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IronEx II
SOFex
Bering Sea
Gulf of Alaska
Biospherical
Instruments
Our understanding of the worlds systems depends on observations of ocean color (waterleaving radiance); we infer ocean health, species composition, water quality, carbon cycling,
and trends in these variables by accurately measuring subtle changes in reflectance.
Biospherical
Instruments
Our understanding of the worlds systems depends on observations of ocean color (waterleaving radiance); we infer ocean health, species composition, water quality, carbon cycling,
and trends in these variables by accurately measuring subtle changes in reflectance.
And yet.
Legacy & current sensors, optimized for the open ocean, provide inadequate spatial/spectral resolution
90% (or more) of the satellite signal comes from the atmosphere, but existing sensors perform poorly at the
land-sea interface
We cannot currently answer fundamental questions such as:
- Is biomass increasing or decreasing in the coastal ocean?
- Are the organisms potentially harmful or toxic?
- Is the coastal ocean a sink or source for carbon dioxide?
- How are low and high latitude systems (coral reefs, the ice edge) responding to the
unprecedented changes in ocean temperature, pH, and water quality?
Biospherical
Instruments
Our understanding of the worlds systems depends on observations of ocean color (waterleaving radiance); we infer ocean health, species composition, water quality, carbon cycling,
and trends in these variables by accurately measuring subtle changes in reflectance.
And yet.
Legacy & current sensors, optimized for the open ocean, provide inadequate spatial/spectral resolution
90% (or more) of the satellite signal comes from the atmosphere, but existing sensors perform poorly at the
land-sea interface
We cannot currently answer fundamental questions such as:
- Is biomass increasing or decreasing in the coastal ocean?
- Are the organisms potentially harmful or toxic?
- Is the coastal ocean a sink or source for carbon dioxide?
- How are low and high latitude systems (coral reefs, the ice edge) responding to the
unprecedented changes in ocean temperature, pH, and water quality?
Biospherical
Instruments
Biological Diversity
What drives the diversity of life on Earth? How is this Biological diversity changing and why? How
are global ecosystems changing? What are the consequences of climate change and increased
human activities for coastal regions?
Ecological Forecasting
Ecological Forecasting employs observations and models to predict the impacts of environmental
change on ecosystems.
2015
The Blob(s),
Ridiculously Resilient
Ridges
Normalized
Difference
Vegetation
Index
Earthdata.nasa.gov/labs/worldview
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Dinoflagellates
Dominant
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
First-Order Questions
How are basin-scale oscillations
changing the biology and chemistry of
the oceans?
How does the drought modulate the
coastal ocean (or does it not matter?)
What is going to happen in the future?
Is this the new normal?
Optics Primer
IOP- Inherent optical property
eg. absorption (a), scattering (b), attenuation (c)
AOP- Apparent optical property
eg. irradiance (E), radiance (L)
Ed()
remote sensing reflectance
Rrs = g
bb
a + bb
Lu
Lu()
aw
aCDOM
Ed
c=a+b
btot = bf + bb
aph
ad
bb
Fluor
Rrs()
Rrs = g
bb
a + bb
Lu
Ed
Lwn Lu + Lsky
SeaWiFS Chl a
10.0
1.0
0.1
Adapted from Kahru & Mitchell 2001
0.1
1.0
10.0
Ocean Color is a + bb
http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS.html
Coccolithophore
Emiliania huxleyi
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/imagelibrary/emilianiahuxleyi.html
bbw + bbp
Lu
Rrs ( )
= cons tan t
Ed
aw + a ph + adm + bbw + bbp
What were reasonably good at measuring: Chlorophyll
What we WANT TO measure:
-Water Quality
-Phytoplankton Species (such as Harmful Algal Blooms)
-Biogeochemistry
-Long-term trends
Spatial Resolution
0908
0938
1006
1124
1204
1238
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Haptophytes
Cryptophytes
Chlorophytes
Cyanophytes
UPCE
Spectral Resolution
Spectral Resolution
Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
Microcystis spp.
0.035
0.03
0.025
-1
)
0.02
Rrs (sr
0.015
0.01
AMI (Peak Width / Dip Width)
0.005
0
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Wavelength (nm)
750
800
We generalized the
spectral shape methods to
take advantage of
hyperspectral data, and
also developed a
Scattering Line Height
(SLH) algorithm which
works with almost any
sensor, including MASTER
www.baykeeper.org
Mercury
PCBs
Prasinophytes
Chlorophytes
Diatoms
Raphidophytes
Chrysophytes
Dinoflagellates
CLASSES OF INTEREST
Eustigmatophytes
Cryptophytes
Cyanobacteria
Others(
3.0%(
Cyanobacteria(
3.2%(
HPLC/CHEMTAX
Cryptophytes(
9.0%(
Dino.latellates(
14.3%(
Diatoms(
68.8%(
Eustigmatophyte(
1.0%(
Others(
2.3%(
Cyanobacteria(
0.1%(
Microscopy
Cryptophytes(
11.9%(
Dino/latellates(
10.1%(
Diatoms(
74.6%(
River
S657
S649
S3
S6
S13
S16
Ocean
S18
DiatomDinoflagellate
Cyanobacteria
Cryptophyte
Chlorophyte
Haptophytes
Cryptophytes
HPLC/CHEMTAX &
PHYDOTAX = Same Food
Quality Index
Food Quality from Space!
Food Quality Index = 0.2 x Cyano + 0.525 x Chloro + 0.7 x Diat + 0.95 x Cryso
Quarry Lake
(closed for
microcystins)
Lake Chabot
(dog deaths
from
microcystins)
WCT Fe (g L-1)
WCT Cu (g L-1)
MODIS AQUA
Landsat8
Sentinel-2
NASA
Ocean
Science
HsypIRI