GAS DYNAMICS AND am eye PR ra aga gg lad Pee eed SLABS, (CHENNAI, TRICHY & TIRt (erect LedGas Dynamics And | Jet Propulsion | (For V Semester Mechanical Engineering) S. SENTHIL, M-Tech (T -Madras), MBA. (Ph.D). ; “Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Mailam Engineering College Mailam, Tindivanam (T.K), Villupuram (D.T) E-mail: senthil_jit@yahoo.com ‘ Author of: Heat and Mass Transfer Unconventional Machining Process | Applied Thermodynamics i S$. AGORAM avi FOUNDER LAKSHM! PUBLICATIONS ‘AR. PUBLICATIONS A.RS. PUBLICATIONS Arpakkam, Sirkali, Nagapattinam Dist. Pin - 609 111 @ Strength of Materials $ Introduction of Finite Element Analysis Engineering Economics and Cost Analysis, Entrepreneurship Development A.R.S, PUBLICATIONS ‘No.1L, Veerabathra Nager, Part-II, Mambakiam Road, Medavakkam, Chennai-601 100, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Phone: 044-65397467, 04142-251098 Mobile: 98436 16861, 98400 25186, 90037 55174, 94433 51098First Edition: August 2004 Second Edition: June 2005 Third Revised Edition: June 2006 Fourth Edition: Fifth Revised Edition: June 2008 th Edition: June 2009 © All Rights Reserved by the Author No part of this publication can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Price: Rs. 270/- Published by and copies can be had from Head Office: ARS. PUBLICATIONS No.|, Veerabathra Nager, Part — Il Mambakkam Road, Medavakkam Chennai — 600 100, Tamil Nedu, INDIA. Phone: 044 ~ 65397467, Mobile: 98400 25186 e-mail: lak_pub@yahoo.com Branch Office: A.R.S, PUBLICATIONS Arpakkam (P.O), Sirkali (Taluk) Nagapattinam District Tamil Nadu - 609 111, INDIA. Phone : 04364 ~291130 Cell : 98436 16861, 9003755174, 94433 51098 Printed at: Sekar Oftset Printers, 168 Big Street, Triplicane, Chennai-600 005. Dedicated to my Beloved Students1am pleased to bring out my sth edtion of “Gas Dynamics. and Jet Propulsion” for Engineering and Technology students. This book is based om the latest Anna University Syllabus for ¥ Semester Mechanical Branch ofall Engineering Colleges. All universiy problems have beon added under each wit, which will enable the students to score high smarts inthe University examination. 1 am extremely grateful to my Honourable Chairman Thine N. Kesavan D.Com, MA, Beloved Director Thiru M. Dhanasekaran, MA, BEd, D.Ag, DIET, and Secretary Thiru, V. Subramanian for ‘his immediate approval and constant encouragement to bring out this book J thant my Principal Prof. ¥. Hangovan, M.Tech, Ph.D. for _ving me general suggestions and ideas while writing this book ‘My sincere thanks to Thiru. A. Durai, B.E., Thiru. A. Ramakrishnan and Thiru. A. Ramesh of “A.R.S. Publications” for their involvement to ‘make this publication suocessfu. Any errors, omissions and suggestions for the improvement of this book are most welcome. 5S. SENTHIL ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS. ME1303 : GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION For V Semester Mechanical Engineering 1, COMPRESSIBLE FLOW ~ FUNDAMENTALS Energy and momentum equations for compressible fhuid lows, vatious regions of flows, reference velocities, stagnation state, velocity of sound, criticl states, Mack number, critical Mach number, types of waves, Mach cone, Mech angle effect of Mach number on compressibility 2, FLOW THROUGH VARIABLE AREA DUCTS Tsentropie flow through variable area ducts, T-s and h-s diagrams for nozzle tnd diffuser flows, area ratio as a function of Mech number, mass flow rate through nozates and ditfusers, effect of fection in ow through nozzles, 3. FLOW THROUGH CONSTANT AREA DUCTS Flow in constant area ducts with fiction (Faso flow) ~ Fenno curves and anno flow equation, variation of low properties, variation of Mach number with ut length, {sothermal flow wit fiction in constant ares ducts: Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer (Rayleigh flow), Rayleigh line and Rayleigh flow equation, variation of flow properties, maximum heat transfer 4, NORMAL SHOCK Governing equations variation of flow parameters like slatic pressure, static ‘emperature, density, stagnation pressure and entropy across the neemal shock, Prandtl - Meyer equation, impossibility of shock in subsonic flows, flow in ‘convergent and divergent nozzle with shock, ormal shock in Faano and Rayleigh flows, flow with oblique shock (elementary treatment only), 5. PROPULSION Aircraft propulsion ~ types of jt engines ~ energy flow through jet engines, study of turbojet engine components — gifuser, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and exhaust systems, performance of turbo jet engines ~ trust, thrust power, propulsive and overall efiiencies, thrust augmentation in turbo jet engine, ram jt and pulse jt engines Rocket propulsion ~ rocket engines thrust equation — effective jet velocity Specific impulse ~ cocket engine performance, solid and liquid propellant comparison of diferent propulsion systems. ooCONTENTS } UNIT ~1: COMPRESSIBLE FLOW- ____ FUNDAMENTALS. TA. Tntroduction sen 1 12, Gas Dynamics non 13. Types of Fluid Flow . 14 Steady Flow Energy Equation «0 15, Steady Flow Energy Equation for Turbo machines uc 1 1.6. Steady Flow Energy Equation for Nozzle and Diffuser..1.6 17. Velocity of Sound (2) 1.8. Derivation of Aceoustie Velocity (or) Sound Velocity (a) 19. Mach Number... 1.10, Stagnation State LIL. Stagnation Enthalpy (ig) 1.12. Stagnation Temperature (Tq) 13. Stagnation Pressure (9¢) oo 1.14, Stagnation Density (Pp)... 115. 1.16. LIT. Reference Velocities. 118. Characteristic Mach Number (or) Critica 149. Crocco Number (C,) 1.20. Bernoulli Equation. 1.21. Effect of Mach Number on Compressibiit 1.22, Mach Cone, Mach Angle, Mach Waves... 123. Formulae Used. 124. Solved Problems. 125. University Solved Problems.. 126. Solved Derivations. 1.27. Two Mark Questions and Answers. UNIT If ISENTROPIC FLOW THROUGH VARIABLE, AREA DUCTS. 2a. Introduction . 2.2, Adiabatie Process. {©2_Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2.3, Isentropie Process. 24 Comparison of Isentropie and Ad 2:5 Mach Number Variation for Variable Area. 2.6. Expansion in Nozzle 29. Diffuse 2:10, Critieal Temperature (*), Critica Critieal Density (9*) 241, Area Ratio as a Funetion of Mach Number.. 2112. Impulse Function (or) Wall Force Funetion.. 213, Mass Flow Rate in terms of Pressure Ratio.. 2.14, Mass Flow Rate in terms of Area Ratio. 215. Mass Flow Rate in terms of Mach Numbe 2.16. Flow Throngh Nozzles... seeeeses 20) 2.16.1. Convergent Nozze ..n- : 2.162. Convergent Divergent NozZl€ un 217. Flow through Diffuse ZA8. Formulae Used... 219. Solved Problems.. 221. Solved Derivations. 222, Two Mark Questions and Answer: FLOW THROUGH CONSTANT AREA DUCTS. 34-3253, With Heat Transfer UNIT- 1 Zi, Flow in Constant Area Ducts V (Rayleigh Flow).. 34 Introduction 1 Rayleigh Curve... Fundamental Equations .... semen 33 Continuity Equation. eB Momentum Equation 34 Mach Number 35 ENergY-cannnnsninennnnns 13.6 Impulse Function . 36 3.1.9, Stagnation Pressure. : By 3.1.10. Static Temperature.-11, Stagnation Temperature. 2. De sity nn . Change of Entropy. 4, Heat Transfer : 5. Variation of Flow Parameter and Maximum Heat Transfer 3.116, Solved Problems. 3.117. Solved University Problems. Solved Derivations mene . Two Mark Questions and Answers. 3.2. Flow in Constant Area Duets with Friction and Heat Transfer (anno Flow).. 3.2.1. Introduction 3.22. Fanno Line (0:) Curve 3.23. Fanno Flow Equations... 3.24, Solution of Fanno Flow Equ 3.2.5. Variation of Flow Properties. ‘Temperature. Stagnation Pressure. Impulse Function - ENITOPY sere . + Variation of Mach Number with Duet Length nnn 3148 2.14. Isothermal Flow with Friction 4 3.2.15. Solved Problems. saves BAST 3.2.16. University Solved Problems.. 3.184 3.2.17. Solved Derivations wn 3.246 3.2.18, Two Mark Questions and Answers. 3.248. “A, Normal Shock Waves. 4.1.1. Introduction 4.12. Prandtl — Mayer Relation.. 4.13. Down Stream Mach Number (M,). 4.14, Static Pressure Ratio aeross the Shock 4.1.5. Static Temperature Ratio across the Shock |. Supersonic Wind Tunnels... . Formulae Used. . Solved Problems. |. Solved University Problems. . Solved Derivations . Two Mark Questions and Answer . Diffuser, . Compressor, . Turbine... . Nozzle. Velocity of Sound across the Shock. Rankine ~ Hugoniot Equation, Stagnation Pressure Ratio across the Shock ‘Change in Entropy across the Shock Strength of Shock Wave... Oblique Shock Waves.. Intecduction Flow through Oblique Shock Waves... Formulae Used... Introduction Classification of Jet Propulsion. Classification of Air Breathing Engines Ramjet Engine i Pulsejet Engine Turbojet Engine . TurboProp Engine., ‘Turbofan Engine ‘Component Efficiencies ‘Combustion Chamber. ‘Thrust sone 5.28 Jet Thrust 5.28 Propeller Thrust. 529 3. Effective Speed Ratio... 530 Specific Thrust... sue 530 ‘Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (TSF)... 531contents CS gered sese te seeeeee ee seeeeceeeeneeC vere coe 531 531 Specific Impulse wenn Propulsive Efficiency 3. Thera Efficienc; Overall Efficiency. Solved Problems University Solved Problems. . Two Mark Questions & Answer 5. Review Questions. Rocket Propulsion. Introduction Classification of Rocket Engines. Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine. Liquid Propellant... Properties of Liquid Propellants Liguid Propellant Feed System Gas Pressure Feed System. ‘Turbo Pump Feed System. Combustion... i Solid Propeliant Rocke! Engine. Solid Propellants . Properties of Solid Propellants Hybrid Propellant Rocket Ensne. Hybrid Propellant... ‘Nuclear Rocket Engine Electrical Rocket Engine Are Plasma Rocket Engine . 3. Ton Rocket Engine ‘Magneto Plasma Rocket Engine . Solar Rocker Theory of Rocket Propulsion. Losses in Rocket Engine.. Efficiencies eonnnnen |. Rocket Applications... Formulae Used... Solved Problems University Solved Problems. Two Mark Questions & Answers. Review Question (1 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW - FUNDAMENTALS SS 4.4. INTRODUCTION [A fluids defined as a substance which continuously deforms und the action of shearing forces. Liquids and gases are termed as fluids. “The study of finids at rest is known as fluid staties. The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are Mm considered, is known as fluid kinema ‘The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are al: considered, is known as fluid dynamics. 4,2, GAS DYNAMICS Gas dynamics deals withthe sty of maton of gases and is effec It aiffers from fluid dynamics. Gas dynamies considers thermal or chemi cffects while Quid dynamics these effects are generally excluded. 4.3. TYPES OF FLUID FLOW “The fluid flow is classified as follows 1. Steady and Unsteady flows Uniform and Nonuniform flows Laminar and Turbutant flows 2 3 4, Compressible and incompressible flows 5. Rotational and Irotational flows 6. One dimensional flow, Two dimensional flow and Th dimensional flow. Are a :2 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 1. Steady and Unsteady flows ‘Steady flow is that type of flow, in which the uid characterisites like velocity, pressure and density at a point do not change with time. Unsteady flow is that type of low, in which the fuid characteristics like velocity, pressure and density at 2 point changes with respect to time. 2. Uniform and Non-uniform flows. Uniform flow is that type of flow, in which the velocity of fluid particles at all sections are equal Non-uniform flow is that type of flow, in which the velocity of fluid particles at all sections are not equal 3. Laminar and Turbulant flows Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of | flow the uid moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth and continuous path. Jn turbulant flow, the fuid particles move in very irregular paths, 4. Compressible and incompressible flows Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the ‘uid changes from point to point, ie. density is not constant forthe fluid. Density, p # constant Examples : Gases, vapours Incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the ‘uid is constant Density, 9 = constant Example : Liquids 5, Rotational and irrotational flows Rotational flow is thet type of flow in which the fluid particles owing, along stream lines and also rotate about their own axis, Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1 Irrotational flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles flowing along stream lines but do not rotate about their own axis, 6. One dimensional, Two dimensional and Three dimensional flows. ‘One dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is function of time and one space co-ordinate (x) only. In tis type of flow the stream lines may be represented by straight lines “Two dimensional flow is thattype of flow in which the low parameter such as velocity isa function of time and two space e0-ordinates (x,y) onl. In tis type of flow the siream lines may be represented by a curve, ‘The flow of liquid whose stream lines may be represented in space slong three mutually perpendicular axis (x, y and 2) is called three dimensional flow. 4.4 STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION From first aw of Thermodynamics, we know that the total energy “entering the system is équal to total energy leaving the system. This law is, applicable to the steady flow systems. Outlet (2) Inet (1) 2 fe eee LEE 2 | Datum level Fig Ld1.4 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘Consider an open system through which the working substance flows sa stosdy rate as shown in fig.1.1. The working substance entering the system at (1) and leaves the system at (2) Let, Py ~ Pressure of the working substance entering the system (vim?) yy — Specific volume of the working substance entering the system (m3/kg) oy — Velocity of the, working substance entering the system (ov) U, = Specifie internal energy of the working substance entering the system (kg) 2, = Height above the datum level for inlet in (m). bas ¥2s€ Uzand Z, ~ Corresponding values for the working substance leaving the system, Q ~ Heat supplied to the system (I/kg) W_ = Work delivered by the system (J/kg). ‘Total energy entering the system. = Potential energy (82) 2) Kinetic energy ( : Internal eneray (U) Flow energy (Py ¥1) Heat (Q) Compressible Flow = Fundamentals 15 “Total energy leaving the system = Potential energy (@22) 2 Kinotie energ of) #(§ intemal enerey (U9) Flow energy (P2 2) Work (W) From first law of Thermodynamics, ‘Tota energy entering the system = Total energy leaving the syste ei) aut (F}u +pimt@ 2) i +a, + [Spo renew | 3 [awe enso-wn [A= Use ‘Tie above equation is known as steady flow energy equation. 4,8 STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION FOR TURBO MACHINES. ‘Most of the compressible flow turbomachines such as turbines @ compressors are classified as adiabatic machines. In these machines the is no heat transfer takes place and change in potential energy (Z ~ 23} also nezligibe. So, apply Q-0, 2-2 = 0 in Equation (1.1).4.6 STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION FOR NOZZLE AND DIFFUSER Nozzle is a device which increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of working substance. Diffuser is a device which increases the pressure and decreases the velocity of the w forking substance. In these systems 1. There is no work is done by the system Le. W= 0 2. There is no heat transfer takes place 3. Change in potential energy is negligible ie. 22 = eZ Apply these conditions in Equation (1.1). ic. Qr0 apes 4.7 VELOCITY OF SOUND (a) ‘The velocity with which sound waves propagate in a medium is called velocity of sound (2), Sound waves are generated due to infinitesimally small pressure disturbances. ‘The velocity of sounds given by a= WRT ~3) Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.7 1.8 DERIVATION OF ACOUSTIC VELOCITY (or) SOUND VELOCITY (a) Sound waves are infinitely small pressure disturbances. The speed ‘with which sound propagates in a medium is called speed of sound and is denoted by‘. fan infinitesimal disturbance is created by the piston, as shown in fig 1.2, the wave propagates through the gas at the velocity of sound relative to the gas into which the disturbance is moving, | Distance P Pressure Distance Fig. 1.2 Propagation of an infinitesimal wave in a constant area duct In the case the stagnant gas at pressure ‘p’ on the right appears to flow towards the left with velocity a. When the flow has passed through the wave to the left its pressure is raised to p + dp and the velocity is lowered toa~ de,1.3 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘Apply momentum equation for this process. Alp -(p+dp)} = m ((@-de)-a] = Aip~p=dp}=pAale-de-a] (1s me pAc, Heree™a = m= Aa} = [reac] ----(4) From continuity equation fr the two sides ofthe wave m= pAa= (p+ dp) (@-de)A => pAa= A fap —pde+ adp — dpde] = pa [pa~ pe +adp —dpde} The term dpde is negligible = pam pa-pde +adp Substituting Equation (B) in Equation (A) (A> dp lady) xa = aép peat rd - [8 For Isentropic flow ce ap” YT = |e on [E- vim ‘Sound velocity (or) accoustic velocity (2) = /7RT -@) 4.9 MACH NUMBER ‘The Mach number is an index ofthe ratio between inertia force and elastic force velocity of sound (a). ve ee K where P = Density of the fluid e- Velocit pad KA Tnertis force Elastic foree A= Flow area K — Bulk Modulus Compressible Flow ~ Fundamemals 1.9 ofthe fluid ‘This relation gives another important definition of Mach numbe i.e, the Mach number is defined as the ratio ofthe fluid velocity (e) 1 th: We know that rep Velocity of sound, a= /7RT > z May ViRT a4)1.10 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 1.40 STAGNATION STATE Stagnation state is obtained by decelerating a gas isentropically to zero velocity at er0 elevation, The stagnation state of gas is often used as a reference state, 1.11 STAGNATION ENTHALPY (lig) ‘Stagnation enthalpy can be defined as the enthalpy ofa gas when it is iseatropically decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation. Put hy =h cy=e for the initial stare, ‘hy= hy 0,0 for the final state, in Equation (1.3). ae Behe cee = | fps he & =(1.5) where ‘hg Stagnation enthalpy ‘hi Static enthalpy ¢~ Fluid velocity 4.12 STAGNATION TEMPERATURE (Ty) Stagnation temperature is the temperature of the gas when it is isenteopically decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation, ‘We know that Stagnation enthalpy te he gt y= sted Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.1] Divided by ep 1 2 = Be [san VaR} a Y-1 Ty 2z [+ Mach Number M =] where, ‘Ty ~ Stagnation temperature T~ Static temperature M~Mach Number1.12. Gas Dynémies and Jét Propiilsion 4.43 STAGNATION PRESSURE (P,) ‘Stagnation pressure isthe pressure ofthe gas when itis isentropically decelerated to 2670 velocity at zero elev For isentropic flow y p(T) Yt pe Tt For stagnation condition, Put pope T27To Ty2T ears To T Where Pp~ Stagnation pressure p- Static pressure M~—Mach Number 4.14 STAGNATION DENSITY (P,) Stagnation density isthe density ofthe gas when itis sentropically 2 (Ae Me JeMP ane an [2 sqeyle ae = weet a oen 2 [2480-D]e ga > M [ oD) a+1 pea th = MSD Farewee -0.27) Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.25 = we- oD 2+M(V-1) This equation gives the relationship between M* and M From equation (1.28), we came to know Mt=1ifM=1 M*<1ifM LifM>1 eo ttl coal From that we know M* behaves in the same'manner as M, except when M goes to infinity. M ifMoo It is more inconvenient to use M* instead of M due to the following 1. Athigh velocities M approaches infinity but M* gives a finite seve FE)1.26 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2, M [Is proportional to the fluid velocity (c) and sound velocity (), but M* is proportional tothe fluid velocity alone. Mat 2 Mtoe S * Mr ¢ 4.49 CROCCO NUMBER (c,) Itis defined as the ratio between fluid velocity (¢) and its maximum fluid velocity (Cypax) [vera gee Mg ~---(1.29) fee = : & From Equation (1.24), we know that Se EEL FV YT fiat mae 111 z Substitute this value in Equation (1.29) (129) = eM x JP Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.27 ==-=(130) From Equation (1.28), we know that we. om Ee Multiply by 2 (right side terms) 2. + Me 2+0-DM Substitute M*?value in Equation (1.30) sheow * Me «Dd 240-1) Me 2, _M -D 2+q-) Me 6? 2+ (y= 1) MA] = My 1) 26g + 62¢4— 1) MP= MP (y=) 2g? = M2 (y-1)~ 6 1) M2 262 = M2 (y-1) [1-67]1.28 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 207 M+ {|———- ae) Yopu-< | reese “This equation gives the relationhip between Mach number and Crocco umber ‘Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation To T [From Equation no. (1.7)] From Equation (1.31), we know that 2 ec cree a-Dt-e ‘Substitue M? value in stagnation temperature equation 202 @-DT-eFl lao? (lea) + 62 (1.32) “This equation gives the relationship between stagnati tand Croceo number. temperature Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.29 4.20 BERNOULLI EQUATION From stagnation enthalpy equation, we know that 2 ign ht [From Equation (1.)] 2 = b+ $= iy = constant Differentiating this equation an 20 2 ah ede ~-~=(1.33) For isentropic flow a= SP P 4 (133) == Brede=o ‘Assuming flow is incompressible. So, p = constant, Integrating Equation (1.34) = (035) K constant) ‘Stagnation pressure is the pressure of the gas when its isentropically decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation. Therefore when ¢~ 0, P= Pp and P~ Pp: Substitute these values in equation (1.35). (135) =1,30 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Substitute K value in Equation (1.35) Py. Po aspo b+ $= For incompressible flow, p= constant -137) ‘This is Bernoulli equation and itis valid only when the flow is isentropic and incompressible. For Compressible flow, Stagnation enthalpy, fg ¢pTo =~==(138) Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.31 Substituting fy value in stagnation enthalpy equation ae fy= hee Po > ae = m, v1 2 she URE [ene IR [From Equation (1.12))1.32. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion This is the Bernoulli Equation for isentropic compressible flow. 4.21 EFFECT OF MACH NUMBER ON COMPRESSIBILITY From Bernoulli equation, we know that stagnation pressure for incompressible flow is Po" p+ Yeo Po-P Yap? “1 ~(L4t) ‘This equation shows the value of pressure co-efficient, c, (sometimes referred to as compressibility factor) is unity. But for compressible flow the value of the pressure co-efficient deviates from unity Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.33 For isentropie compressible flow, the relationship between stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature is given by -- ~~ (1.42) iH {From Equation n0.(1.8)] Expanding this equation as Taylor series ie.,1.34 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion seas Lae Y yt. WO ys P 2 eM 48 1 Divided by ided ty Lot PoP Ma we know that, Mach umber, M=-£- we DA] 3 Oo 8 | Fundamentals 1.35 ViRT) (1.44) sabaintep« Zn ven Equation 1.4) Po-P_ OD yey stieee eee fee 2 M 7 Po - M w=] PoP a hee | 4 (eae anes seeauecuSee) This isthe pressure co-efficient equation for compressible flow.1.36 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 4.22 MACH CONE, MACH ANGLE, MACH WAVES: Let us consider a solid body move in a straight line through a fluid which is stationary. The movement of the body will generate pressure waves in the fluid, These pressure waves are transmitted to other particles of the fluid in all the direetion with a velocity of sound (a). These sound pulses forms a spherical wave front as shown in figures 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7, incompressible flow Inan incompressible flow, the source of disturbance velocity (<) is negligibly small eormpared to the sound velccity (a). In this ease infinitesinal sound waves (spherical waves) are generated as shown in fig.1.4 and travelled ata velocity (a) in all Sound waves Where § > source of disturbance > Sound velocity © Fluid velocity Fig.t.4 Incompressible flow Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.37 ‘Subsonic flow In subsonic flow, the source of disturbance velocity (c) is fess than the sound velocity (a). The spherical waves are generated as shown in fig 1.5. It is observed that the sound waves move ahead of the source of disturbance and the intensity is not symmetrical > Sound waves Fig 1.5 Subsonic flow Sonic flow In sonic flow, the source of disturbance velocity (c) is equal to the sound velocity (a). Under this condition the sound waves always exit atthe present position of the point source and cannot move ahead of it. Therefore, the zone lying on the left ofthe source of disturbance (s) is called zone of silence because the waves do not reach this zone ‘The zone lying on the right ofthe source of disturbance (s) is called zone of action. Because the waves reaches this zone.Zone of action \rsee waves Zone of silence Fig. 1.6 Sonie flow ‘Supersonic flow In supersonic flow, the source of disturbance velocity (c) is greater than the sound velocity (a) The spherical waves are generated as shown in fig1.7. It is observed thatthe point source is always ahead of the wave fronts Mach Cone ‘Tangents drawn from the point $ (Source of disturbance) on the spheres define a conical surface referred to as Mach Cone. The region inside the cone is called the zone of action, and the region outisde the cone is termed as the zone of silence. ‘Mach waves or Mach lines ‘The lines at which the pressure difference is concentrated and which ‘generate the cone are called Mach fines or Mach waves. Mach Angle The angle between the Mach line and the direction of motion of the body (Flow direction) is called the Mach angle, Mach angle a = sin! Compressible Flow Fundamentals 1.39 Fig. 1.7 Supersonic flow1.40 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propuision 4.23 FORMULAE USED 10. Nach number, M=& Velocity of sound, a= /7RT evs temperature ~ Mach number relation fo rs tet] P z ‘Stagnation density ~ stagnation pressure relation Static enthalpy, Stagnation enthalpy, hig = ¢ To Stagnation enthalpy equation 2 0 It Pt he = ertax YA Crocco Number eed Mass flow rate m=pAc= pyArey = PrArts- 2 YF Critical temperature, T* onpressible Flow ~ Fundamentals |.4? 7 12 Gasconstant, R= [1-4] cy Forair 1=1.46y= 1008 Ike R=287 Vagk 13, Mach angle, sin! (jy) 14, From Bernoulli equation, (For incompressible flow) ‘Stagnation pressure, Pp = p + ¥4 po? 15. For isentropic flow, Stagnation temperature remains constant, ie, Tq = Toy Stagnation pressure remains constant, i.e., By = Poy“ Poz 4.24 SOLVED PROLEMS Caleulate the velocity of sound and stagnation temperature of Jet «at 300 K, Assume Mach number = 1.2. Given T=300K, Mni2 To find |. Velocity of sound (a) 2. Stagnation temperature (Tp) Solution We know that Velocity of sound, a = /7RT i - fiat eae R=287 J/kg K}1.42 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, {From equation 00.1.7) 1% is Bee le T nae 14-1 > ay = 1 cae Fp = 384K Result: 1, Velocity of sound, a= 347.18 m/s 2. Stagnation temperature, Ty = 386.4 K [By Am aft 300K has sont velocity, Determine the following: 1. Velocity of sound at 300K 2. Velocity of sound at stagnation conditions 3. Maximum velocity of the jet 4. Stagnation enthalpy $. Crocco number Take 7= 14, R= 287 Sikh. Given: T = 300K At sonic condition, Mach number, M = 1 > M= y= 14, R=287 JikgK Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.43 Tofind 1. Velocity of sound, « 2. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ag 3. Maximum velocity othe et, pox 4, Stagnation enthalpy, fy 5. Crocco number, ¢,, ‘Solution 1. We know that Velocity of sound, a = TRF = f1a* 2875300 me] 2. Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, To qos At sonie condition, M= 1 To tt ia ‘ tH Ty = 360K, Velocity of sound at stagnation condition ay = V7RT51.44 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion RESTLESS) {80,32 mis | "0 43. We know, stagnation enthalpy equation 2 +2 Ydige = {From Equation n0.(1.16)] Maximum velocity enqx = 850.42 mvs. 4. From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we know that y= Ve Gnas” Ing = 2850.42)" hig= 361.6 * 10° kg 5. Crocco number, ¢, [At sonic condition ¢ = a} Resuit La=347.18 m/s 2. ay" 380.32 mis 3. Gyge'” 850.42 mis Achy = 361.6 « 103 Hg S.c,= 0.408 BI] Thejer ofa gos at $00 K has a Mach number of 1.2. Determine the {foltowing 1. Local velocity of sound 2, Stagnation velocity of sound 3, Static enthalpy 4, Stagnation enthalpy 5, Maxinum attainable velocity of this jet Take Y= 1.3, R= 469 Uke B. Given y=13 R= 469 2g K. Tofind 1. Local velocity a1.48 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 2, Stagnation velocity, ay 3, Stati enthalpy. 4, Stagnation enthalpy, hy 5. Maximum attainable velocity. eye Solution 1. Velocity of sound, a = /7RT = (iss aex 500 cli eea isis 2. Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, Ty = 608K, stogation vlc of sound = ViRiy = (T3649 O08 [tons08in ] = opT Static enthalpy, Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.47 13469 13-1 f= 10.16% 103 kg 4, Stagnation enthalpy, hy = ¢pTy 500 oo 135409 13-1 iy = 12.3 * 105 kg ‘5. Stagnation enthalpy equation 608 ag ya A? Ychas : [From Equation no. 1.16) YeSniax 123x108» Yond, > [ns = 1568.44 mis Result 1a= 552.13 mis 2. ay 608.84 mis r= 10.16» 108 kg 4g 123 * 108.0kg 5. Cac 1568.44 mis148 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion “An airstream enters in to dict atu pressure of 1.2 bar tenperaure “Of 300 K and Mach number of 1.28. Ifthe Mach number at exit of the duct is 0.6, determine the following 1. Temperature of air atthe duet exit 2, Velocity of air at tte duct exit Assuming adiabatic flow. Given ye 12bar= 1.2% 105m? [Note for air 1,°300K YM, My=125 R=287 kg, M)=06 cp 1005 Hk} To find 1. Temperature of air atexit (T3) 2, Velocity of airat exit(e>) Solution Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, At inlet, (Forairy 14, R= 287 kg KI _Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.49 For adiabatic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant, ie fiona Atoutlet Tey tt TT, 39375.) , 14-1 = BB. OL @ Ty 7 O8F 30375, = BB stor Ty 7 = 36730K Sound velocity at exit, ay = YTRT; = (TAR DTK BETO a) = 384.16 mis ‘Mach number at exit, Mp = ae Be ee ia 16 Result: 1.1,936730K 2.¢;=250.49 m/s.1,50 Gas Dynamies ond Jet Propulsion _Compressible flow -Fundamentals 1.51 ‘This problem can be solved by using ges tables Solution : At inlet Refer isentropic flow table. for Y= 1.4 and My = 1.25 eines [ From Gas tables,(S.M. Yahya To, Fifth Edition) - page n0.32) Ty a 01" S62 > = 00 = 393.7K ‘We know that for Isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant > Ty = To, = To, 7393-7 K At outlet From Isentropie flow table for Y = 1.4 and M, = 0.6 + 2 =0.933 Th, [From Gas tables page no.29] > Ty Ty,% 0933 = 393.7% 0.933 Exit temperature, T = 367.32 K pees eee Sound velocity at exit, ag = PRT) = fTa 287 367SD ay = 384.17 mis Mach number tox, My = > > 06 se Air enters a straight duct at 2.5 bar and 30° C. The inlet Mach number is 1.5 and exit Mach number is 2.4. Assuming adiabatic flow, determine a) stagnation temperature 8) Temperature and velocity of air at exit. ©) The flow rate per square metre of the inlet cross section. Take Y = 14 R= 287 thy K. 5 bar=2.5 x 105 N/m? 10°C +273 = 303 K M,=15 M)=2.4 yeild, R=287JkgK. Tofind : 2 Stagnation temperature, Ty b. Temperature and velocity of ait at exit Ty, c2 «The flow rate per square metre of the inlet cross section,1.52 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘Solution For adiabatic flow, stagnation temperature (Tp) remains constant = Ty=To, "Toy ‘Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, At inlet, Tp, "439.35 K [ -:For adiabatic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant] At outlet, > Ty = 204.15K Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.53, % Mach number at exit, My = == & 24 = AR 2 2 rams > an a738 mi | [cid From contiolty equation, we krow tat mass low rat remains ie -mephe=p, Aver, Ante Sen a ne faa A Pye ee tee hy = 25x108_ 287 x 303, : = 2874, = 287M <0) 2.87» My» JRE =2,87% 1.5% /14™ 287 «303 r [B= 1502.10 Ky-0? ] eee te1.54 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Result: Ty" To, © Ty, "439.35 K b.Ty = 204.15K 6. ¢, = 687.38 mis me fm? a 150210 ka This problem can be solved by using gas tables Solution : At inlet Refer Isentropic flow table for My = LS and Y= 1.4 ates [From Gas tables (S.M. Yahya, To Fifth Edition) - page no.32} % ee eeeiee 0” 589 fe = 303 0.689 Stagnation temperature, To, = 439.16 K For Isentropic flow stagnation temperature remains constant [Tye To, "Tog "439.76 K At outlet Refer Isentropie flow table for M, = 24 and oe noes [From Gas tables page no 35} iy Compressible Flow. = Tym To,» 0.468 439,76 «0.464 Mach number at exit, My = <2. be = se [a= VIR ViRT : 2 Jia 287% 204,04 ae 728633 = | Velocity ofairat exit, c= 687.18 mis Mass low rate,m= pAc=p, Ay ¢) =p, Arey = the p Ae, >is ale 2.5105 287303 =287% Myx V7RF, { =2.87%15% /14x 287303 *My Hay teM= Sy JiR}1,56 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Result : 8) Ty =Tp, * Toy 439.76 K by Ty = 204.04 = 687.18 m/s 502.10 kgfs-m? G] he pressure, temperatnre and fad vetociy of ar atthe entry ofa {flow passuge are 2 bar, 280 K and 140 m/s, The pressure, emperature und velocity atthe exit of a flow passage are 2 bar 260 Kand 250 ms, The area of cross section at entry is 600 cm?, Determine for adiabatic flow, @) Stagnation temperature ») Maximum velocity ©) Mass flow rate @) Area of ross section at ext Tako Y= 14, R= 287 Ihe. Given py = 3 bar=3 x 109i? T,=280K y= HOw py= 2oar=2 x 105 Nim? 1)=260K 637250 Ay = 600 eri?= 600% 10-4? Yo 14, Ra2B7IkEK Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.57 Tofind a. Stagnation temperature Ty b. Maximum velocity, Cypae © mass low rate, m 4, Area of cross section at exit, Ay Sotution Sound velocity at exit ay = /7RT;, SALES TEST) a= 355.42 mus Mach number at entry M, = = % 140 335.42 0.417 > My = 0417 Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, At inlet,Stagnation velocity of sound ay = Rig = [TAR DETR 2897 y= 341,18 mis ‘Substitute ag value in Equation (A) 2a GaF ex Je [nar ©7629 mis Result: Sotution Int Mach number my « £t Mass flow rate, m= pAc =p, Ay €1 py Az cy m=p Arey ET oes Pa * ary Ane 2x1 (287 x 260 fete 8) Ty= 289.70K ©) Cyrae = 762.9 nls ©) Ay = 0.0468 m2 4d) m=31.36ky’s This problem can be solved by using gas tables * 140 J TA IST BBO oat7 * 600% 10-4 x 1401.60. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion At inlet Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4, and Mj = 0.417 ~ 0.42 For isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant, = To To, = To, = 289.85 K From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we know Yt = Yocnox “Foy =---@) Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.61 ay = YTRTy = (TERT S TOES ag= 341.26 mis ‘Substitute ap value in Equation (A) dei [Pxon28! 14-1 Caz = 763.08 mis Mass flow rate, m= pAc™p, A, ¢) "Py Aze2 = m=, A.c PL = Aree 600% 10-4 140, From gas tables, we know that = 600% 10-4 1529 a 039)1,62 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mach number at exit, Mp Mz = 0.773 At outlet From Isentropie flow table for Y= |.4.and My = 0.773 = 0.77 [From Gas tables page 10.30] = A, = 1052*A* = 1,052 « 0.039 Exit area, Ay 0.0410 m? Result: a. Ty = 289.85 K bi Cmax * 763.08 mm/s ©.Ay= 0.0810 m? d. m=31.36 kels es Compressible Flow ~ Fundamencals 1.63 A gas flows in a duct of 40 cm diameter at inlet pressure of 3 bar, temperature of 450 K and a velocity of 180 ms, Caleulate at inlet, 1. Mass flow rate 2, Stagnation temperature 3. Mach Number 4. Stagnation pressure values assuming the flow as compressible ‘and incompressible. Take Y= 1.3, 6) 1.05 kU/hg K Given 4,=40cm=040m py 7 3bar=3 x 105 Nim? Ty 450K fe = 180 mis y 3, ¢p= LOS Kg. Tofind 1. Mass flow rate, m 2. Stagnation temperature, Ty 3. Mach Number, My 4, Stagnation pressure, po (compressible) Stagnation pressure, pp (Incompressile) Solution We know that Gas consis, R= (2 = 0242 Kirke K [Re242 hg]1.64 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.65 4 aie eae Forcompresibletiow, 4 = m= pyArey Atinit i PL c 1 = Phx ay ee yee ! \ 3x105 Foray 7 MIP * 180 Danas 4 (A= Ee) 3x08 a 1 = S410, (0,40)? 180 i Pa xasy 4 O47 i = i me O23 kgs ji 4 180 Pomp + Yap [From Equation no.(1.37)] | Finer, Atiniet = 180 Po, = Prt Yapyc}? Ji3 22450 M, = 0.478 = 3% 19844 x2L Stagnation temperature ~Mach number relation, a = 3% 1054x3210, Ax seaxasy © OP 4 Poy = 344 «105 Nin | = | Po" Poy Pyg = 3.44 105 Ni® | 0 = t= 1034 Result | : Lm=62. t ‘Stagnation temperature, Tp, = 465.3K cite ij 2.Ty=465.3K1.66 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 3 M,=0.478 4. pp [Compressibte low] =3.46 x 108 Ni? Pg [lncompressible flow} =3.44 * 105N/n2 This problem can be solved by using gas tables Solution We know that 6 cas onan, R= (53! “9 0.242 klikg K R= 242 skgkK Mags flow rate, m = pAC=p, Ay ¢) "py Ane > m =p, Arey Pr RT Ay Xe} 3x18 242 «450 Far * 180 = BeOS 242450 m=62.3 kgls Inet Mach number, My = x Zeo.aoy? « 180 * (oaoy Compressible Flow-Fundamenal 1.67 s1 vin, tt * Tiseaa ase M, = 0478 At inlet Refer Isentropie flow table for Y= 1.3 and My = 0.478 = 0.48, vy b= 0.967 in [From Gas tables page no.21] AO = 465,36 im To. F967” 0.967 Stagnation temperature, To, ~ 465.36 K We know that for isentropic flow stagnation temperature remains ‘constant = [T= To Toy= 46536K From tables TL = 0.863 Po; , = Por ~ 98631,68 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion pp = 3-47 bar P= 347 WO Nie For Isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant = = Pig 347 * 105 Nim? ou From Bemoulli equation, for incompressible flow, stagnation pressure poet Ma pe? [From Equation no{1.37}] Atinlet Poi = Pit Va eye? p = Se 108+ gah x ot Po, 73-44 * 108 Nin? = | y= Poy Pop 344 « 108 Nim? Result 1.m=62.3 kos 2.9 =46536K 3.M 0.478 4. pg[Compressibie flow} =3.47 » 105 Nim? Pp [Incompressibte flow] =3.44 « 105 Nin? Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.69 {B) Steam aca section of «pipe has a pressure of 10 bar, temperatre of S80 K, velocity of 125 mis and datum height of 10m. Calelate the following 1. Mach number 2. Stagnation pressure 4. Stagnation temperature 4. Compare the stagnation pressure value with that obtained rom Bernoulli equation and comment onthe difference. Take ¢p=2.150 kiikg K; 61.615 kifkg K Given p= 10bar= 10x 108 Nin? T=580K c= 125mis Datum height, Z= 10m cpt 21SOKIMGK =2150 Nig K cy L615 Kikg K=1615 Veg To find 1. Mach number, M 2. Stagnation temperature, Ty 3, Stagnation pressure, Py 4. Compare the stagnation pressure vale with that obtained from ‘the Bernoulli equation and comment on the difference. Solution We know that Gas constant, R= ¢)—6y = 2150-1615 R= 535 Jike K1.70 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion = P2150 cy 1615: y=133 Velocity of sound, a = Y7RT = 1350535 % 550 a= 625.58im/ Mach number, M= 28 25.58 M = 0.199) ‘Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, - ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty = 553.3 K ‘Stagnation temperature — stagnation pressure relation for compressible flow Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.7) > Pp = 10.24% 108 Nine = Stagnation pressure, pp From Bemoulli equation, for incompressible flow, 10.24 « 10° Nim? Stagnation pressure, pp=p+ Mp pe? [From Equation no(L37)} 10«105_ | 535x550, y= 10.26 105 Nim? = The difference in stagnation pressure = 10.26 « 108— 10.24 x 108 101084 Ip «asp =2000 Nim? In Bernoulli equation, we are assuming density is constant (incompressible flow). But all the fluids have compressible nature, So, it causes difference in pressure, Result 1 M= 0.199 2. Ty=5533K 3. p= 1024 « 105 Nin? {for Compressible flow} 4 pp = 10.26x 105Nin? {for incompressible flow)1.72 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion “This problem can be solved by using gas tables. Solution: We know that Gas constant, R = = 2150-1615 R= 535 kek & _ 10 Y= 2, 7 1615 y= 133 Velocity of sound, @ = Vy RT = 133 535 x 550 a 625.58 m/s ‘ Inlet Mach number, M-= © ws * 625.58 M = 0.199 Refer Ieatopic flow table fory= 13 and M= 0.199 02, & = a9 [From gas tables page no.21] 7 \ 2 0.975, Pa Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.732 = 994 tT. 550 To” O94” O9e ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty = $53.31 K P = F709 = 10.25 « 105Nin? | pressure py=p + Wp 902 Lox 108 535550 T Py= 10.26 108 Wim?) Iestaeicceeeiesecececedl = 10% 105+ Nip +1257 Result LM= 199 2. Ty" 553.31 K 3. py= 10.25 « 108 Nim? {for Compressible ow 4: pg = 10.26% 108 Nim? {for incompressible How]1.74 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Dn airerape is flying at an altitude of 11,000 metres, at 800 kra/he The air is reversibly compressed in an inlet diffuser. The inlet temperature is 216.65 K and pressure is 0.226 bar. If the Mach umber atthe ext of the diffuser is 0.35, eaTculate the following 1. Entry Mach number 2. Helocity, pressure and temperature of air atthe diffuser exit. Given Altitude, 2= 11,000m A 800 x 103 ir velocity, ¢) = - eee ms Air velocity, o} = 800 knvh= SOTO" ris = 222.2 mis Inlet temperature, Ty =216.65K Inlet pressure, p, = 0.226 bar Mach Number at exit, My 0.35 Tofind 1. Entry Mach Number, My 2. Velocity, pressure and temperature at exit, >, Py» Tp Sotution Velocity of sound, ay = /7RT, = fF * 28721685 [Foraiey =1.4, 8 =287 Jkg ] ay = 295.04 mis Entry Mach number, My = Stagnation pressure’ p, 2 0308 bar] Stagnation pressure, py = 0.328 bar Cee Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.73 0753 At entry, Refer Isentropic table for Y= 1.4 and M, = 0.753 = 0.75 v im o.899 [From Gas tobles a age no.30] Posse Po u = <= 0.899 0 T_ 21665 > To 216.65. — 94 °° 7399” “o.g99 098K [stagnation temperature, Ty=240.98 K For Isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant [Table value— pressure unit isin bar) For Isentropie flow, stagnation pressure remains constant 328 bar ie Po Pot ™ Pox.76 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion At Exit Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4, My = 0.35 Th 5 zi = 0916 [From Gos tables page n0.29] Tor Pa = pr 70918 Pox T qh = 0976 ee Tor = Te = 0.976 * 240.98 Ty =235.19K Pa = Fer osis Po Pp = 0.918 x Pop = 0.918 « 0.328 Py = 0.301 bar Exit sound velocity, a; = JYRT = VATED a= 30741 mis 2 Exit Mach number, Ma = Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.77 = Qe Mpa = 03530741 [eq = 107.59mis Velocity of ir atexit, ¢y = 107.59 m/s Result Lo My= 0.753 2 519K 70.301 bar c= 10759. Note [At Z= 11,000m, T, =216.65 K and p, = 0.226 bar. So given values are correct (From gas tables page no.19)] An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 10,000 metres. The inlet ‘Mach number is 0.82, temperature is 223.15 K and pressure is 0.264 bar. The cross sectional area of the inlet diffuser before the ow pressure compressor stage is 0.45 m?, Calculate the following. 1. The mass of air entering the compressor per second 2, The speed of the air craft 3. Stagnation pressure at diffuser entry. 4. Stagnation temperature at diffuser entry. Given Altitude, Z: 0,000 M, = 0.821,78 Gos Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 3.15 K Tofind : 1. The mass of air entering the compressor per second, m 2, Speed of air era, 3, Stagnation pressure at ent, Py 4, Stagnation temperature at erty. To Solution Velocity of sound at entry, a) = TAT, = ia TS a, = 299-44 mis Botry Mach number, = > eL 0.82 = 299.44 = 245.54 mis Speed of aircraft, ey = 245.54 mis At entry, Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= I.4 and M, = 0.82 r, i 0.881 [From Gas tables page no, 30] Tor Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.75 Ty) = 253.29 K For Isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant > | Ty Ty = Typ 283.29K From table Pg; = 0.410 bar For Isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant AU bar For Altitude, 2.= 10,000 m, [From gas tables page no.20] Density, py = 0.413 kg/m?80. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mass flow rate, m = pAc=P5Ay €1 = P2AD®2 > m= Ace = 0413 x 0.45 «245.54 S63 kes (o) Mass flow rate can be calculated as m= pyArcy Py - Bxate 264% 108 = O264210 40.45 «245.54 287» 23.15 [Pressure unit > Nim? See tbar= 105 Nim2] m= 45.54kg/s Result 1. m=45.54 kgs 2. cy 245.54 m/s 4. Ty 253.29 mis, [IT] Argon is stored in a reservoir at 280 K. Determine stagnation enthalpy and stagnation velocity of sound for ¥ = 1.65 and the molecular weight of argon is 39.94. If the argon at a temperature of 150 K flowing at a velocity of 300mds, find the Mach number and Mach angle, Given To 280K Y=165 stagnation conditions (To) Pp)l [In the reservoir, fluid maintains Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 181 ‘Molecular weight = 39.94 Static temperature, T= 150K Argon velocity, ¢= 300 m's. To find 1, Stagnation enthalpy, My 2, Velocity of sound at stagnation conditon, 25 3. Mach number, M 4. Mach angle, 0. Sotution Gas constant, R= Universal gas constant “Molecular weight of given gas 83143 39.94 IR = 208.16 7k K| YR Specific heat, ¢p= 3 4,65 208.16 165-1 = 528.40 ke K Velocity of sound at stagnation condition = 165" 208.16 280° p= Bott stagnation nly, by To = $28.40 x 280 147.9» 109 Ske ke1,82 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mach number, M = & 300 JORT 300. J165 * 208.16 © 150 2.a9= 310.1 mis 3.M=132 4 = 49.25° Air (7 = 1.4, R= 287 Wkgh) ata inlet mach number of 0.2 enters a straight duct at 400 K and expands isentropically. Ifthe exit Mach number is 0.8, determine the following 1, Stagnation temperature 2. Critical temperature 3. Static temperature at exit 4. Area ratio, A,/A, Compressible Flow Fundamentals 1.83 Given: M,=02 1, =400K M;=08 Y= 14, and R= 287 dike K. Tofind : 1, Stagnation temperature, Ty 2. Critical temperature, T* 3, Static temperature at exit, Ty 4, Arca ratio, Ay/A Solution : Atimtet Refer Isentropic flow table for ¥ = 1.4 and M; = 0.2 [From Gas tables page no.28) 400 0.992 [fo = 40322 For Isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant = Tp" Tp, = To, = 403.22 K184 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion We know that, m Critical emperae, T= 2" Prom equation (1.19) 240322 ee Lat At outlet Refer isentropic flow table for My = 0.8 and Y = 1.4 2_n0.886 [From gas tables page no.30] To Ag 1038 a > Ty = 0.886 « Typ = 0.886 « 403.22 [Exit temperature, Ty = 357.25 K Area ratio AL et ee egei rer gL Ay Te At= Ay") 2.964 1.038 Compressible Flow -Fundamemuls 1.85 Result: 1. Ty = 403.22 K 2. T*=336.01K 3.1) = 35725 K a, At ergs AL The pressure, temperature and Mach number at the entry of a flow passage are 2 bar, 275 K and 1.3 respectively. If the exit Mach number is 24, determine the following 1, Velocity of sound at stagnation condition 2. The maximum velocity 3, Temperature and pressure at exlt 4. Mach number M,* and M3* Take y= 1.3 and R= 0.460 ki/kgk Given: Py 72 bar =2% 105 Nim? Te 275K M213 M;,=24 yes R= 0.460 Ki/kaK, = 460 MikgK Tofind: 1. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ap1.86 Gas Dynamics and.Jet Propulsion 2. The maximum velocity, Cox 3. Temperature and pressure at exit, Tp, pp 4. Mach number My* and Mo¢ Sotution : At inet Refer isentropic flow table for Y = 1.3 and M, = 1.3, 1 [ From Gas tables page no.23) — = 0.798 To, Pi 9376 Po. y+ 1.245 Tas = pete 1 O98 a 205 0.798 To, = 344.61 K Pas eee For Isentropie flow, stagnation temperature remains constant = Ty= To) = To, = 3448.61 K From table, Py > Po” 0376 ec 2x 108 0376 Compressible Plow -Fundamentals 1.87 For isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant eee cree = [p= or pop= 531» 108 Nm? Velocity of sound at stagaation condition a = VYRTp T3 x 460 5 342.61 ay ™ 453.96 m/s From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we have [From Equation 1.16) a= VARTS] eh, = 2x13 x 46034416 13-1 hae = 137% 106 Snax = 1171.34 mis At Exit Refer Isentropie flow table for Y = 1.3 and My = 2.4 th 7 0597 [From Gas tables page no.24)1,88 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion fe Poa Mgt = 1.885 = 0.067 > Ty = 1p, *0.537 344,61 «0.537 T= 185.05K > P, > 0.067 pp, 0.067 » 5.31 108 Py = 0.35% 105 Nin? Result 7 1. ag = 453.96 mvs 2. max = 1171.34 mis 3. Ty = 185.05K, py = 0.35 « 105 Nim? 4M, 245, My* = 1.885, In settling chamber air is maintained at a temperature of 400K and a pressure of 6 bar. Calculate the following 1. Stagnation enthalpy 2, Stagnation velocity of sound 3. Maximum velocity 4. Critical veloctty of flutd 5. Critical velocity of sound Given Stagnation temperature, Ty = 400K Stagnation pressure, py =6 bar = 6 * 105 N/m? Compressible Flow -Furdamentals 1.89 [Note: Airmaintsins stagnation state (To, pp) inthe settling chamber} For'iry= 14 and R= 287 Vkgk. Tofind : 1. Stagnation enthalpy, ho 2. Stagnation velocity of sound, & 3. Maximum velocity, mex 4, Critical velocity of fiuid, * 5. Critical velocity of sound, a* Solution We know that, Stagnation velocity of sound, ay = 7 RT = J TA* 287 400 ‘ay = 400.89 m/s] From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we have [Prom Equation 1.16]ane 1,90 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ps max fy 2 (400.899 14-1 Cmax = 896.42 mvs] We know tat, a Catal peru, T= 222 (Brom een (1.15) en 280 aed T+ = 333.33 K Critical velocity of fluid, ot = /7RT* = 146287 «533.53 oF = 365.97 mis, Critical velocity of sound, a* = c* = 365.97 mis. ‘We know that, Result 1, = 401 « 108 Weg 2, ag = 400.89 m/s 3. nae” 896-42 is 4, ot = 365.97 mis 5 nt = 365.97 mis Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1,91 1.25 UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS The air moving at a velocity of 150 m/s. The static conditions are 100 KPa and 25°C. Calculate the Mach number and stagnation Properties verify the values with table values. [Aprit96 Bharathidasan Univ and Apr'9? Bharathiyar Univ} Given : Air velocity, ¢ = 150 mvs Static pressure, p }00 kpa= 1 bar 1 < 108 Nim? Static temperature, T= 25°C +273 = 298 K To find : 1. Mach number, M 2, Stagnation temperature, To 3. Stagnation pressure, py ‘Solution : Sound velocity, a= JRE = J 14 287 «298 t a= 346.02 mis Forairy= 1.4, R=287 kg K] Mach number, M = 150 346.02 M = 0.4341.92 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Stagnation temperature — Mack number relation, ae Sie su (ateaa vats 353 Stagnation pressure, pg = 1.13 * 108 Nim? To verify Ty, Po value by using gas tables Refer Isentropic flow table for = 1.4 and M = 0.434 ~ 0.43 ee L= 0.964 To 964 i. [From gas tables (S.M.Yahya, Fy” ose Fifth edition) page nn 7 Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.93_ it = t= 0.964 To HET aegOat To* Gar” “ager” 30213K 2 - ose Po bot eee ge ba Pom oast 0.88) [+ Tbar= 108 Nin?) Py= 13 «105 Nin? | ‘Stagnation temperature, py 1-13 «108 Nin? LM=0.434 Result 2.Ty=309.13K 3.py= 113 « 108Nin? The flight speed is 800 km/h. The stagnation conditions are 105 kPa and 35°C. Find static conditions and flight Mach number. { April’'96 Bharathidasan Univ] Given Fah ped, ¢ = 800k = EO aman i | i1,94 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Stagnation’ pressure, py= 105 kPs .05 bar = 1.05 10° N/m? ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty =35°C +273 = 308K Tofind 1. Statie temperature, T 2. Static pressure, p 3. Mach number, M Solution Velocity of sound at stagnation condition ays VTRT = (146287508 2 > 2 ye irra 4 2 _ Gs179 “yy = 2 G0" “yen Yer 14-1 shes ? Compressible Flow - Fundamentals 1.95 284,69 « 108 Yl a2 =284,69 «108 (14-1) a= 113,88% 108 > 7.46 wis Velocity of sound, a= /7RT 337.46 = f1a~287~T (937.467 = 14287" 113.88 «108 14x287 => | Static temperature, T= 283.42 K ‘Stagnation temperature ~ stagnation pressure relation Po (& PUT) ts 10510 [208-74 23.42} P Static pressure, p = 0.78 * 105 Nim? Mach number, M = 222.22. 33746 M = 0.6581.96 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.97 on Result = 1.7=283.0K Velocity of sound, ¢ = 1330.27 kmh 2. p= 0.78 x 105 Nim? (or) 0,78 bar 3.M = 0658 An aeroplane travels at an altitude where the temperature is 37°C with a Mach number of 1.2. Determine the velocity of the plane in kmh. [Madurai Kamora} Univ Nov'96) Given Temperature, T=-37°C +273 = 236K ‘Mach number, M= 1.2 For air, y= 14 and R=287 Iikgk Tofind Velocity of the plane, ¢ Solution We know that, Mach numbers, M - (v a= JIRT} i ppaeaeaonaen Jaa 256 © = 369,52 mis = 369.52 103 fon 136004 = 1330.27 kwh An aircrafi flies ata velocity of 700 kph in an atmosphere where ‘the temperature is 75 kPa and temperature is 5°C. Calculate the ‘Mach number and stagnation properties. (Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Nov'96] Given : Airvelocity, ¢= 700 km/h = 700 103 m/h = Moxie 3600 vh © = 194.44 mis Stat pressure, p= 75 kpa = 75 x 103 pa = 75 «108 Nim? Static temperature, T= 5°C +273 = 278K Tofind : 1. Mach number, M 2. Stagnation properties, i, To, Pos Po Solution : [+ Forairy= 1.4, R= 287 kg K) |LiL 1.98 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mach munber. M = & 194.44 334.22 M = 0.58 | Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4 and M = 0.58 Hig 77 097 - [From gas tables (S.M Yahya, yO Fifth edition) page no.29] ences 0937 278 0937 ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty = 296.69 K > > | eee Po” 0.796 2 5108 0.796 Po ‘Stagnation pressure, p, 0,942 » 105 Nim? ‘We know that, Pp Stagnation density, Py =o 0” ty = 01942 x 108 287 * 296.69 1.106 kg/m? Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.99 Resul LM=058 2.Ty= 296.69K Pp = 0.942 105 Nim? Py = 1.106 kgfm> GQ Oxygen at 200 kPa flows ata velociy of 50 mis Find the Mach umber ata point where ts density is 2.9 kg/m. Molecular weight of oxygen is 32 and (Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Nov'96} Given : Pressure, p = 200 kPa = 200 x 108 Pa Velocity, ¢= 50 m/s Density, p= 2.9 kg/m? Molecular weight = 32 Specific heat constant, Y= 1.4 To find: 1. Mach number, M Solution : We know that Universal gas e Gas constant, R= sil gas consent Molecular weight of given ges 314 at [+> Universal gas constant, R= 8314 Jikgk] R= 25981 JikeK Density, p une T1.100 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 39 = 200x102 259.81 *T = [r=265.44K We kow that, Sound velocity, @ = JY RT TA ¥ 259.81 265.44 a= 310.72mis Mech number, M = = a ue es 310.72 M = 0.160 Mach number, M= 0.160 Result A steam of air flows with a velocity of 250 m/s in a duct of 10 om diameter lis temperature and pressure at that point are SC and 40 kPa, What will be ts stagnation pressure and teniperature? What is the mass flow rate? [Bharathiyar Uni, Nov'96] Ghven : Air Velocity, ¢ = 250 mis Duct diameter, d= 10 em = 0.10 m ‘Temperature, T= 5°C +273 = 278 K Pressure, p = 40 kPa = 40 * 103 Pa= 40 x 103 Nim? Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.101 Tofind : 1. Stagnation pressure, py 2, Stagnation temperature, Ty 3, Mass flow rate, tt Solution : We know that ‘Mass flow rate, ti = pAc P = Px kare RT 4 : Cy oF 40 10 =———-« 20.102 x 250 287x278 4 [vv For air R= 287 Jikgk, y= 14] m= 0.984 kefm> Mach number, M = rt 250 VvRT 250 14 © 287 «278 M= 0.748 = 0.75 Refer Isentropic flow table for ¥= 1.4 and M= 0.75, = 0.899 [From Gas tables page no.30] i itCompressible Flow.Fundamentals 1.103 M,= 14 My =25 28 yn13 = F300 R= 0.52 kUkeK = 520 Jkgk To find: 1. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ay eee aaa 2, Maximum velocity, Cmax o 0.688 3.7 femperature and pressure a exit, Ts py 40x 108 Solution : 0.688 At Entry bya O58 105Ni Refer Isenttopic flow table for = 1.3 and M; = 1.4 | 1; Result: | Ty 7 2773 [From gas tables page no.23} 1. pg = 0.58 « 105 Ni Pr Po pn 0327 2.79 = 309.23 K 1 : 3. m= 0.984 kgm? > Yel 078 (The following data refers to the entry and ext of u passuge where me isentropic flow occurs ert iry P= =300K — My=14 Entry: p,=207kPa 7,30 \ ares ere For Isentropic fic ic Assuming ideal gas (y =1.3, R= 0.52 (kI/kgK), determine plc flow, stagnation temperature remains constant (Y Velocity of sound at stagnation condition (2) Maximum velocity > 6) Temperature and pressure at exit. {[Bharathidasan Uniy, Nov'96} _ 207x108 Given : 0327 py #207 kPa = 207 « 108 Pa = 207 x 108 Nim? Por= 633» 1S NRE aera] T, =300K1,104 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion sible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.105 For isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant > Po= Poi = Pap = 6.33 * 108 Nin? Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ay= YYRT, = J 13% 520 % 388.09 312.2 mis % ‘We know that, stagnation enthalpy equation, 3 = Snax = [2 7- 2x ($12.3 13- [Emax = 1522.49 mis At Exit Refer Isentropic flow table for y~ 1.3 and My = 2.5 T <= 0516 02 Pa = 0.057 [From Gas tables page no.25) Poo > oT «0516 = 388,09 «0.516 {-To=Toy “Toad Be P2™ Por * o0s7 = 6.33 x 108 + 0.057 p= 0.360 * 105 Nim 1. ag= S122 ms 2. Gan = 1322.49 mis 3, y= 200.25 K, py =0.360 x 105 Nim? Result The pressure, temperature and Mach number atthe entry ofa flow passage are 2.45 bar, 265°C and 14 respectively. If the exit Mach number is 2.5, determine the following for adiabatic flow of a perfect gas (y= 1:3, R= 0.469 kithg K). 1. Stagnation temperature 2, Temperature and velocity of gus at exit 3. The flow rate per square metre ofthe inlet cross section. [Madurai Kamaraj Uni, Apr'96, Manonmanivon Sunaranar Unis, Apr'96, Madras Uni, Apr'2000]1.106 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Compressible Flow - Fundamentals 1.107 1913 R= 0469 kek = 469 seg K. Bachan, ny = $2 Tofind : . oe 1. Stagnation temperature, Ty | ae 2, Temperature and velocity of gas at exit, Ty, cp 7 3. The flow rate per square metre of the inlet eross section, 25 = 1 13% 469% 199.95 Solution : : mae At inlet —? = From continuity equation, we know thet mass flow rate remains “Refer Isentropic flow table for Y = 1.3 and My © 1.4 constant 1 tLe ons [ From gas tables page = cee 181 =P, Ape; 0.23) io e are Sec aos a To “gana” ors “375K Bmp xe, ay” 1S ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty, = 387-5 K », o aera re For isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant 2.45 « 105 = 2452108 = [Ten Ty = Te=3875K 4692995 = 1746, At outlet, = 174 My xay (om= 43 Refer Isentrope flow table for 7 = 1.3 and My = 2.5 = 174% 1.4 x /9RT; pet T; 1 [ve a=/yrT] Be oasis [From ges tables page no.25) 1 2 = 170 14x TERROR DBE = %-0516* Te = 104096 kys-n? 1 = 0516» 3875 ae Exit temperature, Ty = 199.95 K 1 1y=3875K 2.1, =19995K1.108 Gas Bynamis and Jet Propulsion cy 872.89 m/s me ism? 3, B= 1040.96 Ke! 1 Bir y= 14, R= 287 hg K) enters straight ats symmetric dct _ Compressible Flon-Fundamensals 1.109 Solution + VTRT, = f1A¥ 387300 a, = 347.19 mis Inlet Mach number, My= a Sound velocity at inlet, a s = 150 347.19 M, 0.432 Refer Isentropic flow table for y= 1.3 and My = 0.432 = 0.43. Ty 7 a1 [From gas.tables page no.29] oe = tye t= Mesn2e 0364 0.964 12K Stagnation temperature, To For isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant > To" To) =To2 = 312K From Stagnation ertalpy equation, we know PL Yaed = Ye egg? = SO [From Equation no.1.16)1.110 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mass flow rate, 2 ent 2 Yi eee ‘mor 2x (RT) - ake 1 214x287 3112 14-1 2 = 625.2% 103 s “max * 790.69 ms = pAc=p, Aj ci =P, Aree m= Arey ater RT, = BASAIO 599 10-4150 287 «300 m= 30.05 kg/s m= pp Arey Agcy RT) 2.058 * 105 30.05 = 2958210 x 9,260 ane 287% 277 ? A) = 0.0446 m2 Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.)11 Result: L Tye 312k 2. Gaz 790.69 nls 3. 30.08 kys 4, Ag = 0.0446 m2 (Ga) as (7= 1.33 and ep =1.1 kdag KY flows through a duct of diame 69.5 mm. At a section static pressure is 150 kPa, and sta temperature is 485°C. The flow rate is 30 kg/min, Find the ma umber and velocity of gas. [Now-97, Bharathidasan Uni Gwen : yn 133 op LL Kikg K= 1.1 x 108 Ske K Diameter, d= 68.5 mm = 0.0695 m Static pressure, p = 150 kPa = 1.50 bar 50 * 105 Nin? Static temperature, T= 48.5° C [es 1 bar = 100 kPe =485 +273 1 bar = 105 Nim? T#3215K Mass flow rate, m= 30 kg /min =e eo Kes m= 05 kgm To find: |, Mach number, M. 2, Velocity of gas, ¢1.112 Gas Dynamies and Space Propulsion Solution Mass flowrate m = pAc = exane ma” Fal x x E@re (a- 2 @ 1.505105, os = LSAIO . Bee9695)2xe --- Reis a Pe ~) Gas constant, R= { 7 L33=V yao? Bete ta 10 272.93 kg K oO- og= sox 10 272933215 = 7.09 mls Velocity of gas, ¢= 77.09 mis ViRT Ji133* 27295 * 315 F 0.0695 xe Velocity of sound, Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.113 Result 1.M=0.226 2.667709 mis {Hy Airatstagnation condition has a temperature of 800K. Determine the stagnation velocity of sound and the maximum possible laid velocity. What isthe velocity of sound wien the flow velocity is at half the maximum velocity? {April 98 - Madaras University} Given Stagnation temperature, Ty=800 K To find 1. Stagnation velocity of sound, 29 2. Maximum fui velocity, pax 3. What is the velocity of sound (a) when the flow velocity (6) is bal the maximum velocity Gye) Solution Velocity of sound at stagnation condition a7 VYRTS = 14287 «800 ay = 566.96n/s From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we know 2 2 ya a Mere te, it Mt ua [From Equation no.(1.16)]J ell Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.115 Ll Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 7 > a2 = 241080 = Ys cna? = = mr ye > a cand 2d Tt esut 2 2566.96 1. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, 29 = 566.96 m/s 4-1 2, Maximum fui vlociy pq, 1267.76 ms 4. Velocity of sound, a = 490.99 mis, [atc = Sy An air jet (y= 1.4, R= 287 Whe K) at 400 K has sonte velocity. When the flow velocity, ‘is at half of the maximum fluid velocity ras) Determine 1, Velocity of sound at 400 K = 1267.76 2 2. Velocity of sound at the stagnation conditions 6633.88 mis 3. Maximum velocity of the Jet 4 Stagnation enthalpy + Vat = Va Cyne? mm 5. Croceo number. [0ct 95 « Madaras University} = + We =Yae pa? rl 2 = 2+ 2(633.88)2 = Yo[1267.767 ihiacat Ta=1 T=400K At soni condition, Mach number M 2 = + 200.9 «103 = 803.6 103 04 = 2 ‘ > = 602.7 « 103 f > 04Compressible Flow -- Fundamentals 1.117 = (TAR DRT RO ‘ay 439.16m/s | rom stagnation enthalpy equation, we know that i 1.116 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion To find 1. Velocity of sound, a 2. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ap 3, Maximum velocity of hee, Ce 4, Stagnation enthalpy, hy 5. Croceo number, ¢,. Solution We know that, ! Velocity of sound, a = /7RT a = START RIOT a [a= 400.8mis 2 (439.162 14-1 poe? = 964.3 «102 Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, acces aniveiag eT sai ol) => [Maximum fuid velocity, cya 981.9 ms From Stagnation enthalpy equation, = hy Peeper? = 0 = Asai 9P : —— x [ Stagnation enthalpy, fg = 482.06 » 103 J/kg [sea eels ete eacetseaeee = Velocity of sound at stagnation con ag= VIRTg Croceo number,L118 Ges Dynamics and Jet Propssion TA‘ sonic condition wel = Me£e1 => cma) Result Lan 4008s 2.2=439.16m/s 3. qin" 9819 ms 4. hy = 482.06 > 109 hg 56,0408 The jet of gas at $93 K (y= 1.3, R= 469 Je K) has a Mach ‘uniber of 1.2. Determine for local and stagnation conditions of velocity of sound and enthalpy. What isthe maximum attainable velociy of this Jet [0cr'95 Madras Univ] Given T=593K 13 R= 469 Jeg K M=12 Tofud 1. Local and stagnation velocity of sound and enthalpy Fe. 8g, fag of this et, pax Compressible Flow - Fundamentals 1.119. Solution 1. Local velocity of sound a= JyRT = f13 40 93 601,29 mis | 2, ‘Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, To > apt 126 > ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty = 721.08K ‘Stagnation temperature can be calculated by using gas tables Refer Isentropic flow table for y= 1 3and M= 1.2. Eom Pim gee pegen0 22, 9 = he 0.822 ~ 593 0.822 Ty = 7214 KGas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Velocity of sound at stagnation condition a= VVRTy = S13 8dGox THOR | 20 = 663.05 mis 3.Static enthalpy, = epT R, rt L3¥469 595 13-1 A= 1205 * 103 kg. 4, Static enthalpy, hg =€,Ty wR = Beat, 7% 13548 108 Msn ke, = 1465 «1 From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we know that a Ye = Yeung? = wal 5 pata [From Equation no.(1.16)] Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.121 2 = nas yl 7 mae = | 2 mae |G [2% (663.05) V13-1 Maximum velocity, ge = 1711.95 Result 1 =601.29ms 2 663.08 0s = 1205 « 103 kg, ig ® 1465 « 109 Tk, 2 Guay = ITIL mis Air flows from a reservoir at $50 kPa and 70°C. Assuming isentropic flow. Catculate the velocity, remperature, pressure and density ata section where M= 0.6. [ April?96 - Madras Univ} Given Stagnation pressure, py $50 kPa Sbar [ Ubar= 100 KPa} Stagnation temperature, Ty = 70°C +273 =343 K Mach number, M= 0.6 [Note : Ahsays the fluid maintains stagnation state (Tp Pg) in the reservir)1.122 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion To find : b. Velocity, ¢ 2. Temperature, T 3. Pressure, p 4. Density, 0 Solution = Refer Isentropic flow table for y= 1.4 and M=0.6 E0933 [From gas tables page no.29} To. = 70.933 «343 T=32001K > == 0.784 P 784 x 5.5 p= 4312 bar p= 4312 105 Nim? | [> 1 bar= 108 Nim?) P Density. p= ae _ 4312x108 287 x 320.01 For air, R = 287 J/kaK] p= 4.69 kein Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.123 ‘Mach number, M = VR (Ax 287 220.01 Velocity, ¢=215.15 mis Result Low 215.15 mis 2.7=320.01K 3.p=4.312% 105Nhn? 4.p=4.69kg/m? [15] Determine the velocity of sound in air at 35°C. What should be the ‘mininain temperature of air if it has to be hypersonic when it has 4 velocity of 1500 mis. (ct 97 - Madras Univ] Given “Temperature, T=35°C+273~ 308K Velocity ofair,¢= 1500 ms [When hypersonic] Tefad L Velocity of sound, a 2; Minimum temperature of alr (T), when flow is hypersonic and ‘velocity is 1500 mis,1.124 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Solution We know that, Velocity of sound, a= /7RT = JARRE a= 351.78 m/s For hypersonic flow, Mach number value is M2 5. We are going to ind rinimum temperature, o we are assuming M = 5, Mach number, = & 1500 = a= 300m = a= /TRT=300 m/s > YRT = G00)? (300)? 14¥287 => [Minimum Temperature, T=223.99 K s Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.125 5] Find the stagnation properties ofa by caleutaion if the state pressure is 250 KPa, stale femperatue is 125 and velocity 200m’, {04198 - Madras Univ] Given Static pressure, p=250 kPa =2.50 bar 250% 105Nin? [> Tbar=100kPa Lbar= 105 Nim? Static temperature, T= 125°C-+273 = 398K Airvelocity, ¢= 200 ms Tofind Signation properties (By calculation}. To, Py Po Solution ‘Mach number, M{reed ee cegeegat 1.126 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion ‘Stagnation temperature ~ stagnation pressure relation tagnation pressure, py = 2.96 * 105 Nim? Stagnation density ~ stagnation pressure relation 1 sepa pea iy ia 2,96 x 105 250% 105 Result 1, Stagnation temperature, Tp = 417.9 K 2, Stagnation pressure, py = 2.96% 108 Nim? 3, Stagnation density, pp = 2.46 kg/m? Compressible Flow - Fundamentals 1.127 Air expands insetropically from 20 bar and 100%C to 12 bar. Determine the temperature and density atthe final state. Also find the ratio of intial to final acoustle velocity [ October’ 99 - Madras Univ] a Pj =20.bar=20 = 105 Nim? Py = 12 bar= 12 * 105 Nim? wasn Solution (Pa) ‘er 105 = 57] t2x108} 14 2010! 234K1.128 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ___ Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.129 Air at a temperanire of 33°C and a pressure of 1.1 bar is flowing P Density, p = 7g” with a velocity of 320 nv, Determine the total pressure, temperature and densit a = a [ Oct" 99 Madras Univ] Given + 12x 108 3" = ORE T=33°C +273 = 306K = 1.1 bar = 1.1 * 105 Nim? 1p, = 12.97 kg/m’, = 320 ms To find : Initial velocity of sound, a) = RT, 1, Total pressure, ie. Stagnation pressure, Py = SITS 2, Tota temperature, ie, Stagnation temperature, Ty 3, Total density, ie. Stagnation density 387.13 mvs i a pee Solution al velocity ofsound, , = TR; cee " 7 Mach number, M = & = Viana : y= 359.88m/s a atioof 21 = 387.13 (14 87 * 306 Ratioof ay “a5p33 "107° Result M= 0912 1. T= 32234 K Refer Isentropie flow table for y= 1.4 and M = 0,912.~ 0.91 2 : 2. py = 12.97 kg/m i 0858 [From gas tables page no.31} 0 3. She tors ° Fyn O58eee 1.130 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion T_ .306 Be O8SE P, susan desi, by = E 0 = 1.88 » 108 287 «356.64 Py = 1.84 kei? ence 1. py = 188% 108 Ni Result Tyn 356.64K y= 84 kgin? Compressible Flow ~ Fundamemals 1.131 oY A pane vets with a elociy of 1600 kn aan ate where ihe pressure and temperate are 40 KPa and -35°C. Fd te Mach angle and Mach number [Oct '98 - Madras Univ] Given = Velocity, ¢~ 1600 kan/h 1600 « 103 m “36005 = 444.44 mls Static pressure, p= 40 kPa = 40 «103 Pa = 40 < 103 Nim? Static temperature, T 384273 238K For air y= 14 and R = 287 Sikg K. Tofind: 1. Mach aumber, M 2. Mach angle, Solutio We know that, Sound velocity, a= /YRT = (14© 287238 a = 309.23 mis c Mach number, M=Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.133 To find : 1. Mass flow rate, th 2. Stagnation temperature, Ty 3. Mach number, My 4, Stagnation pressure, py (compressible) Stagnation pressure, py (Incompressible) Solution : We know that, Gas constant, R = ¢» ~ ey [ & & ee Result : y 1. Mach number, M = 1.437 LOS « 108 138 «103 2. Mach angle, a= 449,09 (2) Ate fy = 105 kirbgk, Y= 138) at y= % 108 Nin? and Ty = 00K flows with «velocity of 200 m/s in a 30 om daneter ditt evaitabte. Caletate 2) mass flow rate (i) stagnation temperasae (i) Mach number (9) stagntton pressre values gee eeeamam ncaa { Oct" 2000 Medes Urn} Mass flow rate, = Glven : ep 1.05 kirk 05 * 103 IceK 289.13 * $00 yr 38 | im = 2933 kes y= 3 * 105 Nim? = T= 500K. Inlet Mach number, My z y= 200 mis 2 = 90 oom AO1.134 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion _ 200 /138 * 289.13 * 500 M, = 0.44 Refer Isentropic flow table for 1.38 =1.4 and M=0.44 0.963 [From gas tables page no.29} Pi > = 0.876 Po Th = Tart Ot 0.963 = 500 0.963 = 31921 K] ‘We know that, for isentropic flow stagnation temperature remains constant > To2To* Teg = 519.21 K From tables, PL = 0876 Por > yt °! 0.876 _ 3x10 0.876 Poi = 3-42 * 105 Nim? For isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant. Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.135 29) = 342 * 10° Ni Por From Bernoulli equation, for incompressible flow, stagnation pressure equation is > Po p+ Yepc? — [From equation no.1.37] Atintet Py = y+ Ave? -pth 7 xo? Oy ote ee oe 289.13 x 500 Poy SAL» 108 Nim? = Po Por= Paps 3a 108 Ni? Result : 1, m= 29.33 ke/s 2.Tp™ 51921 K 3.M=a.44 4, po (Compressible flow) = 3:42 « 108 Nim? Pp (Incompressible low) = 3.41 x 108 Nim? 27) Air fows in a duct with a velocity of 215 m/s. The temperature of ‘air measured at a point along the duet is 30°C and the air pressure is 5 bar, Determine (i) stagnation pressure, (i) Mach number at that potnt, (Dec! 2004 - Anna Univ) Given: Air velocity,