MODELING OF GRID INTER-CONNECTED ENERGY SYSTEM

Modeling

GRID
LOAD DISPATCH
TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
OPERATOR

DISTRIBUTION
CENTER

CENTER

Power Flow Analysis

Load flow study also known as power flow study, is an important tool involving
numerical analysis applied to a power system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified
notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various forms of AC
power (i.e. voltages, volt-age angles, real power and reactive power). Load-flow studies are
performed to determine the steady-state operation of an electric power system. It calculates the
voltage drop on each feeder, the voltage at each bus, and the power flow in all branch and feeder
circuits. Determine if system voltages remain within specified limits under various contingency
conditions, and whether equipment such as transformers and conductors are overloaded. It is
used to identify the need for additional generation, capacitive, or inductive support, or the
placement of capacitors and/or reactors to maintain system voltages within specified limits.
Losses in each branch and total system power losses are also calculated. It is Necessary for
planning, economic scheduling, and control of an existing system as well as planning its future
expansion.
There are two popular numerical methods for solving the power-flow equations. These
are the Gauss-Seidel (G-S) and the Newton-Raphson (N-R) Methods (Grainger and Steven-son,
1994; Elgend, 1982; Glover and Sharma, 1994). The N-R method is superior to the G-S method
because it exhibits faster convergence characteristics. However, the N-R method suffers from the
disadvantages that a flat start is not always possible since the solution at the beginning can
oscillate without converging towards the solution. In order to avoid this problem, the load-flow
solution is often started with a G-S algorithm followed by the N-R algorithm after a few
iterations. In fig. shows simple radial network, current Ii entering bus i given by following
equation

Fig. 7: Bus i connected n number of feeder in radial power network

Apply Kirchoffs Current law to this bus results in
Ii = yi0Vi+ yi1 (Vi-V1) + yi2 (Vi-V2) +...+ yin (Vi-Vn)
= (yi0+yi1+yi2+ + yin) Vi yi1 V1- yi2V2-- yin Vn
n

yij Ii = Vi
j =0

Or

yij Vj

ji

j=0

(1)

The real and reactive power at bus i is

Pi + jQi = Vi Ii*

Therefore Ii=

(2)
Vi
Pi jQi

(3)

Substituting for Ii in (1) yields

n

Pi + jQi = Vi

yij
j=0

yij Vj
j=0

ji

(4)

From the above relation, the mathematical formulation of power flow problem results in system
of algebraic non linear equations which must be solved by iterative techniques.
Equation (1) can be rewritten in terms of bus admittance matrix as follows

yij Vj
Ii = Vi
j=1

(5)

Ii =

|Yij||Vj| ij+j

(6)

j=1

The complex power at bus i is Pi + jQi = V*i Ii

(7)

Substituting from (6) for Ii in (7)

n

Pi + jQi = |Vi| i

|Yij||Vj| ij+j

(8)

j=1

Separating the real and imaginary parts

|Vi||Yij||Vj|cos( iji+ j)
Pi =

(9)

j=1

|Vi||Yij||Vj|sin ( iji+j)
Qi =

(10)

j =1

Equation (9) and (10) constitute a set of non-linear algebraic equations in terms of independent
variables, voltage magnitude in per unit, and phase angle in radians. From this get two equations
for each load bus, given by (9) and (10), and one equation for each voltage controlled bus, given
by (9). Expanding (9) and (10) in Taylors series about initial estimate and neglecting all higher
order terms results in the following set of linear equations.

Here bus 1
assumed as
slack

bus,

Jacobian
matrix
gives
linearized
relationship
between small changes in voltage angle i(k) and voltage magnitude |Vi(k)| with small changes
in real and reactive power Pi(k) and Qi(k). Elements of Jacobian matrix are partial derivatives of
(9) and (10), evaluated at i(k)and |Vi(k)|. In short form it can be written as

[ ] [
P
Q

J1 J2
J3 J 4

(11)

The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J1 are

Pi
= |Vi||Vj||Yij|sin(iji+ j)
i
j i
Pi
=|Vi||Vj||Yij|sin (iji+j)
j

(12)

ji

(13)

The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J2 are

Vi=2|Vi||Yii|cos ii+ |Vi||Vj||Yij|cos (iji+j)
j i

(14)

Pi

Vj=|Vi||Yij| cos(iji+ j)
Pi

ji

(15)

The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J3 are

Qi
= |Vi||Vj||Yij|cos(iji+ j)
i
j i

(16)

Qi
=|Vi||Vj||Yij|cos (iji+j)
j

ji

(17)

The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J4 are

Vi=2|Vi||Yii|sin ii+ |Vi||Vj||Yij|sin(iji+ j)
j i

(18)

Qi

Vj=|Vi||Yij| sin(iji+j)
Qi

ji

(19)

The terms Pi(k) and Qi(k) are the difference between scheduled and calculated values, known as
power residuals, given by
Pi(k) = Pisch Pi(k)

(20)

Qi(k) = Qisch Qi(k)

(21)

The new estimates for bus voltages are

i(k+1)= i(k)+ i(k)

(22)

|Vi (k+1)|= |Vi (k)|+ | Vi (k) |

(23)

All sequential process upto equations (23) is contiunue until the residuals Pi(k) and Qi(k) are less
than specified accuracy, i.e.
|Pi(k) |

and

|Qi(k)|

(24)

To evaluate exact transmission losses of complex network uses Kron technique but it
requires all the entities associated with transmission network which can be obtained from power
flow model. It expresses system losses in terms of interconnected generators real power output.
It also called B-coefficient method. Total injected complex power at bus I, denoted by S i, is given
by Si= Pi + jQi= Vi Ii*.
The summation of power over all buses gives the total system loss
n

PL + jQL =

Vi I i
i=1

= VbusT Ibus*

(25)

Where PL and QL are real and reactive power loss of system but, Ibus= YbusVbus

But Vbus = Y-1bus Ibus = Zbus Ibus

(26)

Then equation (25) become, PL + jQL = [Zbus Ibus]T I*bus = ITbus ZTbus I*bus

(27)

But Zbus is symmetrical matrix; therefore ZTbus = Zbus and total system loss becomes;
But active power loss plays major role in loss component hence it becomes;
PL + jQL = ITbus Zbus I*bus

(28)

If Sgi is the complex power at bus i, the generator current is;

Igi=

Sgi Pgi j Qgi

=
=
V i
V i

Qgi
Pg i
V i

1 j

= i

Pgi

(29)

(30)
All above results are put in active power loss equation gives resultant equation;

(31)
So above formula can be written in general form as follows;
n

PL =

Pi Bij Pj
i=1 j=1

(32)

Equation (32) shows transmission system equation in terms of loss and input grid fed power. In
equation (31) B0i and B00 can be neglected due to small perturbation when transmission buses are
in small numbers i.e. less than 1000.