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TOPIC OUTLINE
BIODIVERSITY DEFINITION AND SCOPE
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
WHY THE NEED FOR BIOLOGICAL NAMING
SYSTEMATICS AND TAXONOMY DIFFERENCE AND SCOPE
CURRENT STATE OF SYSTEMATICS AND TAXONOMY

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FAMOUS

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BIODIVERSITY
VARIETY OF LIFE ON EARTH AND INCLUDES VARIETIES ON ALL LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
FROM GENES TO ECOSYSTEMS. GENETIC, ORGANISMAL AND ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ARE ALL ELEMENTS
OF BIODIVERSITY WITH EACH INCLUDING A NUMBER OF COMPONENTS. (GASTON & SPICER, 2004)

THE VARIABILITY AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS FROM ALL SOURCES INCLUDING, INTER ALIA [AMONG
OTHER THINGS], TERRESTRIAL, MARINE AND OTHER AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AND THE ECOLOGICAL
COMPLEXES OF WHICH THEY ARE PART; THIS INCLUDES DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES, BETWEEN SPECIES
AND OF ECOSYSTEMS. (CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY)

LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY*
GENETIC

REFERS TO THE DIFFERENCES IN GENETIC MAKE-UP BETWEEN DISTINCT

SPECIES AND TO GENERIC VARIATIONS WITHIN SPECIES

SPECIES
ECOSYSTEM

REFERS TO THE VARIETY OF SPECIES WITHIN A REGION

VARIETY OF HABITATS, BIOTIC COMMUNITIES, AND ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES,

AS WELL AS THE DIVERSITY PRESENT WITHIN ECOSYSTEMS

*Giri, C.P., S. Shrestha, T.W. Foresman & A. Singh. nd. Global Biodiversity Data and Information.
http://www.unescap.org/stat/envstat/stwes-26.pdf Retrieved: May 5, 2013

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TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION

TAXONOMY

AND CONSERVATION GO HAND-IN-HAND. WE CANNOT NECESSARILY EXPECT TO CONSERVE

ORGANISMS THAT WE CANNOT IDENTIFY, AND OUR ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSEQUENCES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND DEGRADATION ARE COMPROMISED FATALLY IF WE CANNOT RECOGNIZE
AND DESCRIBE THE INTERACTING COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS. (MACE, 2004)

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Biological Sciences Evolution: John Alroy. How many named species are valid? PNAS 2002 99 (6) 3706-3711;
published ahead of print March 12, 2002, doi: 10.1073/pnas.062691099

TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS: THE

DIFFERENCE?
TAXONOMY

IS THE ASPECT OF SYSTEMATICS THAT DEALS WITH CORRECT

APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES. NOMENCLATURE IS THE
SYSTEM OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES APPLIED TO ORGANISMS

SYSTEMATICS

IS THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS DETERMINATION OF

IDENTITIES AND INTER-RELATIONSHIPS AT THE SPECIES LEVEL, AND
OF EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS ABOVE THE SPECIES LEVEL.

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SYSTEMATICS VS TAXONOMY

SYSTEMATICS
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE KINDS AND DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS
AND OF ANY AND ALL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THEM

RELATIONSHIP WOULD INCLUDE NOT JUST EVOLUTIONARY

RELATIONSHIP BUT ALL OTHER BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS AMONG
ORGANISMS

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SYSTEMATICS
SCIENCE THAT ENCOMPASSES TRADITIONAL TAXONOMY
TAXONOMY DEALS WITH DESCRIPTION, IDENTIFICATION,
NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

PRIMARY GOAL IS TO RECONSTRUCT PHYLOGENY

FOUNDED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION
MAJOR PREMISE IS THAT LIFE HAS A COMMON PHYLOGENY

TAXONOMY
MAJOR COMPONENT OF SYSTEMATICS
GENERAL STUDY IS THE TAXA
DESCRIPTION, IDENTIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE AND
CLASSIFICATION

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TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION
ASSIGNMENT OF FEATURES OR ATTRIBUTES TO A TAXON
FEATURES ARE CALLED CHARACTERS
TWO OR MORE FORMS OF A CHARACTER ARE CALLED CHARACTER
STATES

TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATION
PROCESS OF ASSOCIATING AN UNKNOWN TAXON WITH A KNOWN
ONE, OR RECOGNIZING THAT THE UNKNOWN IS NEW TO SCIENCE
AND WARRANTS FORMAL DESCRIPTION AND NAMING

THE MOST COMMON TOOL IS A DICHOTOMOUS KEY

EACH STATEMENT IS A LEAD
A PAIR OF LEADS CONSTITUTE A COUPLET

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TAXONOMIC NOMENCLATURE
FORMAL NAMING OF TAXA ACCORDING TO SOME STANDARDIZED
SYSTEM

THESE FORMAL NAMES ARE CALLED SCIENTIFIC NAMES

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF NOMENCLATURE IS THAT ALL TAXA
MAY BEAR ONLY ONE SCIENTIFIC NAME

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TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
THE ARRANGEMENT OF ENTITIES INTO SOME
KIND OF ORDER

CATEGORIES CALLED RANKS ARE UTILIZED

TAXONOMIC RANKS ARE HIERARCHICAL
TWO MAJOR MEANS OF ARRIVING AT A
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE: PHENETIC AND
PHYLOGENETIC

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
PHENETIC BASED ON OVERALL SIMILARITIES
PHYLOGENETIC BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY, PATTERN OF
DECENT, WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT CORRESPOND TO OVERALL
SIMILARITY

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PHYLOGENY
PRIMARY GOAL OF SYSTEMATICS
REFERS TO THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A GROUP OF
ORGANISMS

COMMONLY REPRESENTED IN THE FORM OF A CLADOGRAM

(PHYLOGENETIC TREE)

PHYLOGENY
THE LINES OF A CLADOGRAM REPRESENT LINEAGES OR CLADES
WHICH DENOTE DESCENT, THE SEQUENCE OF ANCESTRAL
DESCENDANT POPULATIONS THROUGH TIME

ANY BRANCHING OF CLADOGRAM REPRESENTS LINEAGE

DIVERGENCE DIVERSIFICATION OF LINEAGES FROM ONE COMMON
ANCESTOR

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PHYLOGENY
CHANGES IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF POPULATIONS MAY OCCUR
IN LINEAGES OVER TIME

EVOLUTION MAY BE RECOGNIZED AS A CHANGE FROM A REEXISTING, OR ANCESTRAL, CHARACTER STATE TO A NEW, DERIVED
CHARACTER STATE

THE DERIVED STATE IS AN EVOLUTIONARY NOVELTY, ALSO CALLED

APOMORPHY

CLADISTICS
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS IS A METHODOLOGY FOR INFERRING
THE PATTERN OF EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A GROUP OF
ORGANISMS UTILIZING THESE APOMORPHIES

CLADOGRAMS SERVE AS THE BASIS FOR PHYLOGENETIC

CLASSIFICATION

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CLADISTICS
MONOPHYLETIC GROUP CONSISTING OF A COMMON ANCESTOR PLUS ALL (AND
ONLY ALL) DESCENDANTS OF THAT COMMON ANCESTOR

PARAPHYLETIC GROUP CONSISTING OF A COMMON ANCESTOR BUT NOT ALL

DESCENDANTS OF THAT COMMON ANCESTOR

POLYPHYLETIC GROUP ONE IN WHICH THERE ARE TWO OR MORE SEPARATE

GROUPS, EACH WITH A SEPARATE COMMON ANCESTOR

THESE TWO GROUPS DISTORT THE ACCURATE PORTRAYAL OF EVOLUTIONARY

HISTORY AND SHOULD BE ABANDONED

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LINES OF EVIDENCE
FOSSIL RECORD
MORPHOLOGY
EMBRYONIC PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
CHROMOSOMES AND DNA

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FOSSIL RECORDS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE THE RICHEST SOURCE OF FOSSILS
FOSSIL RECORDS ARE SUBSTANTIAL BUT INCOMPLETE CHRONICLE
OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE

THE FOSSIL RECORD IS BIASED IN FAVOUR OF SPECIES THAT

EXISTED FOR A LONG TIME, WERE ABUNDANT AND WIDESPREAD,
AND HAD HARD SHELLS OR SKELETONS THAT FOSSILIZED READILY.

MORPHOLOGY

HOMOLOGY SIMILARITY BASED ON COMMON ANCESTRY

ANALOGY SIMILARITY BASED ON CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

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HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE BETWEEN CLOSELY

RELATED SPECIES CAN BE SMALL OR GREAT

MODIFIED HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

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MORPHOLOGY
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES ARISING INDEPENDENTLY ARE CALLED
HOMOPLASIES

MORE RESEMBLANCES, LESS LIKELY THAT TWO ORGANISMS

EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY

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EMBRYONIC
PATTERNS

DNA AND CHROMOSOMES

IF GENES IN TWO ORGANISMS HAVE CLOSELY SIMILAR NUCLEOTIDE
SEQUENCES, IT IS HIGHLY LIKELY THAT THE GENES ARE
HOMOLOGOUS

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) EVOLVED RELATIVELY RECENTLY

AND CAN BE USED TO EXPLORE RECENT EVOLUTIONARY EVENTS,
SUCH AS RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROUPS WITHIN A SPECIES

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DNA AND CHROMOSOMES

GENE DUPLICATION INCREASES THE NUMBER OF GENES THAT
PROVIDES OPPORTUNITIES FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE

HOMOLOGOUS GENES CAN BE ORTHOLOGOUS OR PARALOGOUS

ORTHOLOGOUS GENES FOUND IN DIFFERENT GENE POOLS
BECAUSE OF SPECIATION

PARALOGOUS GENES FOUND IN THE SAME GENOME BECAUSE OF

DUPLICATION

LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

EACH SPECIES HAS A TWO-PART NAME.
SPECIES ARE ORGANIZED HIERARCHICALLY INTO BROADER AND
BROADER GROUPS OF ORGANISMS

HIGHER CLASSIFICATION LEVELS ARE NOT DEFINED BY SOME

MEASURABLE CHARACTERISTIC

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Can we name Earth;s species before they go extinct? Mark J. Costello, Robert M. May, and Nigel E. Stork. Science 25
January 2013: 339 (6118), 413-416. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1230318]

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THE PHILIPPINES: TAXONOMIC POTENTIALS

AND SYSTEMATIC PROMISES
PHILIPPINES MAY HAVE MORE UNIQUE BIRD SPECIES THAN THOUGHT, BIOLOGIST SAYS (CITY COLLEGE OF NEW
YORK (1970, JANUARY 1). PHILIPPINES MAY HAVE MORE UNIQUE BIRD SPECIES THAN THOUGHT, BIOLOGIST
SAYS. SCIENCEDAILY. RETRIEVED MAY 5, 2013, FROM HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM
/RELEASES/2010/10/101020101655.HTM)

TWO NEW OWL SPECIES DISCOVERED IN THE PHILIPPINES (MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY (1970, JANUARY 1).
TWO NEW OWL SPECIES DISCOVERED IN THE PHILIPPINES. SCIENCEDAILY. RETRIEVED MAY 5, 2013, FROM
HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM /RELEASES/2012/08/120817135542.HTM)

SEVEN NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS DISCOVERED IN THE PHILIPPINES (FIELD MUSEUM (1970, JANUARY 1).

SEVEN NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS DISCOVERED IN PHILIPPINES. SCIENCEDAILY. RETRIEVED MAY 5, 2013,
FROM HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM /RELEASES/2011/06/110620122034.HTM )

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IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEMATICS
IDENTIFICATION OF PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN ORGANISM
INFERENCE ON THE TREE OF LIFE
OPENS UP OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTIGATIONS ON PHYSIOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY, BEHAVIORAL
RESPONSES, MEDICINE, TOURISM AND CONSERVATION

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