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properties. This study evaluated whether it may additionally serve as a nutritional supplement for the trace elements: selenium
(Se), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Mushrooms were cultivated on substrates enriched with 0.1 to 0.8 mM of inorganic Se alone
or in combination with Zn and/or Cu. Supplementation increased accumulation of the ele-ments in fruiting bodies regardless
of the applied cultivation model. G. lucidum demonstrated the ability to accumulate signicant amounts of organic Se,
maximally amounting to (i) over 44 mg/kg when the substrate was supplemented only with Se, (ii) over 20 mg/kg in the
Se+Cu model, (iii) over 25 mg/kg in the Se +Zn model, and (iv) 15 mg/kg in the Se+Cu+Zn model. The accumulation of Cu
and Zn steadily increased with their initial substrate concentra-tions. Maximum concentrations found after supplementation
with 0.8 mM amounted to over 55 mg/kg (Se+Zn) and 52 mg/kg (Se+Cu+Zn) of Zn, and 29 mg/kg (Se+Cu) and over 31
mg/kg (Se+Cu+Zn) of Cu. The greater the supplemented concentration and number of supplemented elements, the lower the
biomass of G. lucidum fruiting bodies. Nevertheless, it still remained high when the substrate was supplemented up to 0.4
mM with each element. These results highlight that G. lucidum can easily incorporate elements from the substrate and that,
when biofortied, its dried fruiting bodies may serve as a nutritional source of these essential elements.
Keywords: copper, Ganoderma lucidum, medicinal mushroom, selenium, zinc
Practical Application: The Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies biofortied with essential elements, such as Se, Cu, and Zn
in this study may have potential value for both nutritional and medicinal use. As shown, cultivation of this mushroom species
with substrates enriched with Se, Se and Cu, Se and Zn or Se, Cu and Zn is uncomplicated, inexpensive, and leads to the
production of relatively high biomass of fruiting bodies. Considering the popularity of G. lucidum, its biofortication with
Se, Cu, and Zn may be of commercial interest.
Introduction
For centuries mushrooms have been collected for consumption
and health benets, the latter originating mainly from traditional
eastern medicine (Ferreira and others 2010). Nowadays, global
interest in the pharmaceutical and dietary use of cultivated mushrooms is on the rise. This is largely due to an increasing number of
studies providing convincing evidence of their nutritional and
therapeutic value, but also as a result of the commercialization of
automated and relatively inexpensive methods of mushroom cultivation (Valverde and others 2015). Unlike collected mushrooms,
in which accumulation of toxic substances in edible parts cannot be
controlled (Kalac 2013; Mleczek and others 2015a), cultivation can
ensure supervised and high-quality conditions enabling the nal
product to be standardized and safe for consumers (Chang and
Wasser 2012; Cleaver and others 2012).
Nutritional deciencies are a worldwide problem, they not only
lead to the development of serious health disorders, but also generMS 20151668 Submitted 10/7/2015, Accepted 12/12/2015. Author Rzymsk is with Dept.
of Environmental Medicine, Poznan Univ. of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
Authors Mleczek and Gasecka are with Dept. of Chemistry, Poznan Univ. of Life
Sciences, Poznan, Poland. Author Niedzielski is with Faculty of Chemistry, Adam
Mickiewicz Univ. in Poznan, Poznan, Poland. Author Siwulski is with Dept. of
Vegetable Crops, Poznan Univ. of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland. Direct inquiries to
author Rzymski (E-mail: rzymskipiotr@ump.edu.pl).
C
R
ate signicant medical costs (Ames and Wakimoto 2002). Therefore, the need to develop successful methods of prevention is an
urgent necessity. Se and Cu deciencies usually occur in regions
where their content in the soil is extremely low (Ge and Yang 1993;
Rayman 2009). It is estimated that 17% of the human pop-ulation is
currently at risk of developing of Zn deciency (Wessells and Brown
2012). Mushrooms have a particular potential in the eld of
preventing deciencies because (i) they represent natural products
of wide and traditional use in various cuisines (Kalac 2013); (ii)
they have been shown to take up various essential el-ements from
substrate and to further accumulate them in their edible parts
(Mleczek and others 2015b); and (iii) their commer-cial cultivation
can be made cost- and time-effective (Valverde and others 2015).
C: Food Chemistry
Piotr Rzymski, Mirosaw Mleczek, Przemysaw Niedzielski, Marek Siwulski, and Monika Gasecka
C: Food Chemistry
Recent studies have demonstrated that G. lucidum can be successfully enriched with selenium (Se), but also that it may biotransform inorganic Se salts through their integration into proteins and
polysaccharides (Niedzielski and others 2014). This nding is important if one considers that the biological role of Se is mainly
mediated by its organic form, particularly selenoproteins. For example, Se is known to be a reducing cofactor for some antiox-idant
enzymes and as a catalyst for the synthesis of active thy-roid
hormone (Schomburg and Kohrle 2008). It is also required for
proper immune response (Hawkes and others 2001) and reproductive function (Ahsan and others 2014). Importantly, it has
been demonstrated that polysaccharides (for example, SeGLP-2B-1)
isolated from Se-enriched G. lucidum showed antitumor activ-ity
through inducement of apoptosis in breast cancer cells (Shang and
others 2011), whereas proteins isolated from Se-supplemented
mushrooms exhibited signicant immunomodulatory properties
(Min-Chang and others 2014).
Although cultivation of G. lucidum supplemented with selected
elements has been a subject of previous investigations (Matute and
others 2011; Niedzielski and others 2014), no study has so far
evaluated its growth and bioaccumulation when cultivated on
substrates enriched with more than 1 element. The enrichment of a
medicinal mushroom with 2 or even 3 essential minerals may
signicantly increase the nutritional and pharmaceutical value of the
nal product and broaden its application. This is particularly
important if one considers that mineral deciencies have become an
increasing nutritional issue among many human populations and
may contribute to the development of chronic diseases (Ames and
Wakimoto 2002). For example, the decreased status of copper (Cu)
and zinc (Zn), both elements pivotal for the regulation of cellular
functions, has been linked to an impairment of reproduc-tive and
immune system functions and to neuropathology (Kumar and others
2004; Fukada and others 2011).
This study evaluated whether G. lucidum can be successfully supplemented with Se in combination with Cu and/or Zn and how such
supplementation affects the growth of this mushroom species. Our
study extends the body of information on the biofortication
potential of G. lucidum with essential trace elements.
Reagents
All reagents, phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, disodium hydrophosphate, and potassium dihydrophosphate (for phosphate
buffer preparation), were of analytical grade (Merck, Darm-stadt,
Germany). Water was puried with a Milli-Q Advantage A10Water
Purication System (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Ger-many).
Compressed argon gas of N-5.0 purity (99.999%) was obtained from
Linde (Poznan, Poland). For Cu, Zn, and Se spec-trometric
determinations commercial standards (Merck) were ap-plied. The
standard stock solutions were stored in glass bottles at 4 C in
darkness. Low concentration standards obtained by dilu-tion of the
stock solutions were prepared daily. Palladium solution was
prepared from commercial palladium (as nitrate) chemical modiers
(Merck).
beech, birch, and oak sawdust (3:1:1). The mixture was supplemented with 25% of wheat bran, 2% of corn our, and 1% of CaSO4 Instruments
For Cu and Zn determination ame, atomic absorption specand moistened to 60% of water content using distilled wa-ter and
then sterilized at 121 C for 1 h. The following salts were used in the trometry (FAAS) SpectrAA 220 FS (Varian, Australia) was apexperiment: sodium selenite (Na2SeO3 (IV)), sodium selenate plied with stoichiometric ame acetylene (2.0 L/min) and air
(Na2SeO4 (VI)) supplied by Acros Organics (Morris Plains, N. J., used with the following parameters for Cu: wavelength 324.8
U.S.A.), copper (II) selenate (CuSeO42H2O), and zinc nitrate nm, slit 0.5, lamp current 10 mA, and for Zn: wavelength 213.9
hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2 6H2O) supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St.
Louis, Mo., U.S.A.). These salts were dissolved in such an amount
of sterile distilled water sufcient to obtain appropriate
concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mM for all elements in
the substrate after they had been added to it. Following the addition
of the salt solution, the substrate water content reached
approximately 60%. Accumulation of the 3 elements and growth of
the mushroom fruiting bodies were determined in 5 different
systems: (1) the reference (control - c) system without Cu, Se, and
Zn salts, (2) Se addition, (3) Se+Cu addition, (4) Se+Zn addition,
and (5) Se+Cu+Zn addition to the substrate. The substrate was then
mixed with spawn (on sawdust) of G. lucidum GL01, which
C588 Journal of Food Science
2016
nm, slit 1.0, lamp current 5 mA, both with background correction
with a deuterium lamp. Calibration was provided for water-based
stan-dard solution without matrix matching using commercial
standards (Merck). The coefcients of variation (r2) for
calibration curves exceeded 0.99. The determination limits were
0.1 mg/kg with an uncertainty of about 5.0% (measured as RSD)
for both determined elements.
For Se determination, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) SpectrAA 280Z (Agilent Technologies, Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia) with Zeeman background correction
Se
Se+Cu
Se+Zn
ab
2.8
control
0.1
0.2
0.4
31.8a 1.2
0.6
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.2a
12.6a
19.6a
23.0
0.7
4.7
4.5
4.4
Se
ab
1.5
8.2bc 2.7
9.6 b 2.4
ab
9.9
2.4
ab
12.4ab
13.7
0.7
3.9b 1.4
1.7 b
2.2c
2.5
3.2
2.7
0.5
1.4
c
2.7b
4.3
1.5
3.2
Se
0.1
ab
12.7
8.5
11.6
2.2
ab
23.4 4.8 16.8
4.4 14.8 2.6
Se total
24.3a
15.9ab
9.1a
27.4a
39.5a
48.1a
50.1a
68.2
1.0
2.5
2.7
4.0
2.5
5.6
Se+Cu
0.0
0.1a 0.0
0.2a 0.1
a
2.9
4.6
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
Se+Zn
0.1
3.1
1.6
c
3.1b
4.8
+
1.6
3.2
Se
a
8.8a
14.7a 2.7
16.9a 1.0
17.2
0.1a 0.0
0.4a 0.2
2.8
4.5
ab 0.5
0.4 0.1
3.7
1.7
Se
Se Cu
+
8.9a 1.9
9.2a 0.7
12.9a 1.2
a
15.3
1.8
17.5a
2.4
bc 0.6
44.8 4.3 20.9 1.6
Cu
a
Se
Cu
ab
ab
17.4a
3.3
29.0
24.6a
33.7a
25.9a
27.2a
3.2
5.5
4.2
2.7
4.2
Se
0.0
0.2a 0.1
0.5a 0.2
1.5
Se+Cu+Zn
0.2
0.3
3.6
a
1.1
0.7
0.3
0.0
0.1a 0.0
0.2b 0.1
0.7
ab
0.5
0.2
Se Zn
Se Cu
+a
7.9a
6.6a
0.4
2.1
8.6c
Se Cu
31.3
22.7a
36.0a
27.5a
26.7a
6.6
5.0
11.1
15.2
12.9
0.2
26.0
Se Zn
1.8
Zn
+
15.1a
0.1
Cu Zn
a
0.2
b
0.5
org
25.9a
Se Cu
Se
Zn
Se Cu Zn
9.7 2.3 9.6 1.2 9.8 0.6
18.1 b 2.4 17.8 b 3.9 13.9b 4.9
25.1b 2.2 22.3b 5.3 17.2b 3.7
28.0b 7.7 28.0b 4.1 14.6c 3.0
31.5b 4.7 36.5b 2.8 11.8c 2.5
37.7 4.0 40.8 3.9 19.8 1.8
1.0
0.2
inorg
0.0
Se
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
9.4ab
16.4
Se+Cu+Zn
Se Cu
Se Cu Zn
+
+
Sea+Zn
ab
+
0.8 abab 0.4
3.0
1.5
1.9 b
0.5
12.7a 2.4 8.9 b 1.8 8.4bc 2.8 2.3c 0.7
22.5a 1.7 12.2b 2.2 10.2 b 2.5 4.1b 1.4
b
control
7.0
bc
Se
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
Elements
addition (mM)
9.9
Se(VI)
5.8a
28.1a
34.6a
36.0a
51.8a
55.1
1.0
5.5
4.8
4.4
3.3
4.9
+
a
5.2a
Zn
1.3
29.1a
31.5a
37.3a
49.7a
14.9
13.4
12.3
15.5
52.5 10.9
Mean values (n = 3) standard deviations; identical superscripts denote no signicant (P < 0.05) difference between mean values in rows according to Tukeys HSD
test (MANOVA) for particular Se forms, Cu and Zn determined in mushrooms.
Se means the nal concentrations of both selenium salts (Se(IV) and Se(VI)).
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C: Food Chemistry
Se(IV)
traceability, owing to the lack of any certied reference mateThe concentrations of the organic Se fraction were calculated
rials for determining inorganic Se species, the recovery of each as the difference between total Se concentration determined usselenium species was determined by using the standard-addition ing ETAAS and concentration of inorganic selenium compounds
method. A recovery of 96% to 105% of each species was determined using HPLCHGAAS.
considered as satisfactory.
Results
Accumulation of trace elements in fruiting bodies
Substrate supplementation with Se, Se+Cu, Se+Zn, and
Se+Cu+Zn caused a signicant increase in Se accumulation in the
fruiting bodies in a concentration-dependent manner (Table 1). Even
the addition of 0.1 mM led to a signicant increase in the total
content of Se, regardless of the cultivation model. De-spite the
supplementation of substrates with inorganic Se salts, G. lucidum
fruiting bodies accumulated signicant amounts of organic Se form
(Table 1). After supplementation with 0.8 mM of inor-ganic Se salts,
its organic fraction amounted to 509% of the control level of organic
Se in the Se model, 235% in the Se + Cu model, 394% in the Se+Zn
model, and 190% in the Se+Cu+Zn model.
Discussion
There is a growing interest in investigating the biofortication of
cultivated mushrooms with trace elements. Generally, the substrate used
for cultivation is only supplemented with one element at a same time.
Under such conditions, various mushroom species, including Pleurotus
eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Pholiota nameko
Figure 1The biomass (mean SD) of G. lucidum cultivated in Se, (Niedzielski and others 2015), have been shown to signicantly take
Se+Cu, Se+Zn, and Se+Cu+Zn models (n = 3). Identical super-scripts up and accumulate Se in their edible parts. Moreover, our pilot study
denote no significant (P < 0.05) difference between mean values
has shown that G. lucidum may take up decidedly greater Se
according to Tukeys HSD test (MANOVA).
The co-occurrence of equal levels of Se, Zn, and Cu may potentially induce various interactions between these elements and alter
their uptake by cultivated mushrooms. Although, in this study, the
simultaneous presence of Cu and Zn decreased the accumulation of
Se in the fruiting bodies, its content in every studied model was still
high enough to represent a signicant source of this element for
human nutrition. Importantly, even though some competitive
sequestration between Cu and Zn may have occurred, the con-tent
of these elements in G. lucidum generally increased with its
concentration in the substrate.
Our study supports the view that G. lucidum biotransforms inorganic Se into organic forms. As observed, the inorganic Se content
(particularly Se(IV) form) increased with the degree of its concentration added to the substrate, but it was generally lower than the
organic Se share. In turn, increased inorganic Se content in the
substrate was followed by greater organic Se content in G. lu-cidum
fruiting bodies. Analyses of Se distribution in this mushroom
revealed that over 50% of incorporated Se is integrated with proteins and over 10% with polysaccharides (Zhao and others 2004). It
was further indicated that enrichment of G. lucidum with Se (up to
100 g/g) enhanced polysaccharide and protein synthesis (Zhao and
others 2004). Therefore, biofortication of this mush-room species
with Se may lead to an additionally increased level of other
nutritional components. It is, however, unknown whether the cooccurrence of Cu and/or Zn in substrate may have any impact on
protein and polysaccharide content. This issue requires further
investigation.
An important nding of this study concerns the effect of supplementation on G. lucidum biomass. The substrate addition, partic-
ations. The appearance of bio-fortied products is usually an important feature for potential consumers and alterations may even
decrease the value of the marketed product (Nestel and others 2006).
However, G. lucidum is usually used as a powder or extract, forms
in which observed changes should not have any economic impact on
the nal product. The decrease in G. lucidum biomass with
increasing substrate element concentration highlights that inorganic
Se can also exert toxic effects on mushrooms. It was previously
demonstrated that increased environmental concentra-tions of the
studied minerals can alter the growth of higher plants through
generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and
decline in sulfur metabolism (Hawrylak Nowak 2013). The
involvement of oxidative stress in the adverse response of mushroom growth to mineral supplementation is supported by a recent
nding that accumulation of Se and Zn in P. ostreatus and P. eryngii is followed by increased synthesis of phenolic compounds and
ascorbic acid (Gasecka and others 2015). Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the effects of Se, Cu, and Zn on the
metabolism of cultivated mushrooms.
It is worth noting that despite the decrease in G. lucidum biomass,
it remained at a satisfactory level once the substrate was supplemented up to a level of 0.4 mM of each element. At this level, the
Se+Cu+Zn cultivation model produced fruiting bodies contain-ing
over 10 mg/kg of organic Se, over 27 mg/kg of Cu and over 37
mg/kg of Zn. For adult individuals, the recommended daily
allowance values have been set at 55 g for Se, 900 g for Cu, and
11 mg (for males) and 8 mg (for females) for Zn (FNB 2001; Hu and
others 2012). Even if one considers the partial loss of trace elements
which may occur during mushroom processing, such as
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C: Food Chemistry
such as Agrocybe aegerita, and Hericium erinaceus (Niedzielski ularly at higher concentrations, caused slight macroscopic changes
in the fruiting bodies (thinner fruiting bodies), but no color alterand others 2014).
C: Food Chemistry
Conclusion
This study highlights for the rst time that G. lucidum could be
utilized to produce dietary supplements enriched with Se, Cu, and
Zn through a biofortication process. To maintain cultivation on a
satisfactory level and to yield sufcient biomass, the substrate
supplementation should not exceed 0.4 mM of each element. Given
that the benecial health effects of this mushroom species have been
shown to be wide-ranging, G. lucidum grown on sub-strate
supplemented with trace elements may represent a versatile
biopharmaceutical product with a broad application spectrum.
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Introduccin
Durante siglos, los hongos han sido recogidos para el consumo y
beneficio de la salud, este ltimo se origina principalmente de la
medicina tradicional oriental (Ferreira y otros, 2010). Hoy en da, el
inters mundial del uso farmacutico y diettico de ruido de fondo salas
de cultivo est en aumento. Esto no solo es en gran parte debido a un
nmero creciente de estudios que proporcionen pruebas convincentes
de su valor nutricional y teraputico, sino tambin como resultado de la
comercializacin de los mtodos automatizados y relativamente baratas
de setas cultivacin (Valverde y otros 2015). A diferencia de las setas
recogidas, en el que la acumulacin de sustancias txicas en las partes
comestibles no puede ser controlada (Kalac 2013; Mleczek y otros
2015A), el cultivo puede garantizar unas condiciones controladas y de
alta calidad que permitan el producto Thnal a ser estandarizada y segura
para los consumidores (Chang y Wasser 2012; Cleaver y otros 2012).
Las deficiencias nutricionales son un problema en todo el mundo, no
slo conducen al desarrollo de trastornos graves de salud, sino tambin
generan
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C Qumica de
Alimentos
Piotr Rzymski, Mirosaw Mleczek, Przemysaw Niedzielski, Marek Siwulski, and Monika Gasecka
C Qumica de
Alimentos
Materiales y mtodos
Diseo experimental
El sustrato para G. lucidum se prepar a partir de una mezcla de madera
de haya, abedul, roble y aserrn (3: 1: 1). La mezcla se suplemento con
25% de salvado de trigo, 2% de our maz, y 1% de CaSO4 y
humedecido al 60% de contenido de agua usando agua destilada y luego
se esteriliz a 121 C durante 1 h. Las siguientes sales se utilizaron en
el experimento: selenito de sodio (Na2SeO3 (IV)), selenato de sodio
(Na2SeO4 (VI)) suministrado por Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ,
EE.UU.), cobre selenato (II) (CuSeO4 2H2O), y nitrato de cinc
hexahidrato (Zn (NO3) 2 6H2O) suministrado por Sigma-Aldrich (St.
Louis, Missouri, EE.UU.). Estas sales se disolvieron en una cantidad
suficiente de agua destilada estril para obtener las concentraciones
adecuadas de 0,1, 0,2, 0,4, 0,6, y 0,8 mM para todos los elementos en el
sustrato despus de que se haba aadido a la misma. Despus de la
adicin de la solucin de sal, el contenido de agua del sustrato alcanz
aproximadamente 60%. La acumulacin de los 3 elementos y el
crecimiento de los cuerpos fructferos de hongos se determinaron en 5
sistemas diferentes: (1) la referencia (control - c) sistema sin Cu, Se, y
sales de Zn, (2) la adicin de Se, (3) Se + Adems Cu, (4) adicin Se +
Zn, y (5) Se + Cu + Zn Adems del sustrato. El sustrato se mezcl
entonces con la freza (en serrn) de G. lucidum GL01, que constituido
3% en relacin con el peso hmedo del sustrato, y se coloca en bolsas
de polipropileno (20 x 35 cm). Cada bolsa contena 450 g de sustrato.
incubacin micelio se dej a 25 C y una humedad relativa de 80% a
85%. Una vez que el sustrato estaba
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Reactivos
Todos los reactivos, cido fosfrico, hidrxido de sodio, disodico hidro fosfato, y ortofosfato de potasio (para la preparacin de tampn de
fosfato), fueron de grado analtico (Merck, Darm-stadt, Alemania). El
agua se purifico con un sistema Advantage A10Water Purication
Milli-Q (Millipore Merck, Darmstadt, Ger-muchos). Gas argn
comprimido de N-5,0 pureza (99,999%) se obtuvo de Linde (Poznan,
Polonia). Para Cu, Zn y determinaciones de Se- espectrofotometra,
normas comerciales (Merck) fueron IMPLCITA. Las soluciones de
reserva estndar se almacenaron en botellas de vidrio a 4 C en la
oscuridad. Normas de baja concentracin obtenidos por Dilucin de las
soluciones madre se prepararon diariamente. Solucin Palladium se
prepar a partir de paladio comercial (como nitrato) modifiados
qumicos (Merck).
Instrumentos
Para Cu y Zn ame determinacin, la absorcin atmica especespectrometra (FAAS) SpectrAA 220 FS (Varian, Australia) fue apbandas de capas con acetileno estequiomtrica ame (2,0 l / min) y aire
(13,5 L / min). Lmparas de ctodo hueco (Varian, Australia) se
utilizaron los siguientes parmetros para Cu: longitud de onda de 324,8
nm, raja 0,5, lmpara de 10 mA, y para el Zn: longitud de onda de 213,9
nm, raja 1.0, lmpara corriente de 5 mA, ambos con correccin de fondo
con una lmpara de deuterio. La calibracin se proporciona para
solucin estandar a base de agua y no correspondan a la matriz usando
estndares comerciales (Merck). Los coeficientes de variacin (R2)
para las curvas de calibracin super 0,99. Los lmites de determinacin
fueron 0,1 mg / kg con una incertidumbre de aproximadamente el 5,0%
(medido como RSD) para ambos elementos determinados.
Para la determinacin de Se, de absorcin atmica electrotrmica especespectrometra (ETAAS) SpectrAA 280Z (Agilent Technologies, Multumba, Victoria, Australia) con correccin de fondo Zeeman
Elementos adicion
(mM)
Se
Se+Cu
control
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Elementos adicion(mM)
control
0.1
0.2
0.7
4.7
7.0
bc
1.5
8.2bc 2.7
9.6 b 2.4
ab
9.9
9.4ab
16.4
4.5
4.4
Se
ab
2.4
ab
12.4ab
13.7
2.2c 0.7
3.9b 1.4
1.7 b
2.5
3.2
2.7
0.5
1.4
c
2.7b
4.3
1.5
3.2
Se
0.1
Se Cu
Se Cu Zn
+
+ab
ab
Sea+Zn
+
0.0
0.8
3.0
a
ab
0.4
1.5
1.9 b
0.5
12.7a 2.4 8.9 b 1.8 8.4bc 2.8 2.3c 0.7
22.5a 1.7 12.2b 2.2 10.2 b 2.5 4.1b 1.4
ab
12.7
8.5
11.6
2.2
ab
4.9
2.5
23.4 4.8 16.8
4.4 14.8 2.6
Se total
24.3a
9.1a
27.4a
39.5a
48.1a
50.1a
68.2
3.1
1.0
2.5
2.7
4.0
2.5
5.6
1.6
15.9ab
Se+Cu
0.0
0.1a 0.0
0.2a 0.1
a
2.9
4.6
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.2
Se+Zn
0.1
0.1a 0.0
0.4a 0.2
2.8
0.4
ab
3.1b
4.8
1.6
3.2
Se
a
1.0
8.8a
14.7a 2.7
16.9a 1.0
1.7
0.5
0.1
Se
Se Cu
+
8.9a 1.9
9.2a 0.7
12.9a 1.2
a
15.3
1.8
17.5
2.4
bc 0.6
44.8 4.3 20.9 1.6
Cu
a
Se
Cu
ab
ab
17.4a
3.3
29.0
24.6a
33.7a
25.9a
27.2a
3.2
5.5
4.2
2.7
4.2
Se
0.3
3.6
1.1
0.2
0.7
0.3
0.0
0.1a 0.0
0.2b 0.1
0.7
0.5
ab
0.2
Se Zn
a
Se Cu
6.6a
0.4
+a
7.9a
20.6
ab
b
26.0
2.3
Se Cu
31.3
22.7a
36.0a
27.5a
26.7a
6.6
5.0
11.1
15.2
12.9
0.2
16.4
Se Zn
1.8
Zn
+
+
a
0.1
Cu Zn
15.1a
0.2
b
0.5
org
25.9a
Se Cu
Se
Zn
Se Cu Zn
9.7 2.3 9.6 1.2 9.8 0.6
18.1 b 2.4 17.8 b 3.9 13.9b 4.9
25.1b 2.2 22.3b 5.3 17.2b 3.7
28.0b 7.7 28.0b 4.1 14.6c 3.0
31.5b 4.7 36.5b 2.8 11.8c 2.5
37.7 4.0 40.8 3.9 19.8 1.8
3.7
0.0
0.2a 0.1
0.5a 0.2
1.5
Se+Cu+Zn
4.5
0.2
17.2
0.2
inorg
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
9.9
Se+Cu+Zn
Se
0.3
Se
control
2.8
0.2a
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
Elementos
adicion (mM)
Se+Zn
ab
31.8a 1.2
Se(VI)
C Qumica de
Alimentos
Se(IV)
5.8a
28.1a
34.6a
36.0a
51.8a
55.1
1.0
5.5
4.8
4.4
3.3
4.9
+
a
5.2a
Zn
1.3
29.1a
31.5a
37.3a
49.7a
14.9
13.4
12.3
15.5
52.5 10.9
Los valores medios (n = 3) desviaciones estndar; superndices idnticas designan sin significancia de diferencia (P <0,05) entre los valores medios en filas segn la
prueba HSD Tukeys (MANOVA) para determinadas formas de Se, Cu y Zn determin en los hongos. Se significa que las concentraciones Thnal de ambas sales de
selenio (Se (IV) y Se (VI)).
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Biomasa (g)
Resultados
Biomasa (g)
Biomasa (g)
Biomasa (g)
C Qumica de
Alimentos
Discusin
Hay un creciente inters en la investigacin de la biofortificaion de setas
cultivadas con oligoelementos. Generalmente, el sustrato utilizado para
el cultivo solamente se complementa con un elemento a la vez. En tales
condiciones, diversas especies de hongos, incluyendo Pleurotus eryngii,
Pleurotus ostreatus, y nameko Pholiota
(Niedzielski y otros 2015), han demostrado tener significancia y
acumular Se en sus partes comestibles. Por otra parte, nuestro estudio
piloto ha demostrado que el Ganoderma lucidum puede tardar hasta
decididamente mayores concentraciones de Se que otras especies de
hongos medicinales tales como: Agrocybe aegerita, y erinaceus
Hericium (Niedzielski y otros 2014).
La coocurrencia de los mismos niveles de Se, Zn, Cu y puede potencialmente inducir diversas interacciones entre estos elementos y alterar
su absorcin por hongos cultivados. Aunque, en este estudio, la
presencia simultnea de Cu y Zn disminuy la acumulacin de Se en los
cuerpos fructferos, su contenido en cada modelo estudiado era todava
suficientemente alta como para representar una fuente significante de
este elemento para la nutricin humana. Es importante destacar que, a
pesar de que algunos de secuestro de competencia entre Cu y Zn puede
haber ocurrido, en contienda de campaa de estos elementos en G.
lucidum generalmente aumenta con la concentracin en el sustrato.
Nuestro estudio apoya la opinin de que G. lucidum biotrans organica
de Se en formas orgnicas. Como se observa, el contenido de Se
inorgnico (particularmente Se (IV) forma) aument con el grado de su
concentracin aadi al sustrato, pero era generalmente ms baja que la
proporcin orgnica Se. A su vez, el aumento de contenido de Se
inorgnico en el sustrato fue seguido por un mayor contenido de Se
orgnico en cuerpos fructferos lucidum G.. Los anlisis de la
distribucin de Se en este hongo revelaron que ms del 50% de Se
incorporado est integrado con los pro-protenas y ms del 10% de
polisacridos (Zhao y otros, 2004). Se indic adems que el
enriquecimiento de Ganoderma lucidum con Se (hasta 100 mg / g) el
aumento de la sntesis de protenas y polisacridos (Zhao y otros, 2004).
Por lo tanto, biofortifiacion de esta especie papilla de estar con Se puede
llevar a un aumento adicional del nivel de otros componentes
nutricionales. Es, sin embargo, se desconoce si la co-ocurrencia de Cu
y / o Zn en el sustrato puede tener cualquier impacto en el contenido de
protenas y polisacridos. Este problema requiere ms investigacin.
Ganoderma
con oligoelementos.
Vol. 8, Nr. 3,lucidum
2016 enriquecida
Diario de Ciencia
de Alimentos . C591
C Qumica de
Alimentos
C Qumica de
Alimentos
Conclusin
Este estudio pone de manifiesto por el tiempo que rst G. lucidum
podra ser utilizado para producir suplementos alimenticios
enriquecidos con Se, Cu, Zn y a travs de un proceso de biofortificacion.
Para mantener el cultivo en un nivel satisfactorio y para producir
biomasa sufcient, la administracin de suplementos de sustrato no
debe exceder de 0.4 mM de cada elemento. Dado que los efectos en la
salud beneficial de esta especie de hongos han demostrado ser de gran
alcance, G. lucidum cultiva en el suplementado con elementos traza
puede representar un producto biofarmacutico verstil con un amplio
espectro de aplicacin.
REFERENCIAS
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C593
C Qumica de
Alimentos