TO AVOID MAXIMUM POWER DEMAND PENALTIES DUE TO

POWER EXCESS
By

120750109001-JIGAR PATEL
120750109003-NIRAV PATEL
120750109005-DUSHYANT PATEL
120750109006-JEEMEE PATEL

Internal Guide
PROF.KEYUR PATEL

External Guide
DHAVAL PATEL

Electrical Engineering Department

Electrotherm (India) Ltd.

A Project Report Submitted to

Gujarat Technological University
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Bachelors of Engineering in
Electrical Engineering
May 2015

ShankersinhVaghelaBapu Institute of Technology

Gandhinagar Mansa road,
Dist. Gandhinagar, Vasan, Gujarat 382650

CERTIFICATE (GTU)
1

This is to certify that work embodied in this project report entitled

To avoid maximum power demand penalties due to power excess
was carried out by Jigar Patel at 075 - Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu
Institute of Technology, Is Approved for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering partial fulfilment ( Electrical) by Gujarat Technological
University.
Date:
Place: Gandhinagar

(Guide)
Prof.Keyur Patel
Electrical Engineering Department

(Project Coordinator)
Prof.Harshang Patel
Electrical Engineering Department

(Head of Department)
Prof.Kinal Patel
Electrical Engineering Department, SVBIT, Vasan

CERTIFICATE (GTU)
This is to certify that work embodied in this project report entitled
To avoid maximum power demand penalties due to power excess
was carried out by Nirav Patel at 075 - Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu
Institute of Technology, Is Approved for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering partial fulfilment ( Electrical) by Gujarat Technological
University.
Date:
Place: Gandhinagar

(Guide)
Prof.Keyur Patel
Electrical Engineering Department
(Project Coordinator)
Prof.Harshang Patel
Electrical Engineering Department

(Head of Department)
Prof.Kinal Patel
Electrical Engineering Department, SVBIT, Vasan

CERTIFICATE (GTU)
This is to certify that work embodied in this project report entitled
To avoid maximum power demand penalties due to power excess
was carried out by Dushyant Patel at 075 - Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu
Institute of Technology, Is Approved for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering partial fulfilment ( Electrical) by Gujarat Technological
University.
Date:
Place: Gandhinagar

(Guide)
Prof.Keyur Patel
Electrical Engineering Department
(Project Coordinator)
Prof.Harshang Patel
Electrical Engineering Department

(Head of Department)
Prof.Kinal Patel
Electrical Engineering Department, SVBIT, Vasan

CERTIFICATE (GTU)
This is to certify that work embodied in this project report entitled
To avoid maximum power demand penalties due to power excess
was carried out by Jeemee Patel at 075 - ShankersinhVaghelaBapu
Institute of Technology, Is Approved for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering partial fulfilment ( Electrical) by Gujarat Technological
University.
Date:
Place: Gandhinagar

(Guide)
Prof.Keyur Patel
Electrical Engineering Department
(Project Coordinator)
Prof.Harshang Patel
Electrical Engineering Department

(Head of Department)
Prof.Kinal Patel
Electrical Engineering Department, SVBIT, Vasan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with immense pride and pleasure to express my sincere gratitude
to my guide Prof.keyurpatel, Electrical Engineering Department of
Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Technology, Vasan for his
encouragement and constant help throughout the project-01 right from its
inception. He has always provided me the wise advice, useful discussions
and comments.
I am obliged to Prof.Kinal Patel, Head of the Electrical
Engineering Department of ShankersinhVaghelaBapu Institute of
Technology, Vasan, for making available the various facilities of the
department.
I am glad to express my special thanks to all the Faculty Members
of Electrical Engineering Dept SVBIT, Vasan for sparing their valuable
time and giving me the necessary guidance in the project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Certificate

Acknowledgements

Table of Contents

List of Figures

Abstract

Chapter 1 Introduction

10

Chapter 2 Overview of operation

11

Chapter 3 Simulation Circuit

12

Chapter 4 Hardware profile

13

Chapter 5 Software profile

20

Chapter 6 Implementation

25

Chapter 7 Project working & Result

25

Chapter 8 Canvass

28

Conclusion and Future work

31

References

32

Appendix
Completion certificate
Research paper

List of Figure

Abstract
Figure
Numbe
r

Figure
Name

Page
Numbe
r

Block diagram of Circuit

11

Working photo of project

11

Proteous Simulation Circuit

12

pin diagram of ATmega328

14

16x2 Display LCD

15

Pin description of LCD

15

ULN2003a interfacing with AVR

16

Main load

17

Auxiliary load

17

10

Relay internal constrrruction

18

11

SMPS Circuit

25

12

Controller circuit

25

13

Load circuit

26

14

Overall project implementation

26

15

AEIOU summary

28

16

ENPATHY summary

28

18

Ideation canvass

29

18

Product canvass

29

19

BMC model

30

This report based on to avoid maximum demand penalties due to power excess. In
many industries have to pay some penalties due to the low power factor and maximum
demand beyond the limit. For the improving the power factor we can use the capacitor bank.
Now a days industry using a load regulation systemand which is depended on PLC. So the
cost of the circuit is higher and provide a high maintenance cost. Therefore so our aim is to
reduce the cost of the circuit and maintenance using AVR controller in load regulation power
utilization system. The working of load regulation using AVR controller in power
transmission system to measure a active power of industry. After measuring of the active
9

power, which can be compare to the main power limit. If active power value goes to above
the main power limit, so at that time to turn off the unwanted machineries automatically. In
addition, to maintain the main power limits so industry does not pay any types of penalty.
Therefore, industry gets the profits.
In this report contain is about to the market survey, patent survey and literature
survey.

10

1. Introduction
The greatest average value of the power, apparent power, or current consumed by a
customer of an electric power system, the averages being taken over successive time periods,
usually 15 or 30 minutes in length.
It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period, i.e., the
maximum of all the demands that have occurred during a given period (may be a day, may be
an hour, etc.).
Need of maximum demand in Electricity bill?
When the rate of electrical energy is charged on the basis of maximum demand of the
consumer and the units consumed, it is called two-part tariff.
In this total charge is divided into two.
1. Fixed charge depends on maximum demand of consumer.
2. Running charge depends on no. of units consumed. It is measuring by installing
maximum demand meter. Charges are made on the basis of maximum demand in KVA and
not in kW.
The maximum demand is further split into four types, namely:
1. Daily maximum (0530 h to 1630 h and 1830 h to 2100 h).
2. Restricted maximum (1630 h to 1830 h).
3. Night maximum (2100 h to 0500 h).
4. Weekend maximum (Saturday 0500 h to Monday 0500 h).
Each type of maximum demand has a different tariff. Maximum demand is usually
measured as an average over a half hour period. The maximum half hour average reached
during the month gives the monthly maximum demand charge. It is important to note that
while maximum demand is recorded, it is not the instantaneous demand drawn, as is often
misunderstood, but the time integrated demand over the predefined recording cycle.

11

2. Overview of the project

2.1 Block diagram

Fig 1:- Block diagram of Circuit

2.2 Working photo

Fig 2:- working photo

12

3. Simulation circuit

Fig:-3 Proteous Simulation Circuit

13

4. Hardware & Profile

Components used in the project:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

AVR ATmega328-p
LCD Display
ULN 2003A
Load
Supply
Relay
Current Sensor (ACS712)

14

4.1 AVR ATmega328

AVR microcontrollers (Programmable Interface Controllers), are electronic circuit
that can be programmed to carry out a vast range of tasks. They can be programmed to be
timers or to control a production line and much more. They are found in most electronic
devices such as alarm systems, computer control systems, phones, in fact almost any
electronic device. Many types of AVR microcontrollers exist, although the best are probably
found in the GENIE range of programmable microcontrollers. These are programmed and
simulated
by
Circuit
Wizard
software.
AVR Microcontrollers are relatively cheap and can be bought as pre-built circuits or as kits
that can be assembled by the user.
4.1.1 Feature of the AVR controller.

High Performance, Low Power AVR 8-Bit Microcontroller

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
Peripheral Features
Special Microcontroller Features
I/O and Packages
Operating Voltage is 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P
Temperature Range is -40C to 85C
Speed Grade is 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V
Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25C for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P:
Active Mode: 0.2 mA

4.1.2 Pin Diagram

Fig:-4 pin diagram of ATmega328

15

4.2 LCD display

LCD screen is an electronic display module and fine a wide range of application. A 16
2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various device and
circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segment and other multi segment LEDs. The
reason being:

LCD are economical.

Easily programmable.
Have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters.
Animation and so on.

Fig 5:- 16x2 Display LCD

4.2.1 PIN Description

Fig 6:- pin description of LCD

16

4.3 ULN2003A
The ULx220xA devices are high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor arrays.
Each consists of 7 NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with commoncathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads.
The collector current rating of single Darlington pair is 500mA. The Darlington pairs
can be parallal for higher current capability. Applications include relay drivers, hammer
drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers, line drivers, and logic buffers. For 100-V versions of
the logic buffers.

Fig 7:- ULN2003a interfacing with AVR

4.3.1

Feature
500-mA-Rated Collector Current (Single Output)
High-Voltage outputs: 50V
Output Clamp Diodes
Inputs Compatible With Various Types of Logic
Relay-Driver Applications

17

4.4 Load
Here the types of load are two:

Main load
Auxiliary load

Main load is necessary load. Without main load industry may be stopped the working.
Auxiliary load is a unnecessary load. Without auxiliary load industry may not be stopped the
working

Fig 8:- Main Load(Variable Resistor)

Fig 9:- Auxiliary Load(100W indenscend lamp)

4.5 Supply
We require the different power supplies
+5V (DC)
230V (AC)

18

4.6 Relay
Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits electrically
and connect them magnetically. They are very useful devices and connect one circuit to
another circuit while they are completely isolated. They are often used to interface an
electronic circuit to an electrical circuit which works at very high voltage. For example relay
can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a 230 V AC mains circuit. Thus, a small sensor
circuit can drive, say, a fan or an electronic bulb. Voltages used to operate Different relays are
different, E.g. 5V, 9V, 12V, 18V, 24V etc. Figure shows the relay internal circuit diagram and
terminology.

Fig 10:- Relay internal constrrruction

4.7 Current Sensor(ACS712)

The Allegro ACS712 provides economical and precise solutions for AC or DC

current sensing in industrial, commercial, and communications systems. The device package
allows for easy implementation by the customer. Typical applications include motor control,
load detection and management, switch mode power supplies, and overcurrent fault
protection. The device is not intended for automotive applications.

19

4.7.1 Feature

Low-noise analog signal path

Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin
as output rise time in response to step input current
80 kHz bandwidth
Total output error 1.5% at TA = 25C
Small footprint, low-profile SOIC8 package
1.2 m internal conductor resistance
2.1 kVRMS minimum isolation voltage from pins 1-4 to pins 5-8
5.0 V, single supply operation
66 to 185 mV/A output sensitivity
Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents
Factory-trimmed for accuracy
Extremely stable output offset voltage
Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis
Radiometric output from supply voltage

Fig 9:- ACS712 Internal Circuitary

Output of the ACS-712 at no load in digital oscilloscope gives the +2.5V dc offset

Fig 10:- Initial output of ACS712

20

5. Software profile

#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13,12,11,10,9,8);

const int relay0=0;

const int relay1=1;
const int relay2=2;
const int relay3=3;
const int relay4=4;

const int sensorIn = A5;

int mVperAmp = 185; // use 100 for 20A Module and 185 for 5 Module,66

double Voltage = 0;

double VRMS = 0;

double AmpsRMS = 0;

void setup() {
lcd.begin(16,2);
pinMode(relay0,OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensorIn,INPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
21

lcd.print("Load Regulator ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Current:

");

void loop() {
Voltage = getVPP();
VRMS = (Voltage/2.0) *0.7077;
AmpsRMS = ((VRMS * 1000)/mVperAmp)-0.27;
lcd.setCursor(8,1);
lcd.print(AmpsRMS);
loadRegulate();
}
loat getVPP()

float result;

int readValue; //value read from the sensor

int maxValue = 0; // store max value here

int minValue = 1023; // store min value here

uint32_t start_time = millis();

while((millis()-start_time) < 1000) //sample for 1 Sec

22

readValue = analogRead(sensorIn);

// see if you have a new maxValue

if (readValue > maxValue)

/*record the maximum sensor value*/

maxValue = readValue;

if (readValue < minValue)

/*record the maximum sensor value*/

minValue = readValue;

// Subtract min from max

result = ((maxValue - minValue) * 5.0)/1023.0;

23

return result;

}
void loadRegulate()
{

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

if(AmpsRMS <3 )
{
lcd.print(" All Load ON ");
digitalWrite(relay0,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);
}
if(AmpsRMS>=3 && AmpsRMS<3.25)
{
lcd.print("Load-1 off ");
digitalWrite(relay0,LOW);
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);
}

if(AmpsRMS>=3.25 && AmpsRMS<3.50)

{
lcd.print("Load-2 off ");
digitalWrite(relay1,LOW);
digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);
24

digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);
}

if(AmpsRMS>=3.50 && AmpsRMS<3.75)

{
lcd.print("Load-3 off ");
digitalWrite(relay2,LOW);
digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);
}

if(AmpsRMS>=4)
{
lcd.print("Load-4 off ");
digitalWrite(relay3,LOW);
}
}

6. Implementation
25

Fig 11:- SMPS Circuit

Fig 12:- Controller circuit

26

Fig 13:- Main Load(Rheostate)

Fig 14:- Overall Project Implementation

27

7. Project working
Here output of ACS712 is connected with AVR controller via relays. External supply
is applied to the output load. According to the output of AVR controller, relay can be open or
close. So at that time take signal of current of external supply and convert it into 0-5V.current
divided circuit output applies to the ADC of the AVR controller. Here AVR take samples of
voltage signal (0-5V) at instant time. Here we assume that the supply voltage is almost
constant. So according to change in external load current signal will be change, which can be
sense by AVR controller. These power of external load, condition of external load (ON/OFF),
power limit are display in LCD. Now power of external load is compare with power limit
which is previously set by user. If power of external load is greater than power limit,
according to priority external load is ON or OFF using relay. Again measure the power of
external load and sent it to AVR controller. AVR is again take signal of current and display
and compare with power limit and again external load is ON or OFF.

28

8. Canvss

Fig 15:- AEIOU summary

Fig 16:- ENPATHY summary

29

Fig 17:- Ideation canvass

Fig 18:- Product canvass

30

Fig 18:- BMC model

31

Conclusion and future work

Conclusion
In this project, the load regulation system using AVR controller in power utilization
system use to maintain the main power limit. This projects use to reduce the maintenance and
cost of the load regulation system. With the help of this project it is possible to get the profit
of the industries and do not pay the penalty.
Future work
In this project, we can change the requirement so we can make the new program and
new program load in to the AVR controller so we can close the load regulation system. So in
future se can use the RS232/485 and to send the data by cabling and serial transmission. In
addition, when our requirement change we can make the new program and to send the data
and load in to the controller directly without turn off the system. So at that time system is
become a very good and maintenance cost decreases.

32

References
1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rolin. D. Mckinlay, Danny Causy AVR microcontroller
Embedded system.
2. http://www.national.com/pdfs/dac0808datasheet.pdf
3. http://microchip.com
4. Dr. Amer Iqbal teachyourself AVRmicrocontroller.
5. http://theengneeringprojects.com

33