-3
5.69x10-3
3.20x10-3
102.8x10-6

0.0500
0.0375
0.0250
0.0125
0.0000

Graph of conductivity against conversion

16
14
f(x) = - 0.14x + 13.52
R = 0.99

12
10

conductivity (mS/cm)

8
6
4
2
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

conversion (%)

Graph 1: Calibration curve of conductivity versus conversions

7.2 EFFECT OF RESIDENCE TIME ON THE REACTION
Reactor Volume.

:4 L

Concentration of NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

: 0.1 M
15

Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, CNaOH,f

: 0.1 M

Concentration of HCl quench, CHCl,s

: 0.25 M

Volume of sample, Vs

: 0.05 L

Concentration of NaOH for titration, CNaOH,s

: 0.1 M

Table 2: Data from experiment

Flow Rate of

Flow Rate of

Total inlet

NaOH

Et(Ac)

flowrate

(ml/min)
300
250
200
150
100
50

(ml/min)
300
250
200
150
100
50

(mL/min)
600
500
400
300
200
100

Outlet Conductivity
Q1
Q2
9.6
9.4
9.2
8.7
8.2
7.6

Volume of
NaOH
titrated (mL)
16.2
17.0
16.5
16.9
17.9
22.8

8.2
7.8
7.4
6.9
6.1
5.3

Table 3: Data calculated based on the result of experiment

Residence

Conversion, X, Reaction

Time, , (min)
6.6667
8.0000
10.0000
13.3333
20.0000
40.0000

(%)
82.4
84.0
83.0
83.8
85.8
95.6

Rate Rate of Reaction, -rA

Constant,k (L.mol/min)
7.0227
6.5625
4.8824
3.8796
3.0211
5.4318

(mol/L.min)
2.1754 x 10-3
1.6800 x 10-3
1.4110 x 10-3
1.0182 x 10-3
0.6092 x 10-3
0.1052 x 10-3

16

Conversion versus Residence Time

100

95

90
conversion,x (%)

Conversions, x(%)
85

80

75
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Residence Time (min)

Graph 2: Graph of conversion against residence time

8.0 CALCULATIONS
Residence Time
For flow rates of 300 ml/min :
=
Residence Time,

Total flow rate, Vo

Reactor volume ( L ) , V
L
tal flow rate
,v
min 0

( )

= Flow rate of NaOH + Flow rate of Et(Ac)

17

= 300 mL/min NaOH + 300 mL/min Et(Ac)

= 600 mL/min
= 0.6 L/min
Hence,
Residence Time,

4L
0.6 L/min

= 6.6667 min.

Other residence times were calculated by the same way, and varying the flow rates.

Conversion
For flow rates of 300 ml/min :
Moles of reacted NaOH, n1,
n1

= Concentration NaOH x Volume of NaOH titrated

= 0.1 M x 0.0162 L
= 0.00162 mol

Moles of unreacted HCl, n2,

Moles of unreacted HCl = Moles of reacted NaOH
n2= n1
n2

= 0.00162 mole

Volume of unreacted HCl, V1,

V1

n2
concentration HCl quench

18

0.00162
0.25

= 0.00648 L

Volume of HCl reacted, V2,

V2

= Total volume HCl V1

= 0.01 0.00648
= 0.00352 L

Moles of reacted HCl, n3,

n3

= Concentration HCl x V2
= 0.25 x 0.00352 L
= 0.00088 mole

Moles of unreacted NaOH, n4,

n4

= n3
= 0.00088 mole

Concentration of unreacted NaOH,

CNaOH unreacted

n4
volume sample

0.00088
=
0.05

19

= 0.0494 M

Xunreacted

Concentr ationof NaOH unreacted

concentration NaOH
0.0176
0.1

= 0.176
Xreacted = 1 - Xunreacted
= 1 - 0.176
= 0.824
Conversion for flow rate 300mL/min
0.824 x 100% = 82.4 %
Hence, at flow rate 300mL/min of NaOH in the reactor, about 82.4% of NaOH is
reacted with Et(Ac). Other conversions were calculated by the same way, and varying
the flow rates.
Reaction Rate Constant,k
k=

v0
X
V TFR C AO 1X

For flow rates of 300 ml/min :

V0

= Total inlet flow rate

= 0.6 L/min

VTFR

= Volume for reactor

=4L

CAO

= inlet concentration of NaOH

= 0.1 M
20

= 0.824

k=

0.6
0.824
10.824
(4)(0.1)

= 7.0227 L.mol/min

Other Reaction Rate Constants were calculated by the same way, and varying the
flow rates.
Rate of Reaction, -rA

-rA = k (CA0)2 (1-X)2

For flow rates of 300 ml/min :

-rA

= 7.0227 (0.1)2 (1-0.824)2

= 2.17535 x 10-3 mol/L.min

Other Rate of Reactions were calculated by the same way, and varying the flow
rates.

21

9.0 DISCUSSIONS
This experiment was conducted by using SOLTEQ Plug Flow Reactor (Model:
BP101) followed by back titration process in order to carry out the saponification
reaction between sodium hydroxide, NaOH and ethyl acetate, Et(Ac) in a tubular flow
reactor, to determine the reaction rate constant and to determine the effect of
residence time on the conversion in the tubular flow reactor. Plug flow reactor (PFR)
is a type of reactor that consists of cylindrical pipe and is usually operated at steady
state. The feed enter at the one end of cylindrical tube and leaves product from the
end of cylindrical tube. The long tube and the lack of provision for stirring prevent
complete mixing of the fluid in the tube. There are two methods in carry out this
experiment which is variation in temperature and variation in contact time. The
flowrates of both solutions were let as the varying components in this experiment
because the flowrates of both solutions are controlled by the temperature of the
reactor.
A calibration curve for conversion versus conductivity was done before starting
this experiment.

From graph 1, the conductivity of sodium hydroxide decreased

when the conversion of ethyl acetate increases, which means the molar
concentration of sodium hydroxide also decreases. The conductivity of this mixture
measurements can be use to measure the conductivity of unreacted NaOH that
remains in the solutions, since ethyl acetate is not electric conductor.
This experiment also was conducted in varies flowrate, since the residence
time is related to the volumetric flow rate. Residence time or known as removal time
can be defined as the average amount of time that a particle spends in a particular
system or easily understand as the reactor volume divided by the total flow rates.
From table 2, it is found that when the flow rates of sodium hydroxide and ethyl
acetate increases, percentage of conversion starts to increase then slightly decrease
at 10 minutes and suddenly increase rapidly 13.33 minutes. This results may be due
to some human errors during conducting this experiment. This is shown in graph 2,
where the conversion of reactant is higher when the reactant spend longer time
which is residence time in a system . Therefore, concentration of product will
increases as the concentration of reactant decreases. Hence, the experiment is

22

considered success as the longer the reactant stay in the reactor, the more products
will be formed.
The experiment also aims to evaluate the reaction rate constants and rate of
reaction values of the reaction. The reaction rate constant that is calculated based on
results at flowrates 300 mL/min, 250 mL/min, 200 mL/min, 150 mL/min, 100 mL/min
and 50 mL/min are 7.0227 L.mol/min, 6.5625 L.mol/min, 4.8824 L.mol/min, 3.8796
L.mol/min, 3.0211 L.mol/min and 5.4318 L.mol/min folowed by rate of reaction
2.1754x10-3 mol/L.min, 1.68x10-3 mol/L.min, 1.411x10-3 mol/L.min, 1.0182x10-3
mol/L.min, 0.6092x10-3 mol/L.min and 0.1052x10-3 mol/L.min.

23

10.0 CONCLUSION
The main objectives of this experiment are to carry out saponification reaction
between sodium hydroxide, NaOH and ethyl acetate, Et(Ac) in plug flow reactor, to
determine the reaction rate constant and to determine the effect of residence time on
the conversion in the plug flow reactor (PFR). Reaction between sodium hydroxide,
NaOH and ethyl acetate, Et(Ac) in this experiment was done in a plug flow reactor
(PFR) at different conversion due to the different volumetric flow rates. The results
shown in graph 2 indicates that conversion of reactant is higher with the increases of
residence time. This means that, the longer the time reactant spend in the system ,
the higher the conversion of reactant into products. The volumetric flow rates also will
affect the reaction rate constant,k. As flow rates increases, reaction rate constant,k
also increases. Since rate of reaction is directly proportional to the rate constant,k,
rate of reaction also increases. The results is shown in table 2. This experiment is
considered success because the objectives have been achieve and related to the
theory of study.

24

11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
There are a few recommendations and preacutions that need to be
taken during conducting this experiment in order to get an accurate and
success results. Firstly, make sure the reactor does not have any leaks
and valve is closed and opened as needed, controlled the valves
carefully and slowly when adjusting the flowrate and make sure that both
sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate flowrate are same. This is to ensure
the stabilization of flowrate and the experiment can be run smoothly.
Secondly, make sure there is no air bubbles in the burrete during titration
and eye must be perpendicular to the meniscus to avoid parallax error in
titrating sodium hydroxide solution. Thirdly, repeat the titration two or
three times because most of the errors come from titration, thus it is
advisable to take average reading from three titrations. Besides that,
conductivity reading need to be taken when the conductivity is not
changing in time in prepration of calibration curve because this reading
can change rapidly in short of time.

25

12.0 REFERENCE
[1] http://www.rshanthini.com/tmp/CP303/set4.pdf

[2] http://www.konferenslund.se/p/L16.pdf

[3] http://www.seas.ucla.edu/stenstro/Reactor.pdf

(retrieved on 29/4/16)

(retrieved on 29/4/16)

(retrieved on 29/4/16)

[4] http://solve.nitk.ac.in/dmdocuments/Chemical/theory_plugflow.pdf

(retrieved

on 29/4/16)

[5] http://smk3ae.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/reaksi-kinetik.pdf

(retrieved

on

29/4/16)

26

13.0 APPENDIX

Figure 4: SOLTEQ Plug Flow Reactor (Model: BP101)

Figure 5: Final solution after back titration process

27