1.

Content-based image retrieval systems: A survey

AUTHORS: R. C. Veltkamp and M. Tanase
In many areas of commerce, government, academia, and hospitals, large
collections of digital images are being created. Many of these collections are the
product of digitizing existing collections of analogue photographs, diagrams,
drawings, paintings, and prints. Usually, the only way of searching these
collections was by keyword indexing, or simply by browsing. Digital images
databases however, open the way to content-based searching. In this paper we
survey some technical aspects of current content-based image retrieval systems.
2. A survey of content-based image retrieval with high-level semantics
AUTHORS: Y. Liu, D. Zhang, G. Lu, and W. Ma
In order to improve the retrieval accuracy of content-based image retrieval
systems, research focus has been shifted from designing sophisticated low-level
feature extraction algorithms to reducing the semantic gap between the visual
features and the richness of human semantics. This paper attempts to provide a
comprehensive survey of the recent technical achievements in high-level semanticbased image retrieval. Major recent publications are included in this survey
covering different aspects of the research in this area, including low-level image
feature extraction, similarity measurement, and deriving high-level semantic
features. We identify five major categories of the state-of-the-art techniques in
narrowing down the semantic gap: (1) using object ontology to define high-level
concepts; (2) using machine learning methods to associate low-level features with
query concepts; (3) using relevance feedback to learn users intention; (4)
generating semantic template to support high-level image retrieval; (5) fusing the
evidences from HTML text and the visual content of images for WWW image
retrieval. In addition, some other related issues such as image test bed and retrieval
performance evaluation are also discussed. Finally, based on existing technology
and the demand from real-world applications, a few promising future research
directions are suggested.
3. Image retrieval: Ideas, influences, and trends of the new age
AUTHORS: R. Datta, D. Joshi, J. Li, and J. Wang

We have witnessed great interest and a wealth of promise in content-based image

retrieval as an emerging technology. While the last decade laid foundation to such
promise, it also paved the way for a large number of new techniques and systems,
got many new people involved, and triggered stronger association of weakly
related fields. In this article, we survey almost 300 key theoretical and empirical
contributions in the current decade related to image retrieval and automatic image
annotation, and in the process discuss the spawning of related subfields. We also
discuss significant challenges involved in the adaptation of existing image retrieval
techniques to build systems that can be useful in the real world. In retrospect of
what has been achieved so far, we also conjecture what the future may hold for
image retrieval research.
4. A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on
featured distributions
AUTHORS: T. Ojala, M. Pietikinen, and D. Harwood
This paper evaluates the performance both of some texture measures which have
been successfully used in various applications and of some new promising
approaches proposed recently. For classification a method based on Kullback
discrimination of sample and prototype distributions is used. The classification
results for single features with one-dimensional feature value distributions and for
pairs of complementary features with two-dimensional distributions are presented
Texture analysis, classification, feature distribution, brodatz texures, kullback
discriminant, performance evaluation.
5. Object recognition from local scale-invariant features
AUTHORS: D. Lowe
An object recognition system has been developed that uses a new class of local
image features. The features are invariant to image scaling, translation, and
rotation, and partially invariant to illumination changes and affine or 3D
projection. These features share similar properties with neurons in inferior
temporal cortex that are used for object recognition in primate vision. Features are
efficiently detected through a staged filtering approach that identifies stable points
in scale space. Image keys are created that allow for local geometric deformations

by representing blurred image gradients in multiple orientation planes and at

multiple scales. The keys are used as input to a nearest neighbor indexing method
that identifies candidate object matches. Final verification of each match is
achieved by finding a low residual least squares solution for the unknown model
parameters. Experimental results show that robust object recognition can be
achieved in cluttered partially occluded images with a computation time of under 2
seconds