ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΚΤΗΝΙΑΤΡΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ

D
O
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Veterinary Medical Terminology and

Abbreviations
E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher
WORD PARTS
PREFIX- the word part at the beginning of a
term
SUFFIX- the word part at the end of a term
ROOT- the word part that gives the term its
meaning
COMBINING VOWEL- root word and vowel that
allow certain terms to be pronounced with ease
(vowel is commonly o)
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O
U
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A
COMMON ROOT WORDS
SI
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NEPHR/O- kidneys
HEPAT/O- liver
OVARI/O- ovary
LAPAR/O- abdomen
CHEM/O- chemical
ARTHR/O- joint
O
U
IE
CARDI/O- heart
UTER/O- uterus
HYSTER/O- uterus
ENTER/O- intestines
REN/O- kidney
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COMMON ROOT WORDS
SI
A
RECT/O- rectum
URIN/O- urine
CYST/O- urinary bladder
RADI/O- radiation
ELECTR/O- electricity
OSTE/O- bone
DENT/O- teeth
O
U
IE
CUTANE/O- skin
HEM/O- blood
NAS/O- nose
RHIN/O- nose
COL/O- colon; intestine
GASTR/O- stomach
MAST/O- mammary
gland
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COMMON PREFIXES
SI
A
AD- towards
ANTI- against
SUB- below
SUPER- above
DYS- difficult; painful
O
U
IE
PRE- before
PERI- around
POST- after
A- or AN- without; no
AB- away from
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COMMON PREFIXES
O
U
EXO- outside
POLY- many
OLIGO- very little
INTER- between
INTRA- within
SI
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IE
HYPO- below normal;

decreased
HYPER- above normal;
excessive
ENDO- within; inside
ECTO- outside
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COMMON SUFFIXES
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-TOMY: to cut into

surgically; to make an
incision
-ITIS: inflammation
-CENTESIS: surgical
puncture into
-MEGALY: enlargement of
-PATHY: disease
O
U
IE
-OSIS: condition
-EMIA: blood
-ECTOMY: surgical
removal of
-STOMY: creating a new
surgical opening
-PEXY: to suture to
-PLASTY: to surgically
repair
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COMMON SUFFIXES
-SCOPY: the act of using

an instrument for viewing
-RRHEA: to flow
-RRHAGE: to burst
-LYSIS: to break down
-THERAPY: treatment
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-LOGY: the study of

-GRAPH: to record with
an instrument
-GRAPHY: the act of
using an instrument to
record
-GRAM: a record of
-SCOPE: instrument
used to look at or view
O
U
PERTAINING TO SUFFIXES
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A
-AN
-AL
-ARY
-AC
-IAN
-E
-IVE
-UM
O
U
IE
-INE
-IC
-AR
-EAL
-OUS
-TIC
-US
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BREAKING DOWN A TERM

Break each word into the PREFIX, SUFFIX and
ROOT word
Determine each meaning and put into a
definition that makes sense
pertaining to after a surgery
CARDIO/LOGY: the study of the heart
GASTR/ITIS: inflammation of the stomach
OVARIO/HYSTER/ECTOMY: surgical removal of the
ovaries and uterus
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POST/OPERAT/IVE:
O
U
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10
COMMON DIRECTIONAL TERMS
CRANIAL: toward the

head of the body
PALMAR: bottom of the
front feet
ROSTRAL: toward the
nose
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O
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LATERAL: side of the

body; toward the
outside
DISTAL: away from the
center of the body
DORSAL: toward the
back of the body (spinal
area)
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COMMON DIRECTIONAL TERMS
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PLANTAR: bottom of the

back feet
ASPECT: area
RECUMBENT or
RECUMBENCY: lying
TRANSVERSE- across an
area dividing it into
cranial and caudal
sections
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O
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MEDIAL: toward the

inside
PROXIMAL: toward the
center of the body
VENTRAL: toward the
abdomen of the body
(belly)
CAUDAL: toward the tail
of the body
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DIRECTIONAL DIAGRAM
O
U
A- cranial
B- caudal
C- ventral
D- dorsal
E- rostral
F- proximal
G- distal
H- palmar
I- plantar
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SPECIES TERMS
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Ovine- sheep
Porcine- pig
Caprine- goat
Lagomorph- rabbit
Avian- bird
Reptile- snakes and
lizards
Amphibians- frogs and
toads
Terrapin- turtle
SI
A
O
U
Canine- dog
Feline- cat
Equine- horse
Bovine- cow
Cavy- guinea pig
Primate- monkeys and
apes
Poultry- chickens and
turkeys
Murine- rats or mice
14
COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: DOGS
SI
A
O
U
Litter: a group of
newborn dogs
Whelping: the labor
process of dogs
IE
Intact: capable of
reproduction
Bitch: female adult
intact dog
Stud dog: male adult
intact dog
Puppy: newborn dog
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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: CATS
O
U
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Queening: the labor

process of cats
IE
Queen: adult female

intact cat
Tom: adult male intact
cat
Kitten: newborn cat
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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: RABBITS
O
U
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Kindling: labor process of

rabbits
IE
Buck: adult male intact

rabbit
Doe: adult female intact
rabbit
Lapin: neutered male
rabbit
Kit: newborn rabbit
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O
U
IE
Dam: adult female

intact rat or mouse
Sire: adult male intact
rat or mouse
Pup: young newborn
mouse or rat
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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: RATS AND MICE
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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: POULTRY AND

BIRDS
O
U
Pullet: immature female

chicken
Chick: newborn chicken
Poult: young chicken or
turkey
Flock: group of birds
Drake: male duck
Duck: female duck
Duckling: newborn duck
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Cock: adult intact male

chicken or parrot
Rooster: adult male
chicken
Hen: adult female
chicken or parrot
Cockerel: immature
male chicken
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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: PIGS
Gilt: young immature

female pig that has
not farrowed
Piglet: newborn pig
Farrowing: labor
process of pigs
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Sow: adult female

intact pig
Boar: adult male
intact pig
Barrow: young
castrated male pig
Stag: adult male
castrated pig
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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: HORSES
O
U
Foal: newborn horse

Gelding: castrated male
horse
Weanling: young horse
under a year of age
Yearling: young horse
between 1 and 2 years of
age
Herd: group of horses
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Stallion: adult male

intact horse
Mare: adult female
intact horse
Colt: young male horse
Filly: young female
horse
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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: EQUINE
SI
A
Hand: measurement of
height that equals 4
inches
O
U
IE
Horse: equine over 14.2

hands in height
Pony: equine under
14.2 hands in height
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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: EQUINE
O
U
Jack: intact male donkey

Jenny: intact female
donkey
Mule: cross of male
donkey and female horse
SI
A
IE
Donkey: donkey crossed

with a donkey
Hinny: cross of male
horse and female
donkey
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CLINICAL SITUATION
SI
A
Wt
Lbs or #
CBC
Rads or x-rays
dz
dx
tx
O
U
IE
Yr
SF
DLH
PE
v/d
WNL
TPR
EV
Tabs
PO
SID
BM
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SI
A
Gums
Treatment
Pulse
Biopsy
Positive
Every
Pound
Right ear
Left eye
O
U
IE
Twice a day
By mouth
Surgery
Prescription
Four times a day
History
Diagnosis
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PATIENT INFORMATION
S or SF: spayed or
spayed female
NM: neutered male

C or CAST: castrated
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K-9: canine or dog

DLH: domestic long hair
(cat)
DSH: domestic short
hair (cat)
M: male
F: female
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PATIENT INFORMATION
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d/o: drop off

p/u: pick up
d/c: discharge
rec: recommend
S/R: suture
removal
Sx- surgery
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o: owner
y or yr: year
mo: month
wk: week
d: day
EX: exotic
C-SECT: caesarian
section
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PATIENT HISTORY
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U: URINE
PU: POLYURIA (increased
urination)
C/S: culture and
sensitivity
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Hx: history
V: VOMITING
D: DIARRHEA
V/D: vomiting and
diarrhea
PD: POLYDIPSIA
(increased thirst)
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PATIENT HISTORY
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DYSURIA:TROUBLE
URINATING
HEMATURIA: BLOOD IN
URINE
HBC: hit by car
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BM: BOWEL MOVEMENT

ANOREXIA: NOT EATING
LETHARGIC: TIRED
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PHYSICAL EXAM
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TPR: temperature, pulse,

respiration
N or -: negative
+: positive
MM: mucous
membranes (gums)
CRT: capillary refill time

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PE: physical exam

BAR: bright, alert,
responsive
QAR: quiet, alert,
responsive
T: temperature
P: pulse
R: respiration
(breathing)
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PHYSICAL EXAM CONTD
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Chronic: onset of
condition occurs over a
long time
Dx: diagnosis
Px: prognosis
Tx: treatment
URI: upper respiratory
infection
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HR: heart rate

RR: respiratory rate
ABD: abdomen
LN: lymph nodes
WT: weight
Acute: onset of
condition occurs in a
short time
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PHYSICAL EXAM CONTD
O
U
FIP: feline infectious

peritonitis
FIV: feline
immunodeficiency virus
L: left
R: right
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UTI: urinary tract

infection
SOAP: Subjective,
Objective, Assessment,
Plan
ANALS or AG: anal
glands
FeLV: feline leukemia
virus
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LABORATORY TERMS
O
U
Cysto: cystocentesis
Fecal: stool or fecal
sample
UA: urinalysis
HW: heartworm test
T4- thyroid test
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Bx: biopsy
C/S or C & S: culture
and sensitivity
CBC: complete blood
count
CHEM: blood
chemistry panel
PCV: packed cell
volume
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PHARMACY TERMS
PRN: as needed
q: every
d: day
w: week
h: hour
PO: by mouth
NPO: nothing by
mouth
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Rx: prescription
EOD: every other day
SID: once a day
BID: twice a day
TID: three times a day
QID: four times a day
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PHARMACY TERMS CONTD
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kg: kilogram
mg: milligram
/: per (mg/kg)
# or lb: pounds
#: amount to
dispense
oz: ounces
O
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IE
Tab: tablet
Cap: capsule
ml: milliliter (liquid
measure)
cc: cubic centimeter
(liquid measure)
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PHARMACY PROBLEM
IE
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A
The veterinarian has been talking with Mr. Doe

about his dog, Rufus. The dog is on
phenobarbital. Rufus is still having seizures
and the vet has asked you to have Mr. Doe
increase Rufuss medicine from (1) 25 mg
tablet SID to (1) 25 mg tablet BID PO. What will
you tell Mr. Doe?
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PHARMACY ANSWER
IE
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A
You should tell Mr. Doe that the vet would like
Rufus to get (1) 25 mg tablet of phenobarbital
two times a day by mouth.
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PHARMACY PROBLEM
The vet has asked you to fill the following
prescription: Give (1) tablet of aspirin PO q 12 h
PRN.
What will you place on the label?
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PHARMACY ANSWER
IE
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Give (1) tablet of aspirin by mouth every 12

hours or twice a day as needed.
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EYES AND EARS

OD: right eye
OS: left eye
OU: both eyes
AD: right ear

AS: left ear
AU: both ears
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MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
ROUTES
SI
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IV: intravenous (into

the vein)
IN: intranasal (into the
nasal cavity)
PO: by mouth
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SQ: subcutaneous
(under the skin)
SUB-Q: subcutaneous
IM: intramuscular
(into the muscle)
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MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
ROUTES
IO: intraoseous (into

the bone)
ID: intradermal (within
the skin layers)
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IC: intracardiac (into

the heart)
IT: intratracheal (into
the trachea or
windpipe)
IP: intraperitoneal
(into the peritoneum
or lining of the
abdomen)
O
U
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VETERINARY ASSOCIATIONS
NAVTA: National
Association of
Veterinary Technicians
of America
OFA: Orthopedic
Foundation of
America
O
U
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IE
AVMA: American
Veterinary Medical
Association
AAHA: American
Animal Hospital
Association
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O
U
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A
ADMINISTERING MEDICATION
IE
Presentation on
EV
ADMINISTERING MEDICATION
44
INTRODUCTION
Why might our pets need to receive medication?
Where might we get the medication from?
Who would administer this medication?
What are the different ways of administering medication?
Does anyone have any previous experience of giving any type of medication?
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Administering Medication
PHARMACOLOGY
The source of the drug
The composition of the drug
The effects of the drug
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Pharmacology is the study of medicines, including:
46
DRUG GROUPS
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The Veterinary Medicines Regulations classify all animal medicines into one
of four categories:
POM-V (Prescription Only Medicine Veterinarian) must be prescribed by a
veterinary surgeon, and can be dispensed by any veterinary surgeon or
pharmacist
Examples of POM-V medications include vaccinations or antibiotics.
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Drug Groups
POM-VPS (Prescription Only Medicine Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Suitably
Qualified Person) must be prescribed by a veterinary surgeon, pharmacist or
SQP, and can be dispensed by any of those persons
Examples of POM-VPS medicines include many medications for horses and farm
animals.
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DRUG GROUPS
NFA-VPS (Non-Food Animal medicine Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Suitably Qualified
Person) must be supplied by a veterinary surgeon, pharmacist or SQP
Examples of NFA-VPS medicines include certain flea and worm treatments.
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DRUG GROUPS
AVM-GSL (Authorised Veterinary Medicine General Sales List) can be
supplied by anyone.
Examples include vitamins and minerals.
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DRUG ROUTES
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Drugs may be administered in various ways. The route chosen depends on the part
of the body the drug needs to affect, how quickly the drug needs to work, and the
ability of the owner to give the drug.
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TOPICAL
O
U
IE
CREAMS the drug is dissolved in water and mixed with oil or fat. Creams
spread easily and penetrate the outer layers of the skin.
OINTMENTS the drugs are present in a base of wax or fat. They do not
penetrate the skin.
POWDERS fine powders to apply to the skin e.g. flea powders.
MEDICATED SHAMPOOS drugs mixed with detergents which penetrate the
coat. Shampoos are left in contact with the skin for the recommended amount
of time and then should be rinsed off thoroughly.
SPRAYS a way of applying liquids in fine droplet form e.g. flea sprays.
EV
SI
A
Some drugs can be applied directly to where they are needed. These are called
TOPICAL preparations and can be used to treat eye, ear or skin problems.
Topical preparations are available in different forms:-
52
EXAMPLES
EYE & EAR MEDICATIONS these are both
examples of topical medication.
Eye medications should be sterile. Once they

have been opened they should be stored only for
the length of time recommended by the
manufacturer.
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SYSTEMIC
Some drugs cannot be applied directly where they are needed. Instead they need to
travel through the animals system until they get to where they are needed. These
drugs are said to be given SYSTEMICALLY.
Examples include oral preparations and injections.
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54
ORAL PREPARATIONS
These are given by mouth. This is often the only way that owners can give
medications to their pets.
There are some problems with giving drugs orally-
It takes longer for a drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream than if the drug
was given by injection
Some drugs may be broken down by digestive enzymes
Having food in the gut may slow down the absorption of the drug
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ORAL PREPARATIONS
TABLETS tablets are made by taking a powdered
drug and compressing it.
Many tablets are then coated with another substance

e.g sugar coating.
This coating protects the tablet from moisture and

hides any bitter taste.
Crushing a coated tablet destroys this protective layer

so always check if a tablet can be crushed first.
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ORAL PREPARATIONS
CAPSULES capsules are made up of powder or
granules inside a gelatine capsule
MEDICINES liquid medicines contain the drug

dissolved or suspended in water. Suspensions
need to be shaken well before dosing.
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PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS
These are drugs that can be given by injection. All
drugs in this form must be sterile. The most
common routes of injection of drugs in small
animal practice are:-
INTRAVENOUS (I/V) directly into a vein
INTRAMUSCULAR (I/M) into a muscle
SUBCUTANEOUS (S/CUT) under the skin (usually

given into the scruff of the neck)
INTRAPERITONEAL (I/P) into the abdomen
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PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS
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Other methods include:

NASAL up the nose (e.g. kennel cough vaccine)
RECTAL into the rectum (e.g. diazepam to stop fits)
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HEALTH & SAFETY AND ADMINISTERING MEDICINES
Health and safety should be considered in order to make sure that we dont get
hurt whilst administering medicines.
It is also important to ensure that the animal doesnt get hurt or frightened.
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Getting bitten
Getting scratched
Accidental ingestion of drugs
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WHAT ARE THE RISKS TO PEOPLE WHEN ADMINISTERING MEDICINES?
61
HOW CAN THESE RISKS BE MINIMISED?
Follow instructions carefully
Make sure that the animal is adequately restrained
Use sprays in a well ventilated area
Wear appropriate PPEs (e.g. gloves, mask etc)
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WHAT ARE THE RISKS TO ANIMALS WHEN ADMINISTERING MEDICINES?

Overdose
Allergic reaction
Wrong administration route selected
Animal stressed
Animal gets injured
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WHAT ARE THE RISKS TO ANIMALS WHEN ADMINISTERING MEDICINES?
Only giving prescribed medicines to the animal that they have been prescribed
for
Follow instructions carefully when administering medication
Monitor the animal for any signs of side effects
Make sure that you know how to handle and restrain the animal correctly.
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USEFUL LINKS
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http://www.vmd.gov.uk/Publications/Consultations/VMR06/VMGNote03.pdf
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A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO
COMPANION ANIMAL
PRESCRIPTION DRUG
LABELING;
& the Role of the Center for Veterinary Medicine

(CVM)
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OVERALL GOALS
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To illustrate the importance of product labeling.

To explain the process of creating a label.
To show how labeling information can be used in
the clinical setting.
To increase the understanding of CVMs role in
new animal drug development, specifically
focusing on how the knowledge obtained from our
thorough review process is expressed in the
product labeling.
67
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
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FDA/CVM Background Information

New Animal Drug Approval Process
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Conclusions
Case Studies
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Prescription Drug
Labeling
O
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Drugs used in Companion Animal Medicine
68
FDA
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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a

federal agency within the Department of
Health and Human Services.
69
FDA
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A
.is responsible for ensuring that:
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foods are safe, wholesome and sanitary

human and veterinary drugs, biological
products, and medical devices are safe and
effective
cosmetics are safe
electronic products that emit radiation are
safe
products are honestly, accurately and
informatively represented to the public.
70
DRUGS USED IN COMPANION ANIMAL

MEDICINE
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FDA-approved new animal drugs pioneer and

generic
Extralabel use of approved new animal drugs
Extralabel use of approved human drugs
71
PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABELING

TOPIC OVERVIEW
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Where does the information in the label come

from?
What are some limitations on label information?
Who writes the label?
Whats in a label?
Labels as living
documents.
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Animal Safety
Effectiveness
All Other
Information
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WHERE DOES THE INFORMATION IN

THE LABEL COME FROM?
73
ANIMAL SAFETY
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Target animal safety (TAS) studies multiple levels of

exposure to mimic the potential adverse effects in the
general population
Specialized studies or tests:
- Collie safety studies
- Ocular studies
- GI endoscopy
Field safety effectiveness studies and use studies
(open-label)
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EFFECTIVENESS
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Field effectiveness studies in the target animal

adequate and well-controlled
Dose confirmation studies
Laboratory studies
- Disease models
- Target animal
Pharmacokinetic studies
75
ALL OTHER INFORMATION
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Literature
Foreign market experience
Known drug class information
Human drug approvals
Post-approval experience
76
WHAT ARE SOME LIMITATIONS ON LABEL

INFORMATION?
O
U
For companion animals:
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Pre-approval studies for veterinary drugs include fewer subjects

than those conducted for human drug development.
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Pre-approval safety studies are almost exclusively performed in

young, healthy animals.
Pre-approval effectiveness studies are generally performed in
healthy, client-owned animals.
77
WHO WRITES THE LABEL?
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Labeling language is a collaboration between the

drug sponsor and CVM to present fair and
balanced information.
78
Main Labeling Components:

Package Insert
O
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- Written for veterinarians

- Useful information for daily
practice
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WHATS IN A LABEL?
IE
Client Information Sheet
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- Written for owners

- Accompany certain new animal drugs
- Should be dispensed with each prescription
Bottle/Vial/Outer Box Labeling

79
EXAMPLE PACKAGE INSERT

(SUGGESTED MAJOR HEADINGS)
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Indications
Dosage & Administration
Contraindications
Warnings
Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Pharmacology
Effectiveness
Animal Safety
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Indications:
O
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- Lists the specific disease(s) or condition(s) for which

the drug product is approved
IE
Recommended dose (dose studied in pre-approval)

Duration of treatment & treatment interval
Modifications for special populations
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Dosage & Administration:
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O
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Risk of using the drug product outweighs any

possible benefit
Usually a proven hazard
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Contraindication:
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Warnings:
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- Includes user safety, human food safety, animal

safety & environmental safety
- May include warnings related to extralabel use
- Boxed warnings
potential risk of death
or serious injury
83

Information that does not warrant a warning or
contraindication statement, but needs to be
communicated for the safe and effective use of the
drug
Tests recommended prior to use
Examples: drug interactions, statements regarding
subgroups in which the drug has not been tested
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Precautions:
84
CLIENT INFORMATION SHEETS
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Written for pet owners

Contain important information regarding what
pet owners should expect when using drugs, and
what side effects to look for
85
LABELS AS LIVING DOCUMENTS
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
Labeling language updated based on postmarketing experience, including Adverse Drug

Experiences (ADEs)
Sponsor-initiated updates, including
manufacturing changes, new tablet sizes, etc.
86
SI
A
ADVERSE DRUG EXPERIENCES

(ADES)
EV
IE
O
U
ADEs are voluntarily reported by veterinarians,

pet owners, and others to the pharmaceutical
company or CVM.
Companies are required to report all ADEs to
CVM.
87
CONCLUSIONS
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
Labels are important living documents that

contain useful information for daily practice.
Read and use product labels regularly.
Report ADEs to sponsors and/or CVM.
88
IE
O
U
SI
A
CASE STUDIES
EV
The following case studies are not intended to guide or dictate the
practice of veterinary medicine. They are simply meant as
examples of the information that can be found on the labeling
of FDA-approved animal drugs, and how that information can
be used on a daily basis.
89
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CASE SCENARIO #1 BUDDY
90
CASE SCENARIO #1- QUESTIONS
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
1. Do you need any other history before deciding to prescribe

firocoxib?
2. Should you perform any other exams/evaluations before
prescribing firocoxib?
3. What toxicities are associated with NSAIDs?
4. What clinical signs warrant the discontinuation of firocoxib?
5. Can you use this drug in pregnant horses? Foals?
6. What was the highest dose of firocoxib tested in the studies
performed to support approval?
7. At what dose is firocoxib approved?
8. What should you give to the owner in addition to the tubes of
EQUIOXX paste?
91
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CASE SCENARIO #2 SHELBY
92
CASE SCENARIO #2 - QUESTIONS
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
1. What is the mechanism of action?

2. What is the dose and route?
3. What are the known side effects?
4. What are the contraindications for use? What are the
precautions for use?
5. What, if any, medications are allowed concurrently? Not
allowed concurrently?
6. What should be done if a dog vomits after administration?
7. Is there a maximum duration of administration?
8. What should be done in an acute overdose situation?
93
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CASE SCENARIO #3 GUZZLES
94
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
1. What is the chemical name of the drug?

2. How do you know that the VETORYL you have just taken off the clinic shelf
has been FDA approved?
3. Your clinic carries two sizes of VETORYL. Which bottle will you select?
4. Which area of the dosing table will you focus on in order to calculate the
starting dose?
5. Where will you look to check for follow-up instructions and testing?
6. The owner is really anxious to eliminate the excessive water drinking,
urination, and food thievery. Is there a place on the label that gives a
guideline for when she can expect to see improvement?
95
CASE SCENARIO #3
QUESTIONS (CONTINUED)
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
7. The owner is very concerned about side effects on Guzzles from this
medication. Where would you look on the label to give her this information?
8. The owner wants to know if there are any special storage instructions for this
medication. Where can you find this information to let her know?
9. There are small children in the house, and Mrs. Jones is always worried about
what they will get into (boys will be boys)She is also excited to tell you that
she is pregnant again! What can you tell her about precautions for humans?
10. Does the medication need to be given with food? If Guzzles decides she
doesnt want to take the pill, can Mrs. Jones mix the powder from the capsules
into the food?
11. Mrs. Jones wants to know if she can still give Heartgard Plus and Frontline
Plus.
96
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CASE SCENARIO #4
RASCAL
97
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
1. Which antibiotic would you prescribe, and why?

2. What dose would you choose?
3. What possible adverse effects would you warn the
owner to watch for, based on your choice of treatment?
4. The owner is worried hell act funny again, and asks
if its okay for her to give him some OTC Pepcid to
prevent any upset stomach. What is your response?
98
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
QUESTIONS?
99
ONLINE RESOURCES
Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM):
O
U
How to report an ADE:
SI
A
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/default.htm
IE
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ReportaPro
blem/ucm055305.htm
EV
Currently approved labels for companion animal

NSAIDs:
http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAni
malDrugProducts/DrugLabels/ucm050105.htm
100
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
DOG AND CAT IN RESEARCH

101
DOG BREEDS
Beagle
SI
A
too inbred
no trimming
Size
O
U
not
Alsatian and Labrador

larger
EV
IE
(semichondrodystrophic)
dog
hip dysplasia
102
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
103
DOG REPRODUCTION
Estrus length
Ovulation type
Breeding
EV
O
U
IE
Gestation
Litter size
Litters / year
Weaning
7-13 days
Spontaneous
10-16 days from
SI
A
start of estrus
60-66 days
4-12
2
7-8 weeks
104
REPRODUCTION
Estrus every 6-8
months
Estrus lasts 21-22

days
Ovulation about 10th

day
Pseudopregnancy
common
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
105
SI
A
SPACE REQS (NEW APPENDIX A)
Minimum floor
For each
Minimum height
kg
area
additional dog
add a minimum
dogs
of
IE
EV
> 20
For one or two
m
20
O
U
Weight of dog
106
Objective - tractable
adults
Basic commands
Novel Situations
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
SOCIALIZATION
PROGRAMS
Puppies through 12
weeks
107
O
U
SC
EV
IE
SI
A
ADMINISTRATIONS
108
PERIPHERAL VEINS
D
IE
EV
Cephalic
vein
O
U
SI
A
Jugular vein
Lateral saphenous vein
109
O
U
D
IE
IV: superficial veins of

front and rear legs
IM: Thigh muscle
Blood samples
superficial veins in legs

jugular vein
EV
SI
A
ADMINISTRATIONS AND BLOOD

SAMPLES
110
RESEARCH USE
O
U
IE
EV
Aging
Neurology
Trauma
Nutrition
Circulatory
Cancer
Eye
SI
A
Behavior
Pulmonary
Pharmacology
Wound healing
Dental
Brain
Skeletal
Transplantation
Anesthesia
Radiology
Shock
Heart
GI surgery
Gastroin
Diabetes
Gay:Quality
Health
Benefits ofMSc,
Animal
Research,
FBR
E.Dousia, B.Ed,
Management
English
Teacher
111
CARDIOPULMONARY:
SI
A
DISTINGUISHING
FEATURES
O
U
Intracoronary anastomoses
Left CA blood supply to conduction
system
Incomplete mediastinum
Atherosclerosis - limited lesions
EV
IE
112
IE
Simple stomach and short intestine

Ileocecal valve and caecum
12 hour gut transit time
Fast 12 hours pre-surgery (to avoid
vomiting intra-/pre-anesthesia)
EV
O
U
SI
A
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
113
O
U
EV
Thiobarbiturates arrhythmogenic
Ketamine convulsive
Xylazine hypotensive
Morphine emetic
IE
SI
A
PHARMACOLOGIC FEATURES
114
SI
A
BREED SENSITIVITIES
Sight hounds thiobarbiturates
O
U
Collies - ivermectin
EV
IE
e.g., Greyhounds, Borzoi, Salukis
115
SI
A
DISEASES OF CONCERN
Rabies
Canine distemper
Infectious hepatitis virus
Infectious tracheobronchitis
IE
O
U
Parainfluenza
Bordetella
EV
116
Yearly - all dogs

Breeding females
during anestrus
Pup vaccination
SI
A
VACCINATION RECOMMENDATIONS
IE
EV
6-16 weeks
O
U
117
To
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
intubate successfully, the

laryngeal structures must be
clearly seen.
118
Use
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
the arytenoid cartilages,

vocal folds and laryngeal inlet
as your landmarks.
119
Never
insert a tube blindly.
will end up in the esophagus,

not the trachea.
EV
IE
O
U
It
SI
A
120
To
intubate properly,
is no substitute
for seeing the tube as
it enters the larynx.
EV
IE
O
U
There
SI
A
121
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
INFLATION OF THE BALLOON
122
Tie
the tube in place -
either jaw.
Behind the occiput.
the tube -
IE
the airway.
Protects the trachea
from trauma if the tube
/ balloon were
dislodged.
EV
Preserves
Securing
O
U
To
SI
A
TYING THE TUBE
123
1: Untie the tube.
EV
IE
Step
to extubate -
Prepare
O
U
SI
A
ANESTHESIA RECOVERY
124
Prepare to extubate -
EV
IE
O
U
Step 2: Deflate the tube.
SI
A
Anesthesia
Recovery
125
Prepare to extubate -
Extubate -
O
U
Step 3: Wait for dogs

reflexes.
SI
A
Anesthesia
Recovery
EV
IE
Step 4: Extubate before dog

chews the tube.
126
SI
A
EUTHANASIA
Injectable agents - anesthetics
Inhalants - CO2, CO
EV
IE
O
U
127
FELASA guidelines
Vaccination:
hepatitis
rabies
EV
parvo
IE
infectious
distemper
O
U
SI
A
HEALTH MONITORING
128
PARASITES
IE
O
U
SI
A
Toxocara canis
(intrauterine infection)
EV
129
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
130
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/TrainingVideos.htm#dog
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
WORKING WITH THE LABORATORY DOG TRAINING FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF

ANIMAL WELFARE IN RESEARCH
131
SI
A
CAT: SPF VS. CONVENTIONAL
prone to respiratory infections

Cats suffering from respiratory infections are poor
subjects for research
There are SPF (specific pathogen free) breeders
of cats
EV
IE
O
U
132
CAT: REPRODUCTION DATA

14 days
3-6 days
induced
1M /1-15F
64-66 days
3-6
2
4-5 weeks
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
Estrus cycle duration

Estrus duration
Type of ovulation
Mating methods
Gestation
Litter size
Litters / year
Weaning age
133
EV
IE
Socialize kittens between 4

and 14 weeks of age.
If socialization to humans is
neglected, they will develop a
natural fear of humans.
Cats not properly socialized
can be dangerous!!
It only takes a few minutes a
day.
O
U
SI
A
SOCIALIZATION TO HUMANS
Only socialized cats

make good research
subjects.
134
CATS LIKE COMFORT.

beds
Perches
Exercise areas
Toys
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
Soft
135
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
HOUSING
136
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
ENRICHMENT
137
CAT HANDLING
SI
A
Cautions
wounds
Scratches
Temperament
Use
safely
EV
Work
IE
O
U
Bite
proper restraint
Avoid stressing the cat
138
CAT: COMMON PROCEDURES

Handling may be difficult
SI
A
sedation
immobilization devices
EV
IE
O
U
chemical
139
the cat to cooperate:
Reassure
and pet
Verbal praise
Quiet manner
Respectful attitude
EV
IE
Stroke
O
U
Get
SI
A
HELPFUL HINTS ON
RESTRAINT
140
HELPFUL HINTS ON RESTRAINT
Too
SI
A
over-restrain a cat!
much force makes the cat struggle.
O
U
Never
you engage in a battle of wills, you will lose.

If a cat gets over excited, stop and return the cat to
his cage. Let him relax a while.
Use
EV
IE
If
the minimum restraint necessary to do

the procedure.
Persuade
(not force) the cat to cooperate.
141
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
RESTRAINT
Pancake Kitty
e.g. for cephalic vein access
Access to jugular vein
142
RESTRAINT
SI
A
Lateral
EV
IE
O
U
recumbency
143
RESTRAINT
hold
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
One-handed
144
Calming
effect.
IE
help to regain
control in a
challenging
situation.
EV
May
O
U
Reflex
Scruff
SI
A
RESTRAINT
145
RESTRAINT
Flatten
cat on a
Allows
front legs.
EV
Enclose
IE
securely.
towel.
Wrap
SI
A
Kitty Burrito
O
U
The
rear access.
146
ELIZABETHAN COLLARS
protect against bites.
Likely to stress a cat.use only if necessary.
Eliz. collar and towel combination...
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
Can
147
Intravenous injection
requires good handling
veins accessible
(antebrachial and
femoral) are small and
fragile, use butterfly
(23G) needles
Blood samples from

ear or jugular vein
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CAT: COMMON PROCEDURES
148
CAT: RESEARCH USE

Aging
Behavior
Circulatory
Hemopoietic
Musculoskeletal
Respiratory
O
U
IE
EV
Auditory
Digestive
Cancer
Endocrine
Genetics
Immune
Infectious diseases CNS
Eye
Skin
Teratology Toxicology
SI
A
Gay:Quality
HealthManagement
Benefits of Animal
Research.FBR
E.Dousia, B.Ed,
MSc, English
Teacher
149
SI
A
CAT BITES DANGEROUS INFECTION
a full-force bite, canine teeth insert

dangerous pathogens into the tissues.
IE
these wounds often develop

serious infections, medical attention
should be sought immediately after a cat
bite.
EV
Because
O
U
In
150
Toxoplasmosis
(pregnant women)
Wear gloves, wash hands
henselae
Control fleas transmission
among cats
Transmitted to humans via
bites, scratches, licking
EV
Bartonella
Scratch Fever
IE
Cat
O
U
Fetuses
SI
A
OTHER HAZARDS
UNIQUE TO CATS
151
SI
A
CAT: HEALTH SURVEILLANCE

FELASA health monitoring guidelines
Source of cats
Vaccination
EV
rabies
IE
panleukopenia
O
U
Toxoplasmosis
Deworming
152
THE FELINE DIET
to dogs,
cats have a higher
requirement for
SI
A
Compared
Protein
EV
IE
O
U
Fat
Taurine
Arachidonic
Vitamin
acid
Niacin
Pyridoxin
CatsE.Dousia,
are strict
carnivores,
unlike dogs.
B.Ed,
Quality Management
MSc, English Teacher
153
Toxicity
causes dose dependent CNS stimulation
and mania.
metabolize aspirin and other drugs poorly.
is toxic.
EV
IE
Acetominophen
O
U
Cats
SI
A
Morphine
154
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS
155
EV
IE
Jason Gehrke
3025A, 3025M, 3025N
O
U
SI
A
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
156
HORMONES
Testosterone- critical for sperm development
Estrogen- critical for follicle development

Progesterone- sustains pregnancy and inhibits new follicle
development
Relaxin- causes ligaments around birth canal to relax
Oxytocin- causes milk letdown
O
U
Female
IE
SI
A
Male
EV
157
Testicles-
Epididymis
IE
O
U
Site of sperm production and

testosterone synthesis
Sperm contain of genetic
makeup
Sperm storage and

maturation
Scrotum
EV
SI
A
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Protects testes and regulates

temperature
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/male/diagram/
158
Vas Deferans-
tube inside of penis

transports sperm or
urine exterior
Penis
O
U
Urethra-
IE
Transports sperm
from epididymis to
urethra
EV
SI
A
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
organ of copulation
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/male/diagram/
159
SI
A
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ovaries-
O
U
EV
Oviducts
IE
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/female/diagram/
Produce egg
Egg contains of
genetic makeup
Site of fertilization
Transport embryos to
uterus
Uterus
Site of embryonic
development during
gestation
160
SI
A
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Cervix-
O
U
EV
Vagina
IE
Female organ of
copulation at mating
Opening of bladder
Vulva
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/female/diagram/
Connects uterus and

vagina
Serve as barrier during
pregnancy
External opening of
reproductive system
161
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
DIFFERENT FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEMS
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/course/3443/study/Notes/female/tracts.htm
162
Fertilization- Egg & Sperm unite
Estrous cycle- Repetitive cycle occurring when

pregnancy does not
Estrus- Heat or receptivity to mating
IE
O
U
Puberty- Age at which reproductive organs

become functional
Female- Reproduction process occurs within
Only real male contribution is the sperm
EV
SI
A
EVENTS OF REPRODUCTION
Gestation- Length of time of pregnancy

Parturition- Act of giving birth
163
AGE OF PUBERTY
6 to 12 Months
5 to 7 Months
4 to 8 Months
12 to 15 Months
9 to 16 YEARS
SI
A
Cattle:
O
U
Sheep:
Horses:
EV
Humans:
IE
Swine:
164
ESTROUS CYCLE
Cattle: Polyestrous (cycle throughout year)
Sheep: Seasonal (Decreasing light, Fall)
Swine: Polyestrous (cycle throughout year)
Horses: Seasonal (Increasing daylight, Spring)
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
165
LENGTH OF ESTRUS CYCLE
SI
A
EV
Horses:
O
U
Swine:
Sheep:
19 to 23 Days
14 to 19 Days
19 to 23 Days
10 to 37 Days
IE
Cattle:
166
DURATION OF ESTRUS CYCLE
SI
A
EV
Horses:
O
U
Swine:
Sheep:
6 to 27 Hours
24 to 36 Hours
48 to 72 Hours
3 to 8 Days
IE
Cattle:
167
Swollen vulva
Mucous discharge
Restless behavior
Female receptivity
to male
SI
A
SIGNS OF ESTRUS
EV
IE
O
U
http://www.goodecattle.com/spot.htm
168
SPECIFIC SIGNS OF ESTRUS

Cattle: Visually active mounting
Sheep: Few external signs
Swine: Brace with pressure to back, vocal
grunting
Horses: Tease with Stallion and will go nose to
nose
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
169
GESTATION LENGTH
SI
A
EV
Horses:
O
U
Swine:
Sheep:
285 Days
147 Days
114 Days
336 Days
IE
Cattle:
170
PARTITION NAMES IN SPECIES
SI
A
EV
Horses:
O
U
Swine:
Sheep:
Calving
Lambing
Farrowing
Foaling
IE
Cattle:
171
SIGNS OF PARTURITION
Distended abdomen
Mammary development & milk secretion
Swollen vulva and relaxed pelvic ligaments
Mucous discharge
Relentlessness and separation from group
Labor and Contractions
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
172
O
U
IE
Appearance of
placental membrane
Expulsion of fetus
Expulsion of
placental membrane
Bonding behavior of
offspring and mother
(will vary between
species)
EV
SI
A
SIGNS OF PARTURITION
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/dairy/4-H/amdairy.htm
173
MALE TRANSFER OF SPERM

Let
SI
A
Two different ways

the male and female naturally engage.
seeks out female in Estrus

All controlled by male and female interaction
Insemination (AI)
Artificial
O
U
Male
transfers semen past female cervix

Human is in control of male product and female
interaction
No contact between male and female
IE
Human
EV
174
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (AI) PROS

Conception rate is high
Extends use of superior males
Reduce incidence of venereal diseases

Individual
Know
IE
Improves record keeping and mgt.

exactly who the father is
EV
straw per female
ejaculate can fertilize many females
O
U
One
SI
A
Can accelerate genetic improvements

175
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (AI) CONS

Need to know Estrus Cycle of animal
Cost intensive
O
U
for someone to AI animals
EV
IE
Pay
SI
A
176
AI USE IN FARM ANIMALS

Dairy Cattle: widely used
Beef Cattle: limited use (herds hard to monitor)
Sheep: limited use (need to use microscope)
Swine: intermediate use
Horses: restricted by breed associations
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
177
Check for Heat

Have all necessary tools
Make sure tools are clean
Clean her exterior

surface
Go through the AI
process for the species
being bred
Assessment, record
important information
(date, time, who to etc)
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BASIC AI PROCESS
www.ces.purdue.edu/ pork/clipart/reprod.htm
178
HOW ANIMALS DIFFER

Cattle: Follow cervix through anus, guiding the
pipette
Sheep: Use microscope to guide pipette
Swine: Out of body guiding of pipette
Horses: Restricted by breed
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
179
IE
Use a teaser bore for

receptivity
Listen to see if vocal
Swollen vulva with
secretion
Apply back pressure
O
U
Check for Heat
EV
SI
A
SWINE AI PROCESS
Tight arms
Ears flapping
www.ces.purdue.edu/ pork/clipart/reprod.htm
180
EV
Catheter/pipette
Lube
Semen
Baby wipes
O
U
Have all necessary

tools
IE
SI
A
SWINE AI PROCESS
Make sure tools are

clean
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/swine/porkpage/repro/sow2.htm
181
EV
IE
O
U
Put pressure on back

to stimulate mounting
Lubricate catheter
Insert catheter at a
30-45 degree angle
following vulva
Push in about 4-6
inches
SI
A
SWINE AI PROCESS
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/swine/porkpage/repro/mngt3.htm
182
O
U
IE
Move catheter to
horizontal position and
gently move forward until
resistance is felt
Rotate counterclockwise
once you have hit
resistance
Feel for pressure from
cervix (see if holds
pipette)
EV
SI
A
SWINE AI PROCESS
Will pulsate up and down

183
IE
DO NOT RUSH
After semen is gone give
a five count
Rotate catheter
clockwise and gently pull
out
EV
Should suck in herself
O
U
Connect semen onto

catheter
Give small squeeze to
initiate flow of semen
SI
A
SWINE AI PROCESS
184
O
U
Date
Time
Who to
Anything else that you feel
is crucial
IE
Make sure semen took

by checking that it didnt
leak out or urinated out.
Record important
information
EV
SI
A
ASSESSMENT AI PROCESS
http://mtsu32.mtsu.edu:11765/swine.htm
185
By Klevis
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
186
How the dogs mouth works
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
The dogs digestive starts off in the mouth. Where the dog chews it with its
teeth, there are different types of teeth. The tongue is also there so he
knows what is good for him and bad for him.
187
THE NEXT STEP OF DIGESTION
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
The next step after the dog chews his food. It goes down the
esophagus. The esophagus has muscles on the sides which
squeezes it down to the stomach. The food in the stomach
usually stays there for 8-10 hours.
188
THE SMALL INTESTINES
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
The small intestines are next to the kidney and the liver of the dog. The small
intestines is where most of the nutrients go from the food that has been
digested.
189
THE LARGE INTESTINES.
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
The large intestines is where the food goes. When the food
comes out it doesnt come out the same. It usually stays in
the digestive system for a few hours before it comes out.
When it comes out it comes out through the anus. It comes
out as many other kinds of colours it depends on what the
dog eats.
190
BIBLIOGRAPHY
IE
O
U
SI
A
http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/clientED/anatomy
/dog_digest.aspx
EV
191
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
192
SI
A
EV
Animal Vet Science
IE
O
U
DOG DISEASES AND PARASITES
193
Infectious Diseases
Noninfectious Diseases
Fungal Diseases
Internal Parasites
External Parasites
Poisonings
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
WHATS COVERED?
194
Infectious Diseases Diseases
that are transmittable from animal to
O
U
animal
Air
Bodily Fluids
Bodily Secretions
Contact or Exposure
IE
EV
SI
A
DISEASES
195
DISEASES
Noninfectious Diseases-
that are not transmittable from

animal to animal
Caused by natural aging
Diet
Health Care
IE
O
U
SI
A
Diseases
EV
196
DOG FUNGAL DISEASES

Fungal Disease
Mushrooms
Mold
Mildew
in air, soil, plants and in water. (some in

animals body)
Only half of fungi are harmful
IE
Live
SI
A
is a primitive vegetable
O
U
Fungus
EV
197
INTERNAL PARASITES
inside the host
Intestines
Heart
Circulatory System
IE
O
U
Live
SI
A
Internal Parasites
EV
198
EXTERNAL PARASITES
Live
SI
A
External Parasites outside the host

Skin
Coat
IE
O
U
EV
199
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
SI
A
Canine Distemper
Disease that affects respiratory,

gastrointestinal and CNS
Causes by the canine distemper virus (CDV)
IE
O
U
Viral
EV
200
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Canine Distemper Prevention
Canine Distemper Symptoms
Fever 103-106
Conjunctivitis and Rhinitis
Loss of Appetite
Diarrhea
Paralysis
IE
O
U
Animals must be vaccinated

Transmitted mostly by being airborne
SI
A
EV
201
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Term
Cough
commonly applied to upper respiratory problems in
dogs
Tracheobronchitis
Bordetellosis
Bordetella
Bacterial
IE
O
U
Kennel
SI
A
Infectious Diseases
infection
EV
202
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Kennel Cough Symptoms

Dry hacking cough
Watery nasal discharge
Fever
Lethargy
Kennel Cough Treatment
IE
O
U
SI
A
Infectious Diseases
Mild cases -run course

Severe cases - Medication
EV
Kennel Cough Prevention

Keep your dog away from other, especially pups
Vaccination
203
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
Hepatitis
SI
A
Canine
of the liver and other body organs caused

by the adenovirus.
Contamination by feces, cages, dishes, hands, etc..
IE
O
U
Disease
EV
204
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
Hepatitis Symptoms
SI
A
Canine
O
U
Coughing
Eyes
Kidney/Liver Failure seizures
Vomiting
Canine
No
IE
Cloudy
Hepatitis Treatment and Prevention
EV
specific treatment
Vaccines to immunize puppies
205
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
SI
A
Parvovirus
that attacks the gastrointestinal tract of

puppies, and dogs.
It can also damage the heart muscle of young pups
IE
O
U
Virus
EV
206
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Parvovirus Symptoms
Lethargic
Loss of Appetite
Fever
Bloody Diarrhea
Most die within 48-72 hours of symptoms
IE
Parvovirus Treatment and Prevention

No specific drug to kill virus
Hydration
Cleaning
Keeping pups away from fecal matter from others dogs
EV
O
U
SI
A
207
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious Diseases
Brucellosis
of the reproductive tract
O
U
Disease
SI
A
Canine
Female abortions
Male infections
Infertility in both sexes
by breeding
Dirty conditions
IE
Spread
EV
208
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Canine Brucellosis Symptoms

of litters
Inflamed epididymis and testicles
Swollen lymph nodes
May not show a physical signs
O
U
SI
A
Abortion
IE
Canine Brucellosis Treatment &

Prevention
No
EV
vaccine
Some drugs - not always effective
Only prevention is to test broodstock
209
NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES
NonInfectious Diseases
SI
A
what is a noninfectious disease again?
IE
O
U
So
EV
210
Noninfectious Disease
Most
SI
A
Remember
noninfectious disease are caused by
Natural Aging
Environment
Diet
Care
Genetics
EV
IE
O
U
So lets brainstorm!
What
are some noninfectious disease???
211
Heart
Two
Disease
SI
A
Types
Congenital
Acquired
Acquired
is born with it (very rare)
EV
IE
Congenital
Animal
O
U
Develops
over time
212
Heart Diseases
Chronic
Heart Valves loose effeiceny
Dilated
What
Cardiomyopathy
Muscle walls become weak and thin
IE
Valvular Disease
SI
A
what exactly is happening?
O
U
So
is happen?
Heart
EV
Failure
213
Heart Disease Symptoms

of Energy
Irregular and rapid breathing
Loss of appetite
Coughing
Weakness
Fainting
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
Lack
Heart Disease Treatment

No
Treatment
Medication
214
Cataracts
of opacity of eye lenses
Cloudy eye
O
U
are inherited
UV Light
IE
Most
Cataracts Causes
EV
SI
A
Loss
215
Cataract Treatment
IE
O
U
SI
A
Surgery
EV
216
Hip Dysplasia formation of hips

Degenerative breakdown of joints
O
U
Hip Dysplasia -
genetic and passed down for offspring
IE
to offspring
Completely
EV
SI
A
Abnormal
217
IE
O
U
SI
A
Hip Dysplasia
EV
218
Hip Dysplasia Symptoms
will rather sit than stand
Slow getting up
Stiff
O
U
Pups will run with back legs together
IE
dogs
Young
SI
A
Dog
EV
219
Noninfectious Disease
SI
A
Arthritis
of the joints
Two types: Degenerative and Inflammatory
Destruction
of cartilage that protects the bones
Stress, dysplasis
IE
Degenerative
O
U
Inflammation
EV
Inflammatory
Causes
by infection or immune-mediated disease

Affects multiple joints
220
NONINFECTIOUS DISEASE
IE
O
U
SI
A
Arthritis
EV
221
Arthritis Symptoms
Reluctance
to walk, climb stairs, jump
SI
A
Limping
rising
Difficulty
O
U
Lagging
Pain
IE
Arthritis Treatment
Killers
Exercise
Rest
Surgery (in some cases)
EV
222
Eye
SI
A
Cherry
nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid)

Hereditary weakness for the connective tissue
IE
O
U
Prolapsed
EV
223
Cherry Eye Symptoms

redness
3rd eyelid becoming visible
Removal
IE
Surgical
Cherry Eye Treatment
EV
O
U
Visual
SI
A
224
Anal
Sac Blockage
Blocked
anal sac glands
O
U
Pimple
SI
A
IE
Bacteria
EV
225
Anal Sac Blockage Symptoms
Anus
Foul Smell
Scratching and Biting
Trouble Defecating
O
U
Swollen
SI
A
IE
Anal Sac Blockage Treatment
EV
Squeezing
the gland on occasion

Surgical Removal
226
O
U
Heart
IE
Disease
Cataracts
Hip Dysplasia
Arthritis
Cherry Eye
Anal Sac Blockage
SI
A
Review
EV
227
FUNGAL DISEASES
Mushrooms
Mold
Mildew
SI
A
O
U
Fungus is a primitive vegetable
Live in air, soil, plants and in water. (some in animals body)

Only half of fungi are harmful
IE
Dog Fungal Diseases

Fungal Disease -
EV
228
FUNGAL DISEASES
Fungal Diseases
SI
A
Ringworm
by dermatophytes spores
Hair Loss
Very Contagious
IE
O
U
Caused
EV
229
Ringworm Symptoms
loss in ring formation
Itching
Creams
shampoo
IE
Medicated
Ringworm Treatment
EV
O
U
Hair
SI
A
FUNGAL DISEASES
230
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal Parasites
SI
A
Roundworms
in dogs intestines
Consume partially digested feed
Passed by feces
Offspring to offspring
IE
O
U
Live
EV
231
INTERNAL PARASITES
Roundworms Symptoms
of appetite
Pot Belly
Vomiting
Diarrhea
O
U
Roundworms Treatment
(2 - 4 Weeks)
IE
Dewormer
EV
SI
A
Loss
232
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal Parasites
SI
A
Hookworms
worm like parasites that hooks on the

intestinal wall
Feeds on blood of host
Contract orally, through skin, pass from off spring
to off spring
IE
O
U
Small
EV
233
INTERNAL PARASITES
Hook Worm Symptoms
Gums
Diarrhea
Weakness
Failure to grow properly
Drugs
IE
Hook Worm Treatment

(Oral or Injection)
EV
O
U
Pale
SI
A
Drugs only kill adult hookworm

One adult will lay 20, 000 larvae
Human can not contract
234
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal Parasites
Worms
SI
A
Heart
that grow and develop in an animals heart

and lungs.
Contract by infected mosquito
Larvae grow 4 -5 inches in length
Cause heart failures
IE
O
U
Larvae
EV
235
INTERNAL PARASITES
Heart Worm Symptoms

are really no symptoms until advanced stages
Dull coat
Lack of energy
Coughing
Difficulty Breathing
Heart Failures
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
There
Heart Worm Treatment

Drugs
for prevention
Treatment is tricky
236
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal Parasites
SI
A
Whipworm
long, live in lower intestines

Causes severe irritations of intestinal lining
One of the most pathogenic parasites in dogs
IE
O
U
1/4
EV
237
INTERNAL PARASITES
Whipworm Symptoms
Diarrhea
Weight Loss
O
U
Whipworm Treatment
continue deworming treatment for several

months
IE
Must
Dewormer
EV
SI
A
Bloody
238
INTERNAL PARASITES
SI
A
Review
Roundworms
O
U
Heartworms
Hookworms
IE
Whipworms
EV
239
EXTERNAL PARASITES
External Parasites
External Parasites -
Live
outside the host

Skin
Coat
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
240
EXTERNAL PARASITES
External Parasites
SI
A
Fleas
fly/nat looking parasite

Will lay egg in coat
Bit animal to feed on blood
IE
O
U
Small
EV
241
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
EXTERNAL PARASITES
242
EXTERNAL PARASITES
Flea Symptoms
and biting
Red spots and rashes
Flea Treatment
shampoo
Medication (internal and external)
Extermination
IE
Flea
EV
O
U
Scratching
SI
A
243
EXTERNAL PARASITES
SI
A
External Parasites
Tick
parasites that feeds on host

Will bury itself into skin
May carry many other disease (lymes)
Feed off host and fall off
IE
O
U
Small
EV
244
EXTERNAL PARASITES
Ticks Symptoms
SI
A
physically present
Lymes disease - paralysis, arthritis
removal
Tick shampoo
Lymes -No treatment, but drugs to relieve symptoms.
IE
Physical
Tick Treatment
EV
O
U
Ticks
245
IE
O
U
SI
A
EV
Introduction to Veterinary Medical Terminology
246
ANATOMY OF A MEDICAL TERM

()Prefix: word part found at the
beginning of a word
()Root: word part that gives the essential
meaning of the word
(- ) Suffix: word part found
at the end of a word
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
247
O
U
Learning prefixes may be easier when

they are presented in pairs or in similar
groups:
SI
A
LEARNING PREFIXES
IE
A- and an- both mean without or no
EV
Ab- means away from;
ad- means towards
248
O
U
SI
A
SUFFIX VARIATION DEPENDING ON USAGE
EV
IE
Insert Figure 1-2
249
ANALYZING MEDICAL TERMS
Start at the end:
SI
A
-ectomy is surgical removal ( )

ovari/o means ovary
hysteri/o means uterus
Anatomic order: body parts are in order

Ovariohysterectomy means surgical removal of the
ovaries and uterus =

EV
ovari/o/hyster/ectomy
O
U
Example: ovariohysterectomy (-)

Divide the term:
IE
250
hepatoma versus hematoma (- )

urethra versus ureters
Some words sound alike, but are spelled

differently and have very different meanings:
EV
IE
O
U
Changing one or two letters may com-pletely

change the meaning of a word:
SI
A
SPELLING IS ALWAYS IMPORTANT
ileum versus ilium (- )
251
O
U
SI
A
Where, Why, and What?
EV
IE
Understanding Body Planes, Positional Terms, Directional Terms, and Body

Cavities
252
IN POSITION -
Positional terms are important for accurately
and concisely describing body locations and
relationships of one body structure to another
Terms like forward and backward, up and down,
in and out, and side to side may not be clear
enough descriptions for universal
understanding
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
253
Relative location of the

whole body or an organ
is described through
the use of pairs of
contrasting body
direction terms
Medial versus lateral:
IE
Medial is toward
midline( )
Lateral is away from
midline ( )
EV
O
U
SI
A
BODY DIRECTIONS
O
U
cephalic also means pertaining to

the head
proximal versus distal

(F and G) (- )
palmar versus plantar
(H and I) ()
anterior versus posterior ()
superior versus inferior ()
superficial versus deep
(- )
IE
ventral versus dorsal

(C and D)(- )
cranial versus caudal
(A and B) (- )
rostral versus caudal
(E and B) (- )
EV
SI
A
BODY DIRECTIONS
BODY PLANES
SI
A
midsagittal plane: plane that divides the body into equal right and left
halves
sagittal plane: plane that divides the body into right and left parts
dorsal plane: plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral
(belly) parts
also called the median plane and midline
O
U
IE
Planes are imaginary lines used descriptively to divide the body

into sections
Planes of the body include
also known as the frontal plane or coronal plane
EV
transverse plane: plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal
parts
also known as the horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane
256
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
PLANES OF THE BODY
257
Anatomy
SI
A
STUDY TERMS
Physiology
O
U
study of body function
Pathology
IE
The suffix -logy means

the study of
Terms with -logy
are used to describe
specific branches of
study
EV
study of body structure
study of the nature, causes,

and development of
abnormal conditions
Etiology
study of disease
258
O
U
IE
Dental arcade
arrangement of teeth in
mouth
Lingual surface
aspect of the tooth facing

tongue
Buccal surface
aspect of the tooth facing
cheek
Occlusal surface
aspect of the teeth that
meet when you chew
Labial surface
tooth surface facing the
lips
Contact surface
aspects of the tooth that
touch other teeth
EV
SI
A
MOUTH TERMS
mesial contact
distal contact
THE HOLE TRUTH
contains the brain in the skull
Spinal cavity
Thoracic cavity/chest cavity
SI
A
O
U
Cranial cavity
contains the spinal cord within the

spinal column
contains the heart and lungs

within the ribs and between
the neck and diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
IE
A body cavity is a hole or hollow

space within the body that
contains and protects internal
organs
There are many body cavities
within an animal
EV
contains the reproductive and

some excretory organs
formed by the pelvic bones
Abdominal cavity
contains the major organs of

digestion between the
diaphragm and pelvic cavity
also known as the peritoneal

cavity
260
LYING AROUND
SI
A
O
U
IE
The medical term for lying down is recumbent

Recumbent positions are then described by the body
part that is being laid upon
dorsal recumbency: lying on the back
ventral recumbency: lying on the belly
left lateral recumbency: lying on the left side

right lateral recumbency: lying on the right side

EV
261
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
RECUMBENCY POSITIONS
262
O
U
EV
IE
Adduction
to move toward
midline
think add
Abduction
to move away
from midline
think child
abduction means
to take the child
away
SI
A
MOVEMENT TERMS
Flexion
bending a joint or
reducing the angle
between two
bones
Extension
straightening a
joint or increasing
the angle between
two bones
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
MOVEMENT TERMS
Cells are the basic

structural units of the body
Protoplasm consists of the

cell membrane, cytoplasm
and nucleus
O
U
Cyt/o means cell

Cytology is the study of
cells
SI
A
CYTE TERMS
IE
-plasm means formative

material of cells
Prot/o means first
EV
ITS IN THE GENES
EV
IE
O
U
Genetic means something that pertains to genes or

heredity
Genetic disorder is any disease or condition caused by
defective genes
also known as hereditary disorders
Congenital denotes something that is present at birth

a genetic defect may be congenital
Anomaly is a deviation from what is regarded as
normal
SI
A
266
GROUPING THINGS TOGETHER
SI
A
O
U
IE
A tissue is a group of specialized cells that join

together to perform a certain function
Histology is the study of tissues
Hist/o means tissue; -logy means the study of
There are four main tissue types
Epithelial
connective
Muscle
Nervous
EV
267
PATHOLOGY OF TISSUE
Prefixes used to describe
tissue growth:
SI
A
O
U
IE
Tissue can form normally

or abnormally
-plasia () describes
formation, development,
and growth of tissue and
cell numbers
-trophy describes
formation, development,
and increased size of
tissue and cells
a- means without
hypo- means less than
normal
hyper- means more than
normal
dys- means bad
ana- means without ()
neo- means new
EV
268
TUMOR TERMS
O
U
SI
A
Neoplasia = any abnormal growth of tissue in

which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled,
more rapid than normal, and progressive
a distinct mass of tissue formed from a

neoplasm (-oma means tumor or neoplasm)
IE
benign:
tumor:
not recurring
malignant: tending to spread and become lifethreatening
EV
269
GLANDS
Exocrine glands are glands that secrete material into ducts
Exo- means out, crine means to secrete
Endocrine glands are glands that secrete chemicals into the

bloodstream for transportation to organs and other structures
throughout the body
IE
O
U
SI
A
Glands are groups of specialized cells that secrete

material used elsewhere in the body
aden/o means gland
EV
Endo- means within, crine means to secrete
270
VETERINARY ASSISTANT
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
271
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
AMBUBAG -
272
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
ANESTHETIC MACHINES 002
273
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
ANIMAL CLIPPER
274
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
AUTOCLAVE
275
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
AUTOCLAVE TAPE INDICATOR - 005
276
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BACKHAUS TOWEL CLAMPS
277
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BALLING GUN - 007
278
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BANDS (CASTRATION/DOCKING:

279
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BANDAGING MATERIAL
ROLL GAUZE
280
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BANDAGING MATERIAL VET WRAP

281
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BETADINE -
282
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BRUSH BODY SOFT BRISTLE
283
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BRUSH DANDY STIFF BRISTLE
284
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BRUSH SLICKER
285
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BRUSH PIN
286
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
BULB SYRINGE
287
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CAT BAG
288
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CATCH POLE (DOG SNARE)

289
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CATHETER IV
290
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CATHETER URINE
291
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CENTRIFUGE
292
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CHAIN TWITCH
293
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CHEMICAL STERILIZATION INDICATOR STRIPS

294
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CLIPPER BLADES
295
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
CLIPPER COMB
296
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
SURGICAL DRAPES
297
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
COLD STERILE TRAY
298
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
COMB CURRY
299
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
COMB FLEA
300
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
COMB SCOTCH 034
301
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
COVER SLIPS
302
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
DENTAL RETRACTOR -
303
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
DENTAL SCALER -
304
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
LEAD ROPE
305
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
LEAD GLOVES
306
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
NEEDLE HOLDER OLSEN-HEGAR
307
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
MUZZLE COMMERCIAL
308
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
NAIL CLIPPERS PLIER
309
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
OPHTHALMOSCOPE
310
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
PASTE GUN
311
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
PILL COUNTING TRAY
312
DISPOSABLE HYPODERMIC NEEDLES

EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
313
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
ELASTRATOR
314
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
ELIZABETHIAN COLLAR
315
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES
316
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
FECAL LOOP
317
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
FEALYZERS
318
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
FEEDING TUBE FOR SMALL ANIMALS

319
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
FINGERTIP TOOTHBRUSH 063
320
Anal sacs
Anal glands

pairs of pouches that

store an oily, foulsmelling fluid
secreted by the anal
glands
O
U
secretory tissues that

are composed of
aprocine and
sebaceous glands
EV
IE
SI
A
EXAMPLES OF SPECIALIZED
DOG AND CAT TERMS
Carnassial tooth
large, shearing
cheek tooth
O
U
SI
A
DOG AND CAT TERMS
the upper fourth

premolar and
lower first molar
in dogs
the upper third
premolar and
lower first molar
in cats
EV
IE
Elizabethan collar
device placed
around neck and
head of dogs to
prevent them
from
traumatizing an
area
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
DOG AND CAT TERMS
commonly called an
E-collar
Polydactyly
more than the

normal amount
of digits
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
DOG AND CAT TERMS
Points
color of nose
(mask), ears,
tail, and feet of
an animal
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
DOG AND CAT TERMS
O
U
SI
A
EV
IE
Drugs, Disease, and Dissection
Pharmacology, Pathology, and Surgical

Terms
326
PHARMACOLOGICAL TERMS
Pharmacology is the study of the nature, uses,
and effects of drugs
Pharmacology terms
O
U
SI
A
drug =
medication that may be purchased by prescription
or from a licensed professional
over-the-counter drug =
medication that may be purchased without a
prescription
EV
IE
prescription
327
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

SI
A
O
U
IE
Oral = po
Parenteral = route other than the GI tract
Nonparenteral = route via the GI tract
Intradermal = ID
Intramuscular = IM
Intravenous = IV
Subcutaneous = SQ, SC, SubC, or SubQ
Inhalation
EV
328
DRUG CATEGORIES
O
U
SI
A
Look at the following drug categories and by

defining the terms determine what these drugs
do:
Antipyretic
emetic versus antiemetic -
mydriatic agent versus miotic agent
-
antipruritic agent
IE
Analgesic
EV
329
SURGICAL INCISIONS
Flank
cut lateral and parallel

to the ventral midline
O
U
Paramedian
cut perpendicular to the

long axis of the body
IE
cut along the

midsagittal plane of
the abdomen
SI
A
Ventral midline
Paracostal
EV
cut oriented parallel

to the last rib
BIOPSY TYPES
SI
A
Biopsy means removing living tissue to

examine
biopsy
removing
biopsy
removing
needle
entire mass
part of the mass, tissue, or organ
biopsy
IE
incisional
O
U
excisional
EV
insertion
of a needle into a tissue for extraction of tissue

to be examined
331
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
332
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
333
VITAL SIGNS
SI
A
Vital signs are parameters taken from the

animal to assess its health
O
U
temperature
versus afebrile
pyrexia
pulse
respiration
blood
IE
febrile
EV
pressure
334
TYPES OF EXAMINING
listening
Palpation
Percussion
examination
by tapping the surface to determine

density of a body area
EV
by feeling
examination
O
U
to body sounds
SI
A
Auscultation
IE
335
ADR = vague symptoms that havent yet solidified into a

diagnosis
BID = bis in die are used with

prescriptions and mean that the medication should be given
twice daily. You might also see TID (three times daily) or QID
(four times daily).
BUN= The blood urea nitrogen test measures the amount of

urea nitrogen in your pets blood, which helps us know how
well the kidneys and liver are performing
CBC= complete blood count
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
336
IE
EV
O
U
Dx: Rx, for prescriptions, the Latin recipere, or recipe. Dx =

diagnosis. Tx (treatment or therapy) Sx (surgery or symptom).
HBC: Short for "hit by car.
IgA: Immunoglobulin A is a type of antibody that protects the skin,
respiratory tract, digestive tract, and some parts of the reproductive
and urinary systems from bacterial, fungal and viral invaders. Low
levels of IgA can predispose pets to allergies or infections.
O.S.: =oculus sinister, or left eye. The term O.D.
stands for oculus dexter, or right eye.
SSRI: =selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. This class of drugs may
be prescribed for pets with general anxiety problems.
SI
A
337
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
COMMON ANATOMIC TERMS

FOR CATS
338
EV
IE
O
U
SI
A
COMMON ANATOMIC TERMS

FOR DOGS
339

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΚΤΗΝΙΑΤΡΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ

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D

Veterinary Medical Terminology and

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

COMMON ROOT WORDS

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

COMMON ROOT WORDS

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

HYPO- below normal;

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-TOMY: to cut into

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

-SCOPY: the act of using

-LOGY: the study of

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E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

BREAKING DOWN A TERM

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COMMON DIRECTIONAL TERMS

CRANIAL: toward the

LATERAL: side of the

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

COMMON DIRECTIONAL TERMS

PLANTAR: bottom of the

MEDIAL: toward the

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: DOGS

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: CATS

Queening: the labor

Queen: adult female

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: RABBITS

Kindling: labor process of

Buck: adult male intact

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

Dam: adult female

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: RATS AND MICE

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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: POULTRY AND

Pullet: immature female

Cock: adult intact male

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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: PIGS

Gilt: young immature

Sow: adult female

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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: HORSES

Foal: newborn horse

Stallion: adult male

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COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: EQUINE

Horse: equine over 14.2

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

COMMON ANIMAL TERMS: EQUINE

Jack: intact male donkey

Donkey: donkey crossed

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E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

NM: neutered male

K-9: canine or dog

E.Dousia, B.Ed, Quality Management MSc, English Teacher

d/o: drop off