ENGINEERING SURVEYING ECG422

TOPIC 2: LEVELING
PREPARED FOR : ZAHRULLAILI BIN YAHYA
PREPARED BY
MOHAMAD DARWISH BIN SHAHRIR
NIK AHMAD HILMI BIN NIK HASNI
HARRIS IZHAR BIN FAKHRUL-AZMAN
HABIB SAKHAWI BIN HAMZAH
AHMAD ASHRAF BIN AHMAD KAMAL
NUR HAIZA BINTI HUSAINI

2015430436
2015418368
2015430954
2015229492
2015439886
2015209666

INTRODUCTION
Levelling is a method to measure the elevation difference between two (2) or
more points. In this practical, focus is shifted to one of levelling techniques
namely, fly level observation or also known as the rise and fall method. The
observation will be initiated from a known reduced level (RL) value of

a benchmark (BM) and end at another known RL value of BM.In between the
BMs, a number of change points (CPs) will be set up to observe the fore sight
reading and the back sight reading of each stationed staves and the values are
booked. Upon completion of the observation, the RL values will be calculated and
booked. After the RL values are known, three (3) arithmetical checks will be
calculated to ensure the precision of the works.Consequently, the adjustment
value can be computed where this value will be distributed accordingly to each
station. Finally, the adjusted RL values are booked and the misclosure will be
calculated to be compared with the adjusted values to determine whether the
levelling works is accepted or unsatisfactory.

Objectives.
1.

Able to carry out fly level observation (Rise and Fall method) from BM/
standard bench mark (SBM) to temporary bench mark (TBM).

2.

Able to compute the transferred RL from BM/SBM to TBM.

3.

Able to adjust and check the levelling data.

Methodology.
Equipment for Levelling
1.

Automatic Level including Tripod

2.

Levelling Staff (2 units)

3.

Tape

4.

Staff Bubble (If necessary to set the staff vertically)

Procedure
1.
is

Two-peg test must be carried out before the task to confirm the instrument
fit to be used for the levelling work.

2.

The leveling work is initially commenced with the level-staff sited on the
Temporary Benchmark (BM) having RL 40.000 m. The next level staff is
then sited about 20 m from BM.
3.
The instrument is then positioned and temporarily adjusted between the
two staffs and readings are taken. For first staff, the reading is recorded as
back sight whereas second staff is recorded as fore sight. If staff is located in
between these two readings, the readings are recorded as intermediate
sight.
4.
The instrument is then shifted to the next point and temporarily adjusted
but
staff noted as fore sight from the first reading is not shifted and the
reading is
recorded as back sight. Staff from BM is shifted to another point and
noted as
CP (Change Point) about 20 m apart from the previous point and the
reading
is recorded as fore sight.
5.
Steps (3) and (4) are repeated until staff is sited on one of the control
points.
(Note: Determine the nearest control point from the closed traverse)
6.
BM
on

Then steps (3) and (4) are again repeated until the last CP is sited on the
forming a closed loop. Then the procedures are repeated for the next loop
the 6-stations closed loop. This procedure is known as flying level.
BS

IS

FS

RISE

FALL

0.4573

RL

CORR

40.0000

FRL

40.0

0.4763

2.9200

2.4627

37.5373

-0.002

37.5

0.8088

2.2858

1.8095

35.7278

-0.004

35.7

1.1763

2.1396

1.3308

34.3970

-0.007

34.3

1.1489

1.5271

0.3508

34.0462

-0.009

34.0

1.3522

1.5187

0.3698

33.6764

-0.011

33.6

1.5596

1.7757

0.4235

33.2529

-0.013

33.2

1.5401

1.6944

0.1348

33.1181

-0.015

33.1

1.7672

1.0509

0.4892

33.6073

-0.018

33.5

1.5265

1.5552

0.2120

33.8193

-0.020

33.8

2.3976

1.4571

0.0694

33.8887

-0.022

33.8

2.1414

0.7350

1.6626

35.5513

-0.024

35.5

2.6487

0.1466

1.9948

37.5461

-0.026

37.5

0.1661

2.4826

40.0287

-0.028

40.0

=
19.0009

=
18.97255

=
6.9106

=
6.8819

=
456.1971

=
456.

1)

From the first BM to A there is a rise. A BS of 0.4573 m has been recorded at

the

BM and FS of 3.3175 m at A. The resulting height difference is given by

(0.475m 3.3175m) = -2.8425 m. The negative sign indicates the fall and is
entered at point A.
2)

The procedure is repeated and the height difference from A to B is given by

(2.006m -0.790m) =+ 1.216 m. This is entered at point B.

3)

When calculating the rises or falls in the FS or IS column must be subtracted

from the line immediately above, either in the same column or one column to

the

left. The FS is subtracted from the IS or BS in the line above and the BS on

the same

line as the FS is the used to continue the calculation with the

or FS in

next IS

the line below.

4)

When the table is complete, a check on the arithmetic involved is possible and
must always be applied. This check is

(BS ) - ( FS ) = ( RISES )- ( FALLS )

= LAST RLFIRST RL

5) In table 1.1, the difference between the adjusted RL of the first BM

and adjusted RL of the final BM is 0.00. The result show that the levelling is
accurate and precise. It is mean that we do not have to make an
adjustment.
6) The allowable misclosure for any levelling sequence is

allowable misclosure = 5

Where N is the number of instrument positions. If the actual value is greater than

the

allowable value, the levelling should be repeated. However, if the actual value is less than
the allowable value, the misclosure should be
instrument positions.

distributed

equally

between

the

DISCUSSION
When do the leveling work, there are many types of error that always appeared in this work.
From the survey work, the staff is holding by one of the members in group. From this
situation, human error is appeared. There will be the staff rod are not truly vertical. This
condition will make the reading are not accurate. To prevent this type of error by using
plumbing bubble or take the lowest reading with the staff rod being swayed backwards and
forwards through the vertical position. Also, due to the natural error which is wind. It is very
difficult to hold when the strong wind occurred. Besides that, the change point error. To
reduce the error, the staff needs to remain in position during back sight and foresight
readings. Based on theory learning, before start the leveling work, the two peg test should
be carrying out first. This is to make sure the instrument in good condition.

CONCLUSION
We manage to carry out fly level observation from Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) to change
point and stations. All the readings data were booked by the rise and fall method.
Arithmetical check was applied in fly level method for verify the accuracy of calculation.
BS FS = rises falls =last RL 1st RL is the arithmetical check to verified the
accuracy of calculation. The arithmetical check found that all the value were equal to 0.00m,
meant that the accuracy of calculation were verified. The leveling was done from a known
TBM to unknown change point and then to each of stations and reversed to the known TBM
again. Then we compute the transferred level from TBM to CP and compute the level to the
stations and compute level back to the TBM to checked our data is correct. The compute
reduced level on the TBM is 40.000m and the reading from Stations back to the TBM is
equal to the known level of the BM, 44.565m. The allowable misclosure is used to check the
precision of leveling data, 5n m where n is the number of instrument positions. The
allowable misclosure is found to be 0.02835m in our practical which is we have eight of
instrument positions. The actual value is less than the allowable value,which is that actual
value is 0.00m and the allowable misclosure is 0.02835m . It proved that our work is
accepted.
REFERENCES
1)

SURVEYING FOR ENGINEERS : J.UREN AND W.F.PRICE : THIRD

EDITION :

ISBN0-333-57705-1 .

2) LECTURE NOTE, SR. ZAHRULLAILI BIN YAHYA, ENGINEERING

SURVEYING (ECG422) .

3) SURVEYING: A. BANNISTER, S. RAYMOND : LONGMAN SIXTH EDITION:

ISBN 0-582-23125-6