1.

Words with diphthongs ow and ou

blouse
house
mouse
found
hound
pound
round
sound
ground

cow
bow
how
now
wow
plow
owl
fowl
howl

dowel
towel
vowel
growl
our
hour
flour
loud
proud

out
pout
about
scout
shout
snout
sprout
route
brown

crown
clown
frown
down
gown
town
mouth
south
count

ouch
pouch
couch
tower
power
flower
shower
mountain
thousand

When the consonant r after the vowel a, it changes the sound of the vowel as in ark.

2. Modified vowels: r words

bar
star
hark
cart
farmer
barber
car
bard
lark
dart
harm
garden
far
card
mark
mart
alarm
harbor
gar
guard
park
part
charm
harness
jar
hard
shark
tart
arch
harvest
mar
yard
spark
chart
march
market
par
ark
barn
start
carp
pardon
tar
bark
yarn
arm
harp
regard
spar
dark
art
farm
sharp
sparkle
A diphthong is two vowels sounds in one syllable. The diphthongs oi and oy make
the oi sound as in oil.

3. Words with diphthongs oi and oy

oil
boil
coil
fail

soil
broil
spoil
joint

point
voice
choice
hoist

moist
noise
boy
joy

toy
coin
join
poison

enjoy
destroy
loyal
royalty

When the consonant r comes after the vowel o, it changes the sound of the vowel as
in for. The or sound is marked like this: crn.

4. Modified vowel r words

Lord
door
floor
fork
stork

fort
port
short
sport
forty

core
more
sore
tore
score

snore
store
horse
storm
porch

torch
born
corn
horn
thorn

north
acorn
corner
organ
uniform

A vowel digraph has two vowels that make one sound. The digraph oo makes the
sound of oo as in zoo.

5. Words with the vowel digraph oo as in zoo

broom
room
hoop
loop
goose
loose

moose
noodle
poodle
too
moon
moon

soon
spoon
roost
rooster
tool
fool

pool
spool
stool
school
boot
root

zoo
shoot
roof
proof
booth
tooth

smooth
food
balloon
igloo
raccoon
snooze

A vowel digraph has two vowels that make one sound. The digraph oo makes the
sound of oo as in look.

6. Words with the vowel digraph oo as in book; o, u, and ou can say oo

book
cook
hook
look
nook
took

brook
crook
shook
cookie
booklet
brooklet

good
hood
stood
wood
woody
wooden

wool
woolen
foot
soot
unhook
lookout

wolf
wolves
put
bush
push
cushion

bull

full
pull
could
would
should

When the consonant r comes after the vowel e, it changes the sound of the vowel as
in herd. The er sound is a combination of the schwa () and r sounds.

7. Modified vowel er words

herd
germ
term
fern
eternal
verse
serve
person
father
mother
brother

sister
cracker
hammer
pitcher
rocker
water
zipper
fir
sir
stir
giraffe

circle
circus
bird
third
girl
firm
squirrel
dirt
shirt
skirt
first

birthday
thirteen
thirty
fur
curb
church
injure
sure
curl
burn
turn

turkey
purple
hurry
nurse
purse
burst
hurt
curtain
turtle
heard
pearl

early
earn
learn
earth
word
work
world
worm
worry
worship
worth

The vowel o makes different sounds and one of them is the sound of as in dg.

8. Words with the sound of as in dog

off
dog
fog
hog
log
frog
smog
boss
toss
cross
cloth

moth
belong
strong
wrong
ball
call
fall
hall
mall
tall
wall

claw
small
stall
talk
walk
stalk
salt
malt
law
paw
saw

draw
straw
thaw
dawn
fawn
lawn
yawn
brawn
drawn
hawk
brawl

crawl
shawl
sprawl
faucet
awning
awful
auto
because
caught
daughter
naughty

taught
fault
ought
brought
fought
brought
thought
autumn
haughty
laundry
cough (f)

You have learned the sound of r as in arm. These letters also make the sound
ofare as in squre.

9. Modified re words
bare
care
dare
hare
rare
ware

blare
flare
share
carry
marry
air

fair
hair
pair
stair
chair
bear

pear
tear
wear
berry
ferry
merry

cherry
their
where
there
carrot
parrot

aware
barrel
dairy
errand
error
square

The letter c usually has the sound of s when it is followed by the vowels e, i, or y. This
is called the soft sound of c. Likewise, the soft sound of the letter g makes the jsound
when it is followed by e, i, or y.

10. The soft sounds of the letters c and g

ice

juice

glance

necklace

badge

hedge

dice
lice
mice
nice
rice
vice
slice
spice
price
twice

base
face
lace
pace
race
brace
place
space
trace
chance

city
cymbals
ounce
bounce
pounce
fence
pencil
prince
lettuce
celery

circle
circus
age
cage
gage
page
rage
sage
stage
wage

large
barge
charge
gem
ridge
bridge
gum
gypsy
Egypt
wedge

pledge
engine
giraffe
hinge
danger
giant
orange
range
change
manger

A vowel digraph has two vowels that makes one sound. The digraph ea makes the
sound of e as in head.

11. Words with the vowel digraph ea which has the short vowel e sound
dead
head
lead
read
ready
bread

dread
spread
stead
steady
instead
tread

thread
deaf
breakfast
health
wealth
cleanser

meant
weapons
peasant
pleasant
pleasure
sweat

threat
breath
death
feather
heather
leather

sweater
weather
headache
treasure
measure
meadow