GIC Referencing Guide

Last updated 19/02/2015

Contents:
1.0 Citations
1.1 Types of citations:
1.1.1 Sources with one or two authors
1.1.2 Sources with three or more authors (et al)
1.1.3 No authors
1.1.4 Synthesised sources
1.1.5 Direct Quotations
1.1.6 ibid
1.1.7 Secondary citations
2.0 The reference list
2.1 Writing a full reference for different types of sources:
2.1.1 Books
2.1.1.1 Single author
2.1.1.2 Multiple authors
2.1.1.3 Chapters in edited books
2.1.1.4 e-books
2.1.2 Journal articles
2.1.3 pdfs
2.1.4 Reports
2.1.5 Websites
2.1.6 Conference papers
2.1.7 Newspapers
2.1.8 Keynote speeches
2.1.9 Anthologies
3.0 Example reference list
4.0 Further Reading
GIC Referencing Guide_Updated 19 02 2015

1.0 Citations
1.1. Types of Citation
1.1.1 Sources with one or two authors:
To cite a source with one or two authors, give the family name of the author(s), year of publication and
page number (if available):
e.g.

Harcup (2009:78) states that .

According to Macionis and Plummer (2008:406), it is
LRT is a rail-based form of public transport (De Bruijn and Veeneman, 2014:349).

1.1.2 Sources with three or more authors:

To cite a source with three or more authors, give only the first listed author and write et al., year of
publication and page number (if available):
e.g.

Jones et al (2001:98) explain that.

N.B.

et al should be written in italics.

1.1.3 No authors:
To cite a source which does not have an individual author, you should cite the name of the organisation,
year of publication and page number (if available)::
e.g.

A report published by the OECD (2009) claimed that

There has been a slight increase in the number of homeless children in developed countries in the last ten years
(UNESCO, 2008).

1.1.4 Synthesised sources:

Two or more sources can be cited together:
e.g

Ceborn and Samson (2011:202) and Jameson (2012:790) both agree that
Effectiveness is a key concept in the evaluation of transport solutions (Ceborn and Samson, 2011:202; Jameson
2012:790).

N.B

Here, a semi-colon (;) can be used to separate two or more sources.

1.1.5 Direct quotations of three lines or longer:

A direct quotation of three lines or longer should be indented; in other words, leave extra space around it:
e.g.

The presence of grehlin added weight to the argument:

Made in the stomach, ghrelin levels rise when people are hungry and wane after a
meal. People who get injections of the hormone gorge themselves, while those
suffering from a rare disease that keeps ghrelin levels unusually high tend to be
obese overeaters (Callaway, 2008:129).

N.B.

The text of the direct quotation should be in italics. Quotation marks are not needed. The citation for a quotation
should always include the year of publication, as well as page number if available.

GIC Referencing Guide_Updated 19 02 2015

1.1.6 Using ibid in citations:

If you use the same source twice, once immediately after the other, you can repeat it or you can use ibid
e.g.

Pedler (2002: 534) asserts that there is no overall consensus in the literature on how best to encourage effective
organizational learning. Consensus is an important issue, but it can be hard to encourage (ibid: 539).

N.B.1

ibid should be in italics.

N.B.2

The page number may change.

N.B.3

If you start a new paragraph and use the same source as in the previous paragraph, give the citation in full.

1.1.7 Secondary citations:

A secondary citation is when you use work cited in a source you have read:
e.g.

According to ONeill (2000, cited in Bell, 2003:64), it seems that.

N.B.

As Bell is the source read by you, only Bell should appear in the reference list.

2.0 The reference list

This is a list of all of the sources cited in your work.

Order the reference list alphabetically (A-Z) by author. When the source has one than one
author the authors must be listed in the same order as listed in the source.
Leave a line space between each reference.
Do not use bullet points/numbering.
Format each reference according to GIC style do not simply copy and paste from the
original source.
The place of publication should be a town or city, not a country or state.
If there is no date, write (n.d.)
List only the sources you have accessed and read (see secondary citations).
The number of different sources cited in the text should match the number of final
references i.e. all sources you have cited must appear in the final reference list. Also, all
sources in the reference list should have a citation.

2.1 Writing a full reference for different types of sources:

2.1.1 Books:
2.1.1.1 Book: Single author:
Author. (Date). Title: subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher.
e.g.

Harcup, T. (2009). Journalism: Principles and Practice. 2

nd

Edition. London: SAGE.

2.1.1.2 Books: Multiple authors:

Authors. (Date). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
th

e.g.

Macionis, J. and Plummer, K. (2008). Sociology: A Global Introduction. 4 Edition. Essex: Pearson Education
Limited.

N.B.

The authors must be listed in the same order as in the source.

GIC Referencing Guide_Updated 19 02 2015

2.1.1.3 Chapters in edited books:

Author. (Date).Title of chapter. In Editor of book (Ed.),Title of book. (pages). Place of publication:
Publisher.
e.g.

Andrews, R. A. (1989). Language. In Smith, K. (Ed.), Variety of Memory and Consciousness. (252 267).
London: Penguin.

2.1.1.4 e-books
Author. (Date). Title. [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Full date you retrieved the information.
Full URL.
e.g.

Prenzler, T. (2012). Policing and security in practice; Challenges and achievements. [e-book] Basingstoke:
th
Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 20 January 2015 from:
http://www.palgraveconnect.com.ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137007780.

2.1.2 Journal articles:

Author. (Date).Title of article. Title of journal, volume number (issue number), pages.
e.g.

Ditton, J. (2000). Crime and the City: Public Attitudes towards Open-Street CCTV in Glasgow. The British Journal
of Criminology, 40 (4), 692 709.

2.1.3 pdfs:
Author. (Date). Title. [pdf]. Place of publication: Publisher (if known). Full date you retrieved the
information. Full URL.
e.g.

th

UN. (2009). Women, Gender Equality and Climate Change. [pdf]. Retrieved 20 January 2015 from:
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/climate_change/downloads/Women_and_Climate_Change_Factsheet.pdf.

2.1.4 Official reports:

Title of organisation. (Date). Title of report: subtitle. Place: Publisher.
e.g.

European Commission. (2012) Women in economic decision-making in the EU: Progress report. Luxembourg:
European Union.

2.1.5 Websites:
2.1.5.1 Webpage (name of author is given):
Author. (Date created/last updated). Title of webpage. Full date you retrieved the information. Full
URL.
e.g.

rd

Brown, K. (2005). Teaching and Learning. Retrieved 23 September 2014 from:

http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/learningandteaching.

2.1.5.2 Webpage (name of author is not given):

Title of webpage organisation. (Date created/last updated). Title of article. Full date you retrieved
the information. Full URL.
e.g.

th

Home Office. (2010). Clever fakes found at Heathrow. Retrieved 15 September 2014 from:
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/media-centre/news/heathrow-fakes.

GIC Referencing Guide_Updated 19 02 2015

2.1.6 Conference papers:

Author. (Date). Title of paper. Title of conference. Location and date of conference. Place of
publication: Publisher. Pages.
e.g.

th

Edwards, G. (2008). Poverty in Developed Nations. Tackling Social Problems in the Developed World: The 12
th
Annual UK Social Policy Conference. University of Leeds 12 14 October 2008. Cambridge: The Cambridge
Institute for Social Development, 56 67.

2.1.7 Newspaper articles:

2.1.7.1 Newspaper articles (name of author is given):
Author. (Full date). Title of article. Title of newspaper, pages.
e.g.

th

Stewart, M. T. (1988, 17 May). Privatisation in the dock. The Guardian, 12.

2.1.7.2 Newspaper articles (name of author is not given):

Title of article. (Full date). Title of newspaper, pages.
e.g.

th

New drug appears to sharply cut the risk of death from heart failure. (1993, 13 July). The Washington Post, 4.

2.1.8 Keynote Speeches:

Author. (Date). Title of paper. Title of event. Location and date of event.
e.g.

Jobs, S. (2005). Find what you Love. Stanford Commencement Address. Stanford University 114
th
Commencement 14 June, 2005.

th

2.1.9 Anthologies: Please cite the original source directly.

3.0 Example reference list:

Remember that your final reference list MUST be in alphabetical order, with the authors SURNAME
followed by the initial(s) of the given name. If you are unsure which name is the surname, remember
that it usually comes after the given name: e.g. Robert Smith
The exception to this rule is when the surname comes first, with a comma after it: e.g. Smith, Robert
In both cases, you would cite the author in the text as (Smith, 2015:309) and the reference in your
reference list would be: Smith, R. (2015).
References
Andrews, R. A. (1989). Language. In Smith, K. (Ed.), Variety of Memory and Consciousness. (252 267). London:
Penguin.
Ditton, J. (2000). Crime and the City: Public Attitudes towards Open-Street CCTV in Glasgow. The British Journal of
Criminology, 40 (4), 692 709.
th

Edwards, G. (2008). Poverty in Developed Nations. Tackling Social Problems in the Developed World: The 12 Annual UK
th
Social Policy Conference. University of Leeds 12 14 October 2008. Cambridge: The Cambridge Institute for Social
Development, 56 67.
European Commission. (2012) Women in economic decision-making in the EU: Progress report. Luxembourg: European
Union.
Harcup, T. (2009). Journalism: Principles and Practice. 2
GIC Referencing Guide_Updated 19 02 2015

nd

Edition. London: SAGE.

th

th

Jobs, S. (2005). Find what you Love. Stanford Commencement Address. Stanford University 114 Commencement 14
June, 2005.
th

Macionis, J. and Plummer, K. (2008). Sociology: A Global Introduction. 4 Edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Rao, Z. (2001). Matching teaching styles with learning styles in East Asian contexts. The Internet TESL Journal, 7/7.
th
Retrieved May 19 , 2008 from: http://iteslj.org.
th

Stewart, M. T. (1988, 17 May). Privatisation in the dock. The Guardian, 12.

4.0 Further reading:

For guidance on any areas that are not covered above, you should first ask your class tutor or
Learning Support Tutor. If you still need further guidance, you can also look at:
th

Anglia Ruskin University. (2014). Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing. Retrieved 5 December 2014
from: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm.

N.B.1 IMPORTANT: In the event of any differences between the guidelines given by Anglia Ruskin
and the guidelines in this GIC guide, please use the GIC guidelines.
N.B.2 If you have any questions about this guide please ask your class tutor or Learning Support
Tutor.

GIC Referencing Guide_Updated 19 02 2015