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WCDMA Best PW - Benali - IMCNE06 PDF
WCDMA Best PW - Benali - IMCNE06 PDF
Contents
Introduction.1
Chapter I: RF Optimization Introduction
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Conclusion.50
Introduction
Analog cellular systems are commonly referred to as first generation systems. The digital systems
currently in use, such as GSM, PDC, cdmaOne (IS-95) and US-TDMA (IS-136), are second generation
systems. These systems have enabled voice communications to go wireless in many of the leading
markets, and customers are increasingly finding value also in other services, such as text messaging
and access to data networks, which are starting to grow rapidly.
Third generation systems are designed for multimedia communication: with them personto-person
communication can be enhanced with high quality images and video, and access to information and
services on public and private networks will be enhanced by the higher data rates and new flexible
communication capabilities of third generation systems. This, together with the continuing evolution of
the second generation systems, will create new business opportunities not only for manufacturers and
operators, but also for the providers of content and applications using these networks.
In the standardization forums, WCDMA technology has emerged as the most widely adopted third
generation air interface. Its specification has been created in 3GPP (the 3rd Generation Partnership
Project), which is the joint standardization project of the standardization bodies from Europe, Japan,
Korea, the USA and China. Within 3GPP, WCDMA is called UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex), the name WCDMA being used to
cover both FDD and TDD operation.
Throughout this book, the chapters related to specifications use the 3GPP terms UTRA FDD and TDD,
the others using the term WCDMA. This book focuses on the WCDMA FDD technology. The WCDMA
TDD mode and its differences from the WCDMA FDD mode are presented in Chapter 13, which
includes a description of TD-SCDMA.
In this report we will try to present a manual for UMTS data collection and for optimization also
solutions for analyzing and the way for resolving problems in RF part of the WCDMA Network. Many
cases of this manual are token from the UAE Etisalat Network.
Once all the sites are installed and verification is complete, RF optimization starts. In some situations
for a tight schedule, RF optimization might start after the construction of partial sites is complete. RF
optimization is usually performed after 80% of total sites in a cluster are constructed.
RF optimization stage is one major stage of RNO. It aims at the following aspects:
Optimizing signal coverage
Control pilot pollution
Control SHO Factor based on DT
RF optimization also involves optimizing list of neighbor cells.
When the indexes like DT and traffic measurement after RF adjustment meets KPI requirements, RF
optimization stage ends. Otherwise you must reanalyze data and adjust parameters repeatedly until all
KPI requirements are met. After RF optimization, RNO comes to parameter optimization stage.
1.1
1.2
Test Preparations
2.1
Actually, different operators might have different standards on KPI requirements, index definition, and
attention. Therefore the RF optimization goal is to meet the coverage and handover KPI requirements
in the contract (commercial deployment offices) or planning report (trial offices).
Define the indexes as required by contract as below:
The index definition is the percentage ratio of the sampling points with the index (such as CPICH
Ec/Io) greater than the reference value in all sampling points.
Usually after RF optimization, the network must meets the index requirements listed in 0.
0 lists the RF optimization objectives according to analysis of and suggestion to coverage by existing
network.
Index
Reference
97% in
urban area
CPICH Ec/Io
9dB
97% in
suburban
area
98% in
urban area
CPICH RSCP
95dBm
95% in
suburban
area
30%40%
5%
Remarks
According to test result from the scanner,
in unloaded and outdoor conditions, in
planning coverage areas, test in a gridlike route to cover all cells.
According to test result from the scanner,
in unloaded and outdoor conditions, in
planning coverage areas, test in a gridlike route to cover all cells. The coverage
level request is basic. If operators have
penetration loss request, add the
penetration loss to the coverage level.
The SHO Factor based on DT should be
5% to 10% lower than the goal, because
the following optimizations cause the soft
handover factor to increase
The maximum transmit power of a cell is usually 43 dBm, and the pilot channel power is 33 dBm.
When MPOConstant is 2.5 dB, the default configuration by RNC, the MPO is 7.5 dB.
The 4.5 dB is obtained according to the linear relationship between the SNR of all the subscriber's HSPDSCHs and the corresponding CQIs. Namely, SNR = 4.5dB + CQIUE, and SNR = Ec/NtHS-PDSCH +
10log16.
When calculating CQIUE at UE side, the UE assumes that the total transmit power of HS-PDSCH is
PHS-DSCH = PPCPICH + MPO. Wherein, PPCPICH is the transmit power of PCPICH. Therefore, Ec/NtHS-PDSCH
= Ec/NtPCPICH + MPO. As a result, the CQI reported by UE is as below:
CQIUE = Ec/NtPCPICH + MPO + 10log16 + 4.5dB
According to previous analysis, the offset between CQIUE and PCPICH Ec/Io is 24 dB. Therefore, in
terms of actual optimization, to optimize CQI is to optimize Ec/Io.
Assume that the cell power is dynamically distributed between R99 and HSDPA networks. After
receiving CQIUE from UE, the NodeB adjust the CQI as below:
The CQI adjusted by NodeB, CQINodeB = ( Pcell - Pcommon PR99 PHS-SCCH (PPCPICH + MPO ) + CQIUE.
Wherein,
Pcell is the maximum transmit power of cell
Pcommon is the CCH power of cell
PR99 is the power of downlink associated DPCH for R99 or HSDPA subscribers.
PHS-SCCH is the HS-SCCH power.
Assume:
Pcell = 43 dBm
Pcommon is 20% of total power of cell
No R99 subscribers are in the cell
PR99 is too low to neglect
PHS-SCCH is 5% of total power of cell
Therefore,
CQINodeB = 1 + CQIUE
According to experience in actual test, based on the difference between the Ec/Io from scanner and
the Ec/Io from UE, reserve a margin of 1 dB. At the edge of cell, an HSDPA subscriber may occupy
total power of cell, so the throughput rate at cell edge is equivalent to the throughput rate at cell edge
for the single subscriber.
Errore. L'origine riferimento non stata trovata. lists the relationship among the CQI reported by
UE, pilot Ec/Io, and throughput rate at MAC-HS layer (MPO = 7.5 dB).
9 > CQI
15 > CQI
CQI
15
Subscribers' feeling
Poor
Fair
Good
throughput rate at
MAC-HS layer for
single subscriber
0320 kpbs
Ec/Io
> 15dB
15dB to 9dB
9dB
Table 1-2: Relationship among the CQI reported by UE, pilot Ec/Io, and
throughput rate at MAC-HS layer
The throughput rate provided in Errore. L'origine riferimento non stata trovata. is based on the
test in the following conditions:
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365
365
711
711
10
1055
11
1405
12
1742
13
2083
2.2
Dividing Clusters
According to the features of UMTS technologies, the coverage and capacity are interactional and the
frequency reuse factor is 1. Therefore RF optimization must be performed on a group of or a cluster of
NodeBs at the same time instead of performing RF optimization on single site one by one. This
ensures that interference from intra-frequency neighbor cells are considered during optimization.
Analyze the impact of the adjustment of an index on other sites before adjustment.
Dividing clusters involves approval by the operator. The following factors must be considered upon
dividing clusters:
According to experiences, the number of NodeBs in a cluster depends on the actual
situation. 1525 NodeBs in a cluster is recommended. Too many or few NodeBs in a cluster
is improper.
A cluster must not cover different areas of test (planning) full coverage services.
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Refer to the divided clusters for network project maintenance of the operator.
Landform factor : Landforms affect signal propagation. Mountains block signal
propagation, so they are natural borders for dividing clusters. Rivers causes a longer
propagation distance, so they affect dividing clusters in various aspects. If a river is narrow,
the signals along two banks will interact. If the transportation between two banks allows,
divide sites along the two banks in the same cluster. If a river is wide, the upstream and
downstream will interact. In this situation, the transportation between two banks is
inconvenient, dividing clusters by the bank according to actual situation.
A cell-like cluster is much usual than a strip-like cluster.
Administrative areas When the coverage area involves several administrative areas,
divide clusters according to administrative areas. This is easily acceptable by the operator.
DT workload: The DT must be performed within a day for a cluster. A DT takes about
four hours.
Errore. L'origine riferimento non stata trovata.2: shows divided clusters in a project.
2.3
Confirm the KPI DT acceptance route with the operator before DT. If the operator already has a
decided DT acceptance route, you must consider this upon deciding the KPI DT acceptance route. If
the objective factors like network layout cannot fully meet the coverage requirements of decided test
route by the operator, you must point this out.
The KPI DT acceptance route is the core route of RF optimization test routes. Its optimization is the
core of RF optimization. The following tasks, such as parameter optimization and acceptance, are
based on KPI DT acceptance route. The KPI DT acceptance route must cover major streets, important
location, VIP, and VIC. The DT route should cover all cells as possible. The initial test and final test
must cover all cells. If time is enough, cover all streets in the planned area. Use the same DT route in
every test to compare performances more accurately. Round-trip DT is performed if possible.
Consider actual factors like lanes and left-turn restriction while deciding test route. Before negotiating
with the operator, communicate these factors with local drivers for whether the route is acceptable.
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2.4
Prepare necessary software (listed in 01), hardware (listed in 02), because the following test and
analysis are based on them.
No.
Software
Function
Tems investigation
Data collection
Data collection
Tems Rout
Analysis, Genex
Assistant
Actix
Mapinfo
Device
Specification
Remarks
Scanner
DTI Scanner
Laptop
PM1.3G/512M/20G/USB/COM/PRN
Vehicle mounted
inverter
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No.
Needed data
Whether is
necessary
Remarks
Yes
Map
Yes
By Mapinfo or in paper
KPI requirements
Yes
Yes
Survey report
No
No
Yes
Data Collection
During RF optimization stage, the key is the optimization of radio signals distribution, with the major
means of DT and indoor test. Before test, confirm with the customer care engineers the following
aspects:
Whether the target NodeBs, RNCs, and related CN are abnormal due to being disabled,
blocked, congested, and transmission alarms.
Whether the alarms have negative impact on the validity of test result data.
If the alarms exist, solve the problems before test.
DT is a major test. Collect scanner and UE data of radio signals by DT test. The data is
applicable in analyzing coverage, handover, and pilot pollution problems.
Indoor test involves the following areas:
Indoor coverage areas
Indoor coverage areas include inside buildings, department stores, and subways.
Inside areas of important facilities
Inside areas of important facilities include gymnasiums and government offices.
Areas required by the operator :Areas required by the operator include VIC and VIP.
Test the previous areas to locate, analyze, and solve the RF problems.
Indoor test also involves in optimizing handover of indoor and outdoor intra-frequency, inter-frequency,
and inter-system.
The DT and indoor test during RF optimization stage is based on VP service. According to the contract
(commercial deployment offices) and planning report (trial offices), if seamless coverage by VP service
is impossible in areas, such as, suburban areas and rural areas, the test is based on voice services.
For areas with seamless coverage by PS384K service or HSDPA service required by the contract
(commercial deployment office) or planning report (trial office), such as office buildings, press centers,
and hot spot areas, the test is based on the above services.
3.1
Drive Test
3.1.1 DT Types
According to different full coverage services in the planned areas, DT might be one of the following:
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Meaning
Enable
Whether to implement this index. True for implementation. False for nonimplementation. The recommended value is True.
Call
Number
Setup Time
(s)
The maximum time for setting up calls. It ranges from 2030s. The
recommended value is 25s.
Calling
Time (s)
The time for a single call from call start to normal end of call. Set it great
enough according to actual DT route. The recommended value is 99999s.
Idle Time
(s)
Call Count
Total call times. Set it great enough according to actual DT route. The
recommended value is 999 times.
01: For setting DT, see the following table.
Collect call data tracing at RNC side while performing drive test. This help to locate and analyze
problems.
3.2
Indoor Test
GPS signals are unobtainable in door test. Obtain the plan of the target area before test.
Indoor test consists of walking test and vertical test.
Indoor test services are services by seamless coverage required in the contract (commercial
deployment office) or planning report (trial office). The method for indoor test and requirements on
collecting call tracing data are the same as DT.
3.3
During RF optimization stage, collect neighbor cell data of network optimization and other data
configured in RNC database. In addition, check whether the configured data is consistent with the
previously checked/planned data.
13
While checking configured data, feedback the improperly configured data (if found) to product support
engineers. During checking, pay special attention to handover reselection parameters and power
setting parameters, as listed in 02.
Configured parameters to be checked
Type
Content to be checked
Handover
reselection
parameter
Power
configuration
parameter
HSDPA cell
configuration
14
1.1
15
For the unbalanced uplink and downlink problems, check for interference by monitoring RTWP alarms
of NodeB.
Other causes may lead to unbalanced uplink and downlink, such as:
Uplink and downlink gain of repeaters and interference amplifier are faulty.
In an Rx/Tx detach system, the Rx diversity antenna-feeder system is faulty.
NodeB problems, such as power amplifier failure
For previous problems, check the work state whether there are alarms, whether it is normal. Solve the
problem by replacing NEs, isolating faulty NEs, and adjust NEs.
16
In no primary pilot areas, you can enhance the coverage by strong signals of a cell (or near cells) and
reduce the coverage by weak signals of other cells (or far cells) by adjusting antenna down tilt and
azimuth.
1.2
95 dBm
>= 95%
Usually, the strongest RSCP received by each scanner in the coverage area must be above 95 dBm.
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell, and you can obtain the
distribution of weak coverage area.
In 0, weak coverage areas with RSCP smaller than 95 dBm in the DT route. According to scanner
and UE, the pilot RSCP is acceptable. If the scanner antenna is mounted outside the car, and the UE
is inside the car, there is a penetration loss of 5 to 7 dB. Use scanner data to avoid incomplete pilot
information measured by UE due to missing neighbor cells.
17
Cell primary pilot analysis is analyzing cell scramble information obtained in DT. The content to be
checked include (by Assistant):
Weak coverage cell
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for SC, and you can obtain the signal
distribution of each cell (scramble). According to DT data, if the scramble signals of a cell are
not present, probably some sites cannot transmit signals during test. If a cell cannot transmit
signals during DT, the DT of relative areas must be re-performed. Very weak coverage might
be result of blocked antennas, so you must check the survey report of the site and check
installation of on-site antennas. No (poor) coverage cell might be due to that the DT route
does not cover the cell coverage area. In this case, reevaluate the DT route for the rationality
and perform DT again.
Cross-cell coverage cell
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for SC, and you can obtain the signal
distribution of each cell (scramble). If the signals of a cell are widely distributed, even in the
neighbor cells and the cells next to its neighbor cells, the signals of the cell is present, the
cell encounters a cross-cell coverage which might be due to over high site or improper down
tilt of antenna. The cross-cell coverage cells interferes neighbor cells, so the capacity
declines. You can solve the problem by increasing the down tilt of antenna or lowering the
height of antenna. Avoid forming new weak coverage areas while solving cross-coverage
problems. Pay special attention to the adjustment of engineering parameters which might
cause coverage voids. Be conservative that cross-cell coverage is better than coverage
voids if no other choices are available.
No primary pilot cell
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based SC for 1st Best ServiceCell, and you can obtain
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the scramble distribution of the best cell. If multiple best cells changes frequently in an cell,
the cell is a no primary pilot cell, as shown in 0 No primary pilot cell forms due to the
following causes:
Cross-cell non-seamless coverage due to over high site
Pilot pollution in some areas
Coverage voids at edges of coverage areas
Therefore intra-frequency interferences forms which causes ping-pong handover and affects
performances of service coverage.
Figure 2.2: Distribution of pilot SC for the 1st Best Service Cell
Missing neighbor cells, improper parameters of soft handover, cell selection and reselection cause the
consistent between scanner primary pilot cell and camped cell in idle mode or Best Service Cell in the
active set in connection mode of UE. After optimization, the Ec/Io for 1st Best Service Cell of UE and
scanner is consistent. In addition, the coverage map of UE is marked by clear bordering lines of Best
ServiceCell, as 0.
19
10
>= 95%
20
Check for uplink interference by tracing and analyzing RTWP data. For details, see WCDMA
Interference Solution Guide.
!
The distribution of UE transmit power reflects the distribution of uplink interference and uplink path
loss. In 0, UE transmit power is lower than 10 dBm normally. Only when uplink interference and
coverage area edge exist will the UE transmit power increase sharply to 21 dBm (Some UEs that
support HSDPA, such as E620, with a power class of 3, the maximum transmit power is 24 dBm), and
the uplink is restricted. Comparatively restricted uplink coverage occurs much easily in macro cells
than in micro cells.
1.3
21
In 05, the problem lies sector B mainly covers the marked area but Materials Building sector A partially
covers the marked area. Initially engineers consider enhancing the coverage of the marked area by
adjusting the two cells. According to the survey report, other buildings opposite Materials Building
prevent sector A from transmit signals, so adjusting antenna fails to enhance the coverage of the
areas.
Keep the parameter configuration of Materials Building sector A, but adjust the azimuth of the antenna
sector B from 170 to 165, down tilt from 10 to 8.
For a high NodeB problem, adjust fixed electric down tilt of antenna from 2 to 6. Because the Erqi
Rd. NodeB is at the edge of network coverage, reduce interferences to other NodeBs by adjusting
antenna down tilt and azimuth. In this case, no equipment is removed. Engineers solve the cross-cell
coverage by increasing mechanism down tilt and adjusting azimuth.
22
After adjustment of down tilt to 4, the most cross-cell coverage areas are eliminated, with only few
cross-cell coverage areas, as shown in Errore. L'origine riferimento non stata trovata..
For similar high NodeBs, you can combine adjustable down tilt of electric antenna and mechanism
antenna to better control signal coverage.
In terms of planning, 3G and 2G antennas are mounted in a co-location site. According to coverage
test data of 2G antenna, 2G signals does not fluctuate sharply under the site and under the traffic
lights. Namely, if the 3G and 2G antennas are in the same location, 3G signals will cover the areas
around traffic lights. The problem lies in that the 3G antenna is mounted too close to the wall on the
roof and the wall blocks signals so the special installation conditions of antennas are not met. In
addition, the 2G antenna and its installation parts affect the pattern of 3G antenna. This changes the
radiation pattern of 3G antenna. According to the installation scene, adjusting location of 3G antenna
is difficult.
According to discussion between 2G and 3G engineers, the minimum adjustment solution without
affecting 2G coverage is as below:
Connect the 3G and 2G TX/RX feeder to two feeders of outside wideband polarization antenna
Connect the 3G and 2G RX feeder to two feeders of inner wideband antenna.
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2.1
2.2
Due to restriction to site location and complex geographic environment, cell distribution might be
improper. Improper cell distribution causes weak coverage of some areas and coverage by multiple
strong pilots in same areas.
"
&
If a NodeB is constructed in a position higher than around buildings, most areas will be with in the lineof sight range. Therefore signals are widely transmitted. Over high site cause difficult control of crosscell coverage, which causes pilot pollution.
In a network with multiple NodeBs, the antenna azimuth must be adjusted according to the following
factors:
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When the NodeBs are densely distributed with a small planned coverage rang and the PICH power is
over high, the pilot covers an area larger than the planned area. This causes pilot pollution.
'
The signals cannot reach the planned state due to the following factors of radio environment:
Landform
Building distribution
Street distribution
Waters
The ambient factors include:
High buildings or mountains block signals from spreading
The signals of a NodeB to cover a target area are blocked by high buildings or mountains, so
the target area will have no primary pilot. This causes pilot pollution.
Streets or waters influences signals
When the antenna direction is pointing a street, the coverage range is expanded by the
street. When the coverage range of a NodeB overlaps with the coverage range of other
NodeBs, pilot pollution occurs.
High buildings reflect signals
When high glassed buildings stand near a NodeB, they will reflect signals to the coverage
range of other NodeBs. This causes pilot pollution.
25
#
More than three strong pilots or no primary pilot exists in multiple pilots, frequent handover occurs
among these pilots. This might cause call drop.
The interference of the areas with pilot pollution increases, the system capacity declines.
2.3
26
27
28
2.4
During RF optimization stage, the involved handover problem is about neighbor cell optimization and
SHO Factor based on DT control.
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Control the size and location of handover areas by adjusting RF parameters. You can eliminate
handover call drop due to sharp fluctuation and increase handover success rate.
For other handover problems, see WCDMA Handover and Call Drop Problem Optimization Guide.
3.1
The neighbor cell optimization includes adding and removing neighbor cells.
Missing neighbor cells causes that a strong-pilot cell cannot be listed into the active set so the
interference increases as strong as call drop occurs. For missing neighbor cell, you must add
necessary neighbor cells.
Redundant neighbor cells causes that the neighbor cell information is excessive and unnecessary
signals cost occurs. When the neighbor cell list is fully configured, the needed neighbor cell cannot be
listed. For this problem, remove redundant neighbor cells.
During RF optimization stage, missing neighbor cell is a key problem. The methods for adding
neighbor cells are listed below.
30
Parameter
Meaning
Recommended value
1A Threshold
1A event threshold
3 dB
1A Hysteresis
1A event hysteresis
0 dB
1A Time to Trigger
0.320s
1B Threshold
1B event threshold
6 dB
1B Hysteresis
1B event hysteresis
0 dB
1C Hysteresis
1C event hysteresis
4 dB
1D hysteresis
1D event hysteresis
4 dB
Count Threshold
10
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The daemon analysis tool can seldom analyze UE data automatically and generate missing neighbor
cells, so RNO engineers must analyze the missing neighbor cells one by one for confirmation. Missing
neighbor cell might cause call drop or access failure or cause Ec/Io to deteriorate for a period. Based
on data analysis by scanner, you can easily locate these points with missing neighbor cells, detailed
as below:
Compare the active set Ec/Io distribution diagram measured by UE and that measured by scanner
The spots with missing neighbor cells has a poor Ec/Io measured by UE and a strong Ec/Io scanned
by scanner. Locate the areas for further analysis.
Check the points with poor Ec/Io and check whether the strongest scramble by scanner is neither in
active set nor in monitoring set. If yes, move to the third step for confirmation. If the scramble exists in
the monitoring set, the problem is not about missing neighbor cell but about Ec/Io deterioration due to
handover (reselection) delay and soft handover failure.
Check the latest intra-frequency measurement control whether the neighbor cell list contains the
strong scrambles by scanner. You can also directly check the neighbor cells continuation of the base
cell under the RNC for deciding missing neighbor cells.
The following paragraphs describes a case about call drop due to missing neighbor cell.
Check the Ec/Io coverage information of active set measured by UE, and you can find that the Ec/Io of
the active set is weak near call drop point and the signals are as weak as lower than 15 dB. The base
cell is SC209 cell.
32
Figure 3.4: Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by UE before call drop
You also need to check data from scanner about the call drop point for the points with poor signals.
The signals , from SC128 cell, measured by scanner is strong, as shown in 0.
Figure 3.5: Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by scanner before call drop
From 0 and 0, SC128 encounters missing neighbor cell. For confirmation, check the message process
behind to front for intra-frequency measurement control message. Check whether SC128 exists in the
list of intra-frequency neighbor cells. The result is that SC128 is not in the list of intra-frequency
neighbor cells, therefore the call drop is caused by missing neighbor cell.
If only UE recorded data in the test without data from scanner, confirm by the following method
whether the problem is caused by missing neighbor cell:
Check scrambles of all cells listed in active set measured by UE before call drop
Check scramble information of the cell where UE camps again after call drop and check whether the
scrambles are in active set and monitoring set before call drop If yes, the call drop might be due to
missing neighbor cell.
Check the list of neighbor cells
33
You must be very careful to remove redundant neighbor cells. If the necessary neighbor cells are
removed, problems like call drop occur. Therefore follow the principles below:
Before removing neighbor cells, check the revision records of neighbor cells whether
the neighbor cells to be removed are those that were added in previous DT and optimization.
After removing neighbor cells, perform comprehensive test, including DT and call
quality test (CQT) in important indoor spots, and check for abnormalities. If there are
abnormalities, restore the data configuration.
)
During RF optimization stage, you might remove neighbor cells in the following situations:
Remove the neighbor cells related to cross-cell coverage on the precondition that the
cross-cell coverage problem is solved and no new weak coverage areas are appear.
Remove neighbor cells according to experiences while referring to the network
topology structure. This applies to that the original neighbor cell list is full and new neighbor
relations must be added. Perform test after removal and confirm that the removal does not
cause bigger problems. Otherwise, you must reselect the neighbor cells to be removed.
In the later stages, you can refer to removing traffic measurement statistics. For details, see
WCDMA Handover and Call Drop Problem Optimization Guide.
3.2
No subscribers are using the network during RF optimization stage, so UE DT data of entire network in
a time is used and geographically averaged by 5 meters. You can obtain the ratio of the points in soft
handover state to all DT points. Set the scanner consistent to the system parameters with default
configuration, such as 1A and 1B threshold.
34
If the SHO Factor based on DT is over large, decrease or change the handover areas by using the
following methods for shrinking coverage areas:
Increase the down tilt
Adjust azimuth
Decrease the antenna height
Decrease the PICH power
The precondition for adjustment is that the adjustment will not cause new coverage voids, coverage
blind zone, and more pilot pollution.
The adjustment proceeds as below:
Start Assistant
Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 4th Best Service Cell and
for 3rd Best Select candidate cells
in the 4th Best Service Cell and 3rd Best Service Cell 0 shows the RSCP for the candidates in 4th
Best Service Cell. List the SC136 cell as a candidate cell.
At this stage, the pilot pollution comes to an end. RSCP for 3rd Best Service Cell is more useful in
terms of reference. Select the sites or cells to which the adjustment is applicable and does not break
the preconditions. If the actual SHO Factor based on DT after adjustment is still different from the KPI
one, select candidate cells from
for 2nd Best Service Cell. The sites are densely distributed in
microcell coverage areas, so the SHO Factor based on DT is much higher.
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Incident Report
The following figure present a template for the Incident report which is daily report including all
incidents detected after one day drive test.
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KPI Analysis
2.1
RSCP
RSCP is an acronym used in UMTS and other CDMA cellular communications systems and stands for
Received Signal Code Power.
While RSCP can be defined generally for any CDMA system, it is more specifically used in UMTS.
Also, while RSCP can be measured in principle on the downlink (DL) as well as on the uplink (UL), it is
usually associated only with the downlink and thus it is presumed to be measured by the UE and
reported to the Node-B.
In brief, the received power on one code after de-spreading measured by UE on the pilot bits on a
given channel. The reference point for the RSCP is the antenna connector of the UE. If Tx diversity is
applied on the measured channel then the received code power from each antenna is separately
measured and summed together in watt to produce a total received code power on the measured
channel.
RSCP Analysis:
RSCP (dBm)
Sample %
Above -65
34.81%
-75 to -65
35.33%
-85 to -75
24.08%
-95 to -85
5.21%
-100 to -95
0.26%
0.31%
Total
100%
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38
2.2
Ec/No Analysis:
Ec/No is the received Energy per Chip divided by the Power Density in the band. The CPICH Ec/No is
identical to CPICH RSCP/UTRA Carrier RSSI. Measurement shall be performed on the Primary
CPICH. The reference point for the CPICH Ec/No shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
Ec/No Values
Values range from 0 to -30 dB and correspond to an estimated Bit Error Rate
Ec/No Results:
Legend values
Sample %
Below -20 dB
0.07%
-20 dB to -15 dB
0.64%
-15 dB to -10 dB
14.34%
-10 dB to 0 dB
84.95%
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Ec/No Plot:
2.3
UE Tx Transmit Power
In the UMTS standard various power classes are defined; the ones shaded in grey are ones that could
be used in a handset and comply with the guidelines on SAR.
The maximum (average) power for a class 4 (lowest power) FDD mode terminal is therefore the same
as a GSM1800 handset, however, the signal is continuous and not pulsed.
Class
33(+1/-3)
27(+1/-3)
24(+1/-3)
21(2)
Table 3.3: UE Classification
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Sample %
4.35%
40.41%
48.95%
0 dBm to 10 dBm
4.0%
10 dBm to 15 dBm
2.25%
15 dBm to 20 dBm
0.02%
0.02%
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2.4
BLER
The BLER report gives an idea of downlink quality. The BLER result is derived from the radio link
control layers packet acknowledgement message. BLER is simply the ratio of the number of
negatively acknowledged blocks to the total number of blocks acknowledged by the UE:
If the target BLER is too large, retransmission will be less probable and delay will increase otherwise
retransmission will be less probable and power efficiency will decline. When the power is not restricted
by scenarios, lower target BLER to increase effective throughput rate.
BLER Values:
BLER
Sample %
Below 5
76.99%
5 to 10
6.47%
10 to 50
14.79%
Above 50
1.75%
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43
Sample %
Active set = 1
44.35%
Active set = 2
43.48%
Active set = 3
12.17%
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2.5
Events
Events
Count
Call Total
866
68
45
Dropped Call
21
Table 3.7: Events
Events Plot
2.6
SC Distribution
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2.7
3G Zone 1 Statistics
Average
Mode
Max
Min
RSCP (dBm)
-69.25
-72
-41
-115
Ec/No (dB)
-7.53
-5.4
-3
-22.9
KPI
Value
Total calls
937
68
Dropped Call
21
92.72%
47
7.26%
2.42%
90.50%
Table 3.9: KPIs
2.8
0.17
29.95
3.41
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Conclusion
In this reports we tried to make a manual for optimizing WCDMA networks which
contents many cases of problems in WCDMA RF interface. It was requested by the
company which did my internship to keep it as reference for next optimization
projects. And I m Introduced a sample of Incident Reports and KPI report which I
have been delivering those kind of report to the customer (Etisalat UAE) during this
project In which I was involved as WCDMA Optimizer Consultant.
This internship was useful for me since I improved my Skills in Mobile network
Optimization Filed. And based on that I will be able to find a good job opportunity in
wireless planning and optimization filed overall the world.
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