10

Centennial Math Team
Sophomore Book
WRITTEN AREA COMPETITION

ICTM REGIONAL 2011 DIVISION AA
GEOMETRY
PAGE 1 OF 3
1. Two angles are complementary and one of the angles has measure 1024 '51" . Find the
measure of the other angle. Compute your answer in the form k w ' p " (degrees, minutes,
seconds) and write as your answer the ordered triple k , w, p .
2. Points A , B , and C lie on circle O and divide the circle into 3 minor arcs with degree
measures in the ratio 5 : 8 :11 . Find the degree measure of the largest arc in this circle
determined by any two of these three points.
3. A segment of length 60 is divided into 3 segments in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 . Find the length of the
longest segment.
4. One circle has equation x 2 y 2 16 x 4 y 43 0 . A second circle has equation

2 x 2 2 y 2 12 y 1 0 . Find the exact distance between the centers of the two circles.
5. The degree measures of the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 . If one of these angles
is selected at random, find the probability that the angle selected is acute.
6. Four angles of a convex pentagon have degree measures 45 , 88 , 124 , and 132 . Find
the degree measure of the fifth angle.
7. One leg of a right triangle has length 8. The altitude to the hypotenuse of this right triangle
has length 5. Find the length of the other leg of this right triangle. Write your answer in
simplified radical form.
8. A chord of length 48 is drawn in a circle with diameter 52. Find the distance from the chord
to the center of the circle.

GEOMETRY
PAGE 2 OF 3
9. A triangle whose sides have lengths of 9 k , 39 k , and 48 k has an area that is an

integer. Find the smallest possible integer value of k .
10. A rectangle has one side of length 56 and a diagonal of length 200. Find the area of this
rectangle.
11. The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are each of length 25, the length of the altitude is 15,
and the length of the lower base is 28. Find the perimeter of the trapezoid.

12. In the diagram, AB DC , AD 12 , AB 10 , BC 9 ,
and DC 25 . Find the area of trapezoid ABCD .
13. In the diagram, points A , B , and C are collinear, and

points A , E , and D are collinear. BE CD . AB 10 ,
BC 4 , AE 12 , and BE 8 . Find CD . Express your
answer as a decimal.
14. In the diagram, ABCD and EFGH are rectangles

such that the lengths of all sides and diagonals are
integers. The area of rectangle ABCD is 385% of
the area of Rectangle EFGH . If BD 65 , find
HF .
A
B

GEOMETRY
PAGE 3 OF 3
15. In the diagram, points A , C , and D are collinear. AB 15 , BC 8 ,

CBD 45 , and AB CB . Find the length of CD . Express your
answer as an improper fraction reduced lowest terms.
16. Two of the angles of a convex quadrilateral have respective degree

measures of 151 and 42 . One of the remaining angles of the
quadrilateral has a degree measure that is 5 more than twice the degree measure of the other
remaining angle of the quadrilateral. Find the degree measure of the larger of these two
remaining angles.
17. In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram, points A , B , and

E are collinear, AEC 90 , F lies on AD such that
EF AD , DC 10 , EC 8 , and ECB 30 . Find the
exact value of EF .
18. Find the exact area of the circle whose equation is x 8 y 2 10 y 13 0 .

2
19. In the diagram (not necessarily drawn to scale),

ABC 90 , and D lies on AC such that BD AC .
17
k
and AB 1 . Then BD where k and w are
AC
15
w
relatively prime positive integers. Find the value of
2k 3w .
20. In equilateral triangle ABC , the three altitudes are AD , BE , and CF , G is the trisection
point of CF that is closer to C . H and J are the respective midpoints of AD and BE .
The area of ABC is 36 3 . The exact perimeter of GHJ , in simplest radical form, is
k p w . Find the value of k w p .

GEOMETRY
PAGE 1 OF 3
1. If a square has the same area as a rectangle with sides whose lengths are 4.16 and 9.36, find
the perimeter of the square. Express your answer as a decimal.
2. (Always, Sometimes, or Never) For your answer, write the whole word Always,
Sometimes, or Neverwhichever is correct.
In the diagram, the line
containing points A , F , and B
is parallel to the line containing
points C , E , and D ,
JJJG
FG bisects BFE , and
JJJG
EG bisects FED . Thus,
GFE is complementary to GEF .
3. A right triangle has one leg with a length of 6 and has an area of 18. Find the absolute value
of the difference in the degree measures of the two acute angles of the triangle.
4. In the diagram, points
B , C , and D are collinear.
BAC = ( 2 x + 8 ) ,
ABC = ( 3 x ) , and
ACD = ( 8 x 52 ) .
Find the degree measure

of ACB .
5. Two angles are supplementary, and the degree measure of one of the angles is 16 more than
the degree measure of the other angle. Find the degree measure of the larger angle.
6. The equation of a circle is x 2 + y 2 8 y = 10 . The area of this circle is k . Find the value of
k.
A
7. In the diagram, B lies on AC ,
and D lies on EC . If
AB 4
ED 1
= and
= , then
BC 5
DC 7
the ratio of the area of BDC
to the area of quadrilateral ABDE can be
expressed as a common fraction reduced
to lowest terms. Find that common
fraction.
8. The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is 97, and the sum of the lengths of the two
legs of this right triangle is 137. Find the length of the longer leg.

GEOMETRY
PAGE 2 OF 3
9. Located inside equilateral triangle TVW is a point Y such that TY = 38 , VY = 42 , and

WY = 44 . Rounded to the nearest integer, find the radius of the circumscribed circle of
equilateral triangle TVW .
10. (Multiple Choice) For your answer write the capital letter which corresponds to the correct
choice.
RHOM is a rhombus as shown. Which of the following cannot be deduced?
R
H
B
M
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
the perimeter of RHOM is more than the sum of MH and RO

RM = MO
RBM is a right angle
MRO MOR
MRB RMB
Note: Be certain to write the correct capital letter as your answer.

11.
12.
The diagram shows a right

triangle with CD as the
altitude to the hypotenuse.
If CD = 20 and BD = 25 ,
find AD .
In the diagram, ABCD is a trapezoid

HJJG HJJG
with AB & DC . AD = 6 ,
DC = 5 , CB = 9 , and AB = 12 . The
area of trapezoid ABCD can be
k w
where k , w , and
expressed as
f
f are positive integers. Find the
smallest possible value of ( k + w + f ) .
A
D
13. One of the angles of an isosceles trapezoid has a degree measure of 42. Find the largest
possible degree measure sum of two of the other angles of the trapezoid.

GEOMETRY
PAGE 3 OF 3
14. In the diagram,

AD = 24 , BD = 12 , and ADB = 30 .
DAB DCE , E lies on
segment AD , and C lies on
segment BD . If the lengths
of ED and CD are integers,
find the sum of all distinct possibilities
for the area of quadrilateral ABCE .
Express your answer as an exact decimal.
D
E
C
B
A
15. In a rectangle that is a square, the length of one of the diagonals is 578 . In a rectangle that
is not a square, the length of one of the diagonals is 26, and the length of at least one of the
sides is an integral multiple of 5 with all such possible lengths being equally likely. From
among the diagonals and the sides of these two rectangles, one segment is selected at
random. Find the probability that the length of the segment selected is an integer. Express
your answer as a common fraction reduced to lowest terms.
16. The measure of an interior angle of an equiangular polygon is 176.4. Find the number of
sides of the equilateral polygon.
17. In the diagram, CB OB ,
O is the origin, and
points A and B lie on
the x-axis. The equation of
HJJG
OC is y = 3x . OCA ACB .
y-axis
OA
k
where k and w are
=
AB
w
positive integers. Find the
smallest possible value of ( k + w )
x-axis
JJJG
18. In the diagram, AB AC , and BD bisects ABC. If the degree measure of BAC is 68,
find the degree measure of DBC .
A
D
B
19. A right triangle is inscribed in a circle. The side-lengths of this right triangle are all positive
integers. If the area of the circle is 1806.25 , find the sum of all possible distinct areas of
the right triangle.
20. In rhombus ABCD , DAB = 60 . A circle passes through vertices A , B , and D , and
intersects diagonal AC at E . If EC = 12 , find the exact area of the circle that is inscribed
in the rhombus.

ICTM STATE 2011 DIVISION AA
1. In 'ABC , mA 29q and mB
vertex C .
GEOMETRY
PAGE 1 OF 4
46q . Find the degree measure of one exterior angle at
2. A circle passes through point P 8,8 and is tangent to the x-axis at the origin. Find the area
of the circle. Express your answer as a decimal rounded to the nearest hundredth.
3. Two consecutive angles of a parallelogram have degree measures in the ratio of 13 : 7 . Find
the degree measure of the smaller angle.
E
C
4. In the diagram, points C , D , B , and F lie on the circle with

C , F , and A collinear and such that AB and CE are
q 118q . Find the
tangent segments. BAC 31q , and CDB
p.
sum of the degree measures of ECA and minor arc BF
D
F
B
5. kx wy p is the equation of the line that is the perpendicular bisector of the segment
joining the x and y intercepts of 5 x 4 y 60 . If k , w , and p are integers where k ! 0
has the least possible value, find the value of k w .
6. A triangle has vertices 3,1 , 2, 4 , and 5, 1 . Find the exact area of this triangle.
7. On a plane surface, two circles with radii of lengths 12 and 9 are 2 units apart. Find the exact
length of a common internal tangent segment of the two circles.

GEOMETRY
PAGE 2 OF 4
8. The supplement of an angle is 10 degrees less than 5 times the complement of that angle.
Find the degree measure of the angle.
9. The minute and hour hands of Hahn Deemans watch overlap (one hand is on top of the
other) exactly every 68 minutes and 20 seconds of true time. According to Hahns watch, he
began work at 8:00 A. M. and finished at 4:00 P. M. that same day. Find the number of
hours, according to an accurate clock, that Hahn worked that day. Express your answer as
an improper fraction reduced to lowest terms.
10. Find the length of the inradius of a right triangle whose legs have length 11 and 60.
11. The smallest triangle with side-lengths that are consecutive integers and with an area that is
an integer is the 3, 4, 5 triangle. The second smallest such triangle can be split into two right
triangles with integral side-lengths and integral area. Find the sum of the perimeters of these
two right triangles.
12. Equilateral triangle EFG with a perimeter of 72 is inscribed in a circle. Diameter AB & EF
and intersects the other two sides of the triangle at points C and D . Points E and A are
both closer to point C than to point D . Find the exact area of quadrilateral ECDF .
13. Let A ^68, 70,80,110` . A triangle has one of the members of A selected at random as the
degree measure of its largest angle. Find the probability that the triangle is obtuse. Express
your answer as a common fraction reduced to lowest terms.
14. From the point 2, 4 , the two lines that are tangent to the circle x 2 y 2 4 x 4 y
2 are
drawn. The equations of one of the two tangent lines can be expressed as kx y w 0 .
The equation of the other of the two tangent lines can be expressed as x py f 0 . If k ,
w , p , and f are integers, find the value of k w p f .

GEOMETRY
PAGE 3 OF 4
15. A rectangular billiard table has vertices at 0, 0 , 0,8 , 6,8 , and 6, 0 . A ball is placed
at the point 2, 6 and struck with adequate force to bounce off each of the four sides of the
rectangle. The first side is struck at 0,3 . Assuming the angle of incidence is congruent to
the angle of reflection for the path of the ball, the ball will strike the fourth side at x,8 .
Find the value of x . Express your answer as an improper fraction reduced to lowest terms.
16. Points X 7,8 and Y 3, 16 are endpoints of a diameter of a circle. Line A is tangent to
this circle at point Y . Find the slope of line A . Express your answer as a fraction reduced to
lowest terms.
17. Given the points D 7,19 , E 2,15 , and F 13,11 . The absolute value of the distance
from the centroid of 'DEF to the line represented by y
7 x 23 can be expressed as k w
where k and w are positive integers. Find the smallest possible value of k w .
18. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 110. The ratio of the length of one side of this
triangle to the length of a second side of this triangle is 3 : 4 . Find the positive difference
between possible lengths of the base.
19. A regular polyhedron has 6 distinct vertices and 12 distinct edges. If the length of one of
these edges is 8, find the total surface area of this regular polyhedron.
20. In the diagram, points A , E , F , and B are distinct points that

lie on the circle. AB is a diameter, CEF and DFE are right
angles, and points A , C , D , and B are collinear in that order.
AB 260 , and CE 154 . Find the sum of all distinct integer
values for the length of EF such that the length of DF is an
integer.
E
F
A
FROSH-SOPH EIGHT PERSON TEAM COMPETITION

PAGE 1 of 3
NO CALCULATORS
1. Consider the ordered sequence of numbers 1, 2, 4, 10, 19, 32, 58, 96. Write as your answer
the largest number in this sequence that is greater than the sum of all the numbers in the
sequence that precede it.
2. Twelve times the sum of a number and 12 is equal to 96. Find the number.
3. If ( x 4 13) 2 ( x 8)3 is expressed as a polynomial in x , find the degree of that polynomial.
4. Find the sum of all solution(s) for x such that 2 x 3 5 2 x 3 6 2 x 3 .

2
5. The ratio of the complement of an angle to the supplement of that angle is 11: 26 . Find the
measure of the angle.
6. (Multiple Choice) For your answer write the capital letter which corresponds to the correct
choice.
A bag contains exactly 12 marblessome of them are orange, and the rest are blue. Which
of the following could not possibly be the ratio of orange marbles to blue marbles?
A) 1:5
B) 1:12
C) 2:1
D) 1:3
E) 5:7
F) 1:1
Note: Be certain to write the correct capital letter as your answer.

7. In isosceles trapezoid TRAP , TP RA . The diagonals of the
trapezoid intersect at point Z . If ATR 2 x 4 ,
PRA 9 x 23 , and APR 5 x 17 , find the degree

measure of PZA .
8.
2 3
ab 2 c 3 d 6
where a , b , c , d , and e are positive integers. Find
e
1 2 3
the smallest possible value of (a b c d e) .
NO CALCULATORS

PAGE 2 of 3
NO CALCULATORS
9. Find the exact value of
350 26 550 26 .
10. Find the area of a triangle whose sides have lengths of 13 ,
29 and
34 .
11. The degree measures of three angles of a parallelogram are represented by x 44 , 2 x 20 ,

and 5 x 8 . Find the degree measure of one of the larger angles of the parallelogram.
12. In the diagram below consisting of two intersecting straight lines with angle measures as
shown, let a , b , k , p , and w represent positive integers. Find the largest possible value of
a b k p w .
(9a+3b)
(2p-k)
(6w)
(4p)
13. In the diagram, PQ ST , PQS RQS , QPR 72 , and QRP 64 . Points P , S ,

and R are collinear, and points Q , T , and R are collinear. Find the degree measure of
QST .
Q
14. x varies inversely with y and directly with z . If x 8 and y 12 when z 16 , find y
when x 9 and z 36 .
15. Christie biked for a mile at a constant rate of 12 miles per hour and returned on her bike one
mile at a faster constant rate of 15 miles per hour. Find the number of minutes in Christies
round trip.
NO CALCULATORS

PAGE 3 of 3
NO CALCULATORS
16. Let k and w be two relatively prime positive integers with k w such that 1 k 5 and
3x 4 y k
3 w 8 . Let x and y be positive integers such that
. If x 42 , find the
10 x 3 y w
sum of all distinct possible values of x .
A
17. In the diagram, B lies on AC , and D lies on EC .

AB 5
ED 2
If
and
, then the ratio of the area
BC 7
EC 7
of BDC to the area of quadrilateral ABDE can be
expressed in the form of k : w where k and w are
positive integers. Write k : w as a reduced common
fraction.
18. A leaky faucet drips 12 times per minute (at a constant rate). If each drip is one-fourth of an
ounce, how many gallons of water are wasted each day? Express your answer as an
improper fraction.
19. Assume that Tom and Kay are playing a game with matchsticks. Three separate piles of
matchsticks are formed. Tom and Kay have alternate turns. At each turn, the person must
remove either 1 or 2 matchsticks from any one of the remaining piles. The winner is the
person who takes the last matchstick. Suppose that the game gets to the point where it is
Kays turn to remove matchsticks, and there are 4 matchsticks in one pile and 1 matchstick in
each of the other two piles. If Kay plays perfectly, she can win by taking one matchstick
from the big pile leaving the ordered triple 3,1,1 , or she could also win by taking 1
matchstick from either of the single piles leaving the ordered triple 4,1, 0 . For the 4,1, 0
ordered triple, there would only be two remaining piles. At the present time, it is Kays turn
to remove matchsticks. There are 5 matchsticks in one pile, 3 matchsticks in the second pile,
and 3 matchsticks in the third pile. If Kay plays perfectly, list any and all ordered triples she
should leave immediately after her present turn. List any and all answers as ordered triples
of the form a, b, c where a b c .
x y 2 z 45
20. In the system 3 x y z 8 , x , y , z , and k all represent positive integers. Find the
kx 2 y 5 z 63
ordered quadruple solution ( x, y, z , k ) and express your answer as that ordered quadruple.
NO CALCULATORS
2010 AMC 10 A
1. Marys top book shelf holds five books with the following widths, in centimeters:
6, 12 , 1, 2.5, and 10. What is the average book width, in centimeters?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(E) 5
2. Four identical squares and one rectangle are placed together to form one large
square as shown. The length of the rectangle is how many times as large as its
width?
(A)
5
4
(B)
4
3
(C)
3
2
(D) 2
(E) 3
3. Tyrone had 97 marbles and Eric had 11 marbles. Tyrone then gave some of his
marbles to Eric so that Tyrone ended with twice as many marbles as Eric. How
many marbles did Tyrone give to Eric?
(A) 3
(B) 13
(C) 18
(D) 25
(E) 29
4. A book that is to be recorded onto compact discs takes 412 minutes to read
aloud. Each disc can hold up to 56 minutes of reading. Assume that the
smallest possible number of discs is used and that each disc contains the same
length of reading. How many minutes of reading will each disc contain?
(A) 50.2
(B) 51.5
(C) 52.4
(D) 53.8
(E) 55.2
5. The area of a circle whose circumference is 24 is k. What is the value of k ?

(A) 6
(B) 12
2010-Problems-AMC10A.indd 3
(C) 24
(D) 36
(E) 144
12/2/2009 11:02:53 AM
2010 AMC 10 A
6. For positive numbers x and y the operation (x, y) is defined as
1
(x, y) = x .
y
What is (2, (2, 2)) ?

(A)
2
3
(B) 1
(C)
4
3
(D)
5
3
(E) 2
7. Crystal has a running course marked out for her daily run. She starts this run
by heading due north for one mile. She then runs northeast for one mile, then
southeast for one mile. The last portion of her run takes her on a straight line
back to where she started. How far, in miles, is this last portion of her run?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 2
(E) 2 2
8. Tony works 2 hours a day and is paid $0.50 per hour for each full year of his
age. During a six month period Tony worked 50 days and earned $630. How
old was Tony at the end of the six month period?
(A) 9
(B) 11
(C) 12
(D) 13
(E) 14
9. A palindrome, such as 83438, is a number that remains the same when its
digits are reversed. The numbers x and x + 32 are three-digit and four-digit
palindromes, respectively. What is the sum of the digits of x ?
(A) 20
(B) 21
(C) 22
(D) 23
(E) 24
10. Marvin had a birthday on Tuesday, May 27 in the leap year 2008. In what year
will his birthday next fall on a Saturday?
(A) 2011
(B) 2012
(C) 2013
(D) 2015
(E) 2017
11. The length of the interval of solutions of the inequality a 2x + 3 b is 10.

What is b a ?
(A) 6
(B) 10
(C) 15
(D) 20
(E) 30
12. Logan is constructing a scaled model of his town. The citys water tower stands
40 meters high, and the top portion is a sphere that holds 100,000 liters of
water. Logans miniature water tower holds 0.1 liters. How tall, in meters,
should Logan make his tower?
(A) 0.04
(B)
0.4
(C) 0.4
(D)
(E) 4
12/2/2009 11:02:53 AM
2010 AMC 10 A
13. Angelina drove at an average rate of 80 kph and then stopped 20 minutes for
gas. After the stop, she drove at an average rate of 100 kph. Altogether she
drove 250 km in a total trip time of 3 hours including the stop. Which equation
could be used to solve for the time t in hours that she drove before her stop?
(A) 80t + 100(8/3 t) = 250
(D) 90t = 250
(B) 80t = 250
(C) 100t = 250
(E) 80(8/3 t) + 100t = 250
14. Triangle ABC has AB = 2 AC. Let D and E be on AB and BC, respectively,
such that BAE = ACD. Let F be the intersection of segments AE and CD,
and suppose that CF E is equilateral. What is ACB?
(A) 60
(B) 75
(C) 90
(D) 105
(E) 120
15. In a magical swamp there are two species of talking amphibians: toads, whose
statements are always true, and frogs, whose statements are always false. Four
amphibians, Brian, Chris, LeRoy, and Mike live together in this swamp, and
they make the following statements.
Brian: Mike and I are different species.
Chris: LeRoy is a frog.
LeRoy: Chris is a frog.
Mike: Of the four of us, at least two are toads.
How many of these four amphibians are frogs?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
(E) 4
16. Nondegenerate ABC has integer side lengths, BD is an angle bisector, AD =

3, and DC = 8. What is the smallest possible value of the perimeter?
(A) 30
(B) 33
(C) 35
(D) 36
(E) 37
12/2/2009 11:02:53 AM
2010 AMC 10 A
17. A solid cube has side length 3 inches. A 2-inch by 2-inch square hole is cut into
the center of each face. The edges of each cut are parallel to the edges of the
cube, and each hole goes all the way through the cube. What is the volume, in
cubic inches, of the remaining solid?
(A) 7
(B) 8
(C) 10
(D) 12
(E) 15
18. Bernardo randomly picks 3 distinct numbers from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
and arranges them in descending order to form a 3-digit number. Silvia randomly picks 3 distinct numbers from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and also arranges
them in descending order to form a 3-digit number. What is the probability that
Bernardos number is larger than Silvias number?
(A)
47
72
(B)
37
56
(C)
2
3
(D)
49
72
(E)
39
56
19. Equiangular hexagon ABCDEF has side lengths AB = CD = EF = 1 and

BC = DE = F A = r. The area of ACE is 70% of the area of the hexagon.
What is the sum of all possible values of r ?
10
17
4 3
(B)
(C) 4
(D)
(E) 6
(A)
3
3
4
20. A fly trapped inside a cubical box with side length 1 meter decides to relieve its
boredom by visiting each corner of the box. It will begin and end in the same
corner and visit each of the other corners exactly once. To get from a corner
to any other corner, it will either fly or crawl in a straight line. What is the
maximum possible length, in meters, of its path?
(A) 4
+ 4 2 (B) 2 + 4 2 + 2 3
(C) 2 + 3 2 + 3 3
(D) 4 2 + 4 3
(E) 3 2 + 5 3
21. The polynomial x3 ax2 + bx 2010 has three positive integer zeros. What is
the smallest possible value of a ?
(A) 78
(B) 88
(C) 98
(D) 108
(E) 118
22. Eight points are chosen on a circle, and chords are drawn connecting every pair
of points. No three chords intersect in a single point inside the circle. How
many triangles with all three vertices in the interior of the circle are created?
(A) 28
(B) 56
(C) 70
(D) 84
(E) 140
12/2/2009 11:02:53 AM
2010 AMC 10 A
23. Each of 2010 boxes in a line contains a single red marble, and for 1 k 2010,
the box in the kth position also contains k white marbles. Isabella begins at the
first box and successively draws a single marble at random from each box, in
order. She stops when she first draws a red marble. Let P (n) be the probability
that Isabella stops after drawing exactly n marbles. What is the smallest value
1
?
of n for which P (n) < 2010
(A) 45
(B) 63
(C) 64
(D) 201
(E) 1005
24. The number obtained from the last two nonzero digits of 90! is equal to n. What
is n?
(A) 12
(B) 32
(C) 48
(D) 52
(E) 68
25. Jim starts with a positive integer n and creates a sequence of numbers. Each
successive number is obtained by subtracting the largest possible integer square
less than or equal to the current number until zero is reached. For example, if
Jim starts with n = 55, then his sequence contains 5 numbers:
55 72 =
6 22 =
2 12 =
1 12 =
55
6
2
1
0
Let N be the smallest number for which Jims sequence has 8 numbers. What
is the units digit of N ?
(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) 5
(D) 7
(E) 9
12/2/2009 11:02:54 AM
ILLINOIS MATHEMATICS LEAGUE

p.o.
All official participants must take this contest at the same time.
Contest Number 1
N arne
Any calculator without a QWERTY keyboard is allowed. Answers

must be exact or have 4 (or more) significant digits, correctly rounded.
October 21, 2008
----------- Teacher ------ Grade Level
Time Limit: 30 minutes
Box 572, Wilmette, Illinois 60097-0572
NEXT CONTEST: NOV. 18, 2008
Score
Answer Column
1-1.
If (x-1)(y-1) = 2008, what is the value of (l-x)(l-y)?
1-1.
1-2.
The trapezoid at the right has been split

into three right triangles, two of which are
congruent. If the trapezoid's bases have
lengths 3 and 4, how long is the trapezoid's
longer leg, the side labeled x in the diagram?
1-2.
1-3.
The expression (n-2)2 + 7n is divisible by 7 when n = 2. What is

the largest integer n < 100 for which (n-2)2 + 7n is divisible by 7?
1-3.
1-4.
I wake up if and only if both of my alarm

clocks ring at the same time. My alarm
that's 3 minutes fast first rings when it
reads 10:14. It then rings every 9 minutes
thereafter. My alarm that's 4 minutes fast
first rings when it reads 10:09. It then rings
every 7 minutes thereafter. What is the correct time when I wake up?
1-4.
1-5.
Write 4x2_9y2+4x3+6x2y as a product of two non-constant polynomials with integral coefficients.
1-5.
1-6.
When polygon P, seen at the right,

is drawn on a 7 x 27 grid of unit
squares, it passes once through every vertex of every unit square in the grid. What is P's perimeter?
1-6.
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C ontest Number 2
Narne
Any calculator without a QWEKlY keyboard is allowed. Answers

must be exact or have 4 (or more) significant digits, rorrectly rounded.
----------- Teacher ------ Grade Level
November 18, 2008
NEXT CONTEST: DEC.
Score
Answer Column
16,2008
IX+21 = IX+41?
2-1.
2-1.
What is the only negative integer x for which
2-2.
Into how many unit squares can

we partition the 36-sided equilateral
polygon shown if its perimeter is 36
and if each of its sides is perpendicular to both sides adjacent to it?
2-2.
2-3.
I have 10 nickels, 10 dimes, and 10 quarters. In how many different

ways can I pay for a 45<l item? (Note: Two ways are different if and
only if the number of nickels, dimes, or quarters used is different.)
2-3.
2-4.
I cut a roll of red tape into 251
2-4.
pieces, and then I cut each of

the 251 pieces into 8 smaller
pieces. At most how many cuts
did I need to make to produce
the resulting 2008 pieces?
2-5.
If exactly two different linear functions, / and g, satisfy /(/(x))

g(g(x)) = 4x+3, what is the product of /(1) and g(l)?
2-5.
2-6.
Two triangles which are not congruent can actually have five pairs
of congruent parts! For example, triangles with side-lengths 8, 12,
18 and 12, 18, 27 have five pairs of congruent parts (two sides and
three angles). If two non-congruent right triangles have five pairs of
congruent parts, what is the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse
of either triangle to the length of that triangle's shorter leg?
2-6.
. '
.. ...
. ..
- --
....
_------.-.-
.....
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- - - - - - - - - - - Teacher - - - - - - Grade
December 16, 2008

Level
Score
Answer Column
NEXT CONTEST: JAN. 13, 2009
3-1.
For what value of x will I get 22008 when I double 2x?
3-1.
3-2.
What per cent discount, applied to a $50

price, yields the same sale price as the total
sale price of two items marked at $20 and $30
but discounted 30% and 20% respectively?
3-2.
3-3.
What is the maximum value of (ab + ad) +

(cb + cd) if a, b, c, and d have the values 2,
3,4, and 5, but not necessarily in that order?
3-3.
3-4.
What is the perimeter of an equilateral triangle in which the distances from an interior point to the sides are 3/3, 4 J3 , and 5 J3?
3-4.
(NOTE:
3-5.
3-6.
A theorem useful in solving this problem is illustrated below.)
Line segment f connects the midpoint of the

hypotenuse of a 6-8-10 right triangle to a point
P on the extension of the triangle's shorter leg,
as shown. If the length of f is 8, what is mLP?
3-5.
5
8
The coefficients of polynomial P are non-negative integers. If P(l) =

6 and P(5) = 426, what is the value of P(3)?
3-6.
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2011 RAA
Name
Geometry
ANSWERS
School
(Use full school name no abbreviations)
Correct X
2 pts. ea. =
Note: All answers must be written legibly in simplest form, according to the specifications
stated in the Contest Manual. Exact answers are to be given unless otherwise
specified in the question. No units of measurement are required.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
79,35,9
285
(Must be this
ordered triple.)
1
151
74
12.
126
(Degrees
optional.)
25
65
11.
13.
(Must be this
exact answer.)
14.
(Accept
100%)
15.
(Degrees
optional.)
40 39
40
OR
39
39
39
16.
(Must be
simplified radical
form.)
17.
11.2
34
136
7
113
45 3
OR 5 3 4
12
8.
10
18.
9.
52
19.
67
20.
26
10.
10752
(Must be
this decimal.)
(Must be this reduced

improper fraction.)
(Degrees
optional.)
(Must be this
exact answer.)
(Must be this
exact answer.)
2009 RAA
Geometry
Name
ANSWERS
School
Correct X
2 pts. ea. =
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(Must be
decimal answer.)
24.96
Always
11.
16
12.
151
13.
276
(Must be the
whole word.)
(Degrees optional.)
(Degrees optional.)
72
14.
332.5
15.
7
10
(Degrees optional.)
98
26
100
17.
13
8.
72
18.
28
9.
41
19.
7.
10.
35
37

common fraction.)
(Must be this
capital letter.)
20.
(Must be
decimal answer.)

common fraction.)
16.
6.
(Degrees optional.)
(Degrees optional.)
5166
81
(Must be this
exact answer.)
2011 SAA
Geometry
Name
ANSWERS
School
Correct X
2 pts. ea. =
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
75 (Degrees optional.)
201.06
63
149
(Must be this
decimal.)
12.
(Degrees optional.)
13.
80 3
1
4
14.
15.
17
2 22
16.
(Must be this
exact answer.)
65 (Degrees optional.)
17.
18.

improper fraction,
hours optional.)
19.
20.
(Must be this
exact answer.)

common fraction.)
10
(Degrees optional.)
2
451
54
66
11.
14
3

improper fraction.)
5
12

common fraction.)
7
14
128 3
660
2011 RAA
School
Fr/So 8 Person
Correct X
ANSWERS
5 pts. ea. =
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
19
4
11
B
144
12.
170
13.
17
1
OR 8 OR 8.5
2
2
24
11.
112
14.
22
15.
432
19
1
OR 9 OR 9.5
2
2
(Minutes
optional.)
16.
189
common fraction.)
17.
5
7
135
4

improper fraction.)
(Degrees
optional.)
16
(Degrees
optional.)
24
(Degrees
optional.)
(Must be this
capital letter.)
(Degrees optional.)
18.
19.
20.
5,3, 2 , 3,3,3
2,13,15,7
(Must be these two ordered

triples, either order.)
(Must be this ordered

quadruple.)
Solutions
1. Answer (D):
2010 AMC 10 A
The average of the five values is

20
6 + 0.5 + 1 + 2.5 + 10
=
= 4.
5
5
2. Answer (B): Let s be the side length of the smaller square. Then the length
of the rectangle is 4s, and the width is 4s s = 3s. Hence the rectangle length
4
is 4s
3s = 3 times as large as its width.
3. Answer (D): Let x be the number of marbles that Tyrone gave to Eric. Then
97 x = 2(11 + x). Solving this equation yields x = 25.
4. Answer (B): Because 412 56 is between 7 and 8, the reading will need 8
discs. Therefore each disc will contain 412 8 = 51.5 minutes of reading.
5. Answer (E): Because the circumference is 2r = 24, the radius r is 12.
Therefore the area is r2 = 144, and k = 144.
6. Answer (C):
Note that (2, 2) = 2 12 = 32 . Therefore

3
4
2
(2, (2, 2)) = 2,
=2 = .
2
3
3
7. Answer (C): When Crystal travels one mile northeast she travels 22 miles
north and 22 miles east. Similarly, when she travels southeast for one mile she
travels 22 miles south and 22 miles east. Just before the last portion of her
run she has traveled a net of 1 + 22 22 = 1 miles north, and 22 + 22 = 2

miles east. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the last portion of her run is

12 + ( 2)2 = 1 + 2 = 3 miles.
8. Answer (D): Tony worked for 2 50 = 100 hours. His average earnings per
hour during this period is $630
100 = $6.30 . Hence his average age during this
period was $6.30
=
12.6,
and
so at the end of the six month period he was 13.
$0.50
2010-Solutions-AMC10A.indd 2
12/2/2009 10:51:37 AM
Solutions
2010 AMC 10 A
9. Answer (E): Let x + 32 be written in the form CDDC. Because x has three
digits, 1000 < x + 32 < 1032, and so C = 1 and D = 0. Hence x = 1001 32 =
969, and the sum of the digits of x is 9 + 6 + 9 = 24.
10. Answer (E): A non-leap year has 365 days, and 365 = 52 7 + 1, so there are
52 weeks and 1 day in a non-leap year. Because May 27 was after leap day in
2008, Marvins birthday fell on Wednesday in 2009, and will fall on Thursday
in 2010 and Friday in 2011. His birthday will be on Sunday in the leap year
2012, Monday in 2013, Tuesday in 2014, Wednesday in 2015, Friday in 2016,
and Saturday in 2017.
11. Answer (D):
The solution of the inequality is

b3
a3
x
.
2
2
If
b3
2
a3
2
= 10, then b a = 20.
12. Answer (C): The volume scale for Logans

model is 0.1 : 100,000 = 1 :
1,000,000. Therefore the linear scale is 1 : 3 1,000,000, which is 1 : 100. Logans

40
= 0.4 meters tall.
water tower should stand 100
13. Answer (A): Angelina drove 80t km before she stopped. After her stop, she
drove (3 13 t) hours at an average rate of 100 kph, so she covered 100( 83 t)
km in that time. Therefore 80t + 100( 83 t) = 250. Note that t = 56 .s
14. Answer (C): Let = BAE = ACD = ACF . Because CF E is

equilateral, it follows that CF A = 120 and then
F AC = 180 120 ACF = 60 .
Therefore
BAC = BAE + F AC = + (60 ) = 60 .
Because AB = 2 AC, it follows that BAC is a 30 60 90 triangle, and thus

ACB = 90 .
12/2/2009 10:51:37 AM
Solutions
2010 AMC 10 A
A
D
F
B
E
15. Answer (D): LeRoy and Chris cannot both be frogs, because their statements
would be true and frogs lie. Also LeRoy and Chris cannot both be toads, because
then their statements would be false, and toads tell the truth. Hence between
LeRoy and Chris, exactly one must be a toad.
If Brian is a toad, then Mike must be a frog, but this is a contradiction as Mikes
statement would then be true. Hence Brian is a frog, so Brians statement must
be false, and Mike must be a frog. Altogether there are 3 frogs: Brian, Mike,
and either LeRoy or Chris.
16. Answer (B): By the Angle Bisector Theorem, 8 BA = 3 BC. Thus BA

must be a multiple of 3. If BA = 3, the triangle is degenerate. If BA = 6, then
BC = 16, and the perimeter is 6 + 16 + 11 = 33.
17. Answer (A): The volume of the solid cube is 27 in3 . The first hole to be
cut removes 2 2 3 = 12 in3 from the volume. The other holes remove
2 2 0.5 = 2 in3 from each of the four remaining faces. The volume of the
remaining solid is 27 12 4(2) = 7 in3 .
18. Answer (B): The probability that Bernardo picks a 9 is 39 = 13 . In this
case, his three-digit number will begin with a 9 and will be larger than Silvias
three-digit number.
If Bernardo does not pick a 9, then Bernardo and Silvia will form the same
number with probability
1
1
8 =
.
56
3
If they do not form the same number then Bernardos number will be larger
of the time.
1
2
12/2/2009 10:51:37 AM
Solutions
2010 AMC 10 A
Hence the probability is

1
111
37
1 2 1
+ (1 ) =
=
.
3 3 2
56
168
56
19. Answer (E): Triangles ABC, CDE and EF A are congruent, so ACE is
equilateral. Let X be the intersection of the lines AB and EF and define Y
and Z similarly as shown in the figure. Because ABCDEF is equiangular, it
follows that XAF = AF X = 60 . Thus XAF is equilateral. Let H be the
midpoint of XF . By the Pythagorean Theorem,
r
3 2
2
2
2
r) + ( + 1)2 = r2 + r + 1
AE = AH + HE = (
2
2
Thus, the area of ACE is
3
3 2
AE 2 =
(r + r + 1).
4
4
The area of hexagon ABCDEF is equal to

3
3 2
2
2
(2r + 1) 3r =
(r + 4r + 1)
[XY Z] [XAF ] [Y CB] [ZED] =
4
4
Because [ACE] =
7
10 [ABCDEF ],
it follows that
7 2
(r + 4r + 1)
10
from which r2 6r + 1 = 0 and r = 3 2 2. The sum of all possible values of

r is 6.
r2 + r + 1 =
12/2/2009 10:51:38 AM
Solutions
2010 AMC 10 A
20. Answer (D): Each of the 8 lines segments on the flys path is an edge, a face
diagonal, or an interior
diagonal
of the cube. These three type of line segments
have lengths 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Because each vertex of the cube is

visited only once,
the two
line segments that meet at a vertex have a combined
length of at
most 2 + 3. Therefore the sum of the lengths of the 8 segments
is at most 4 2 + 4 3. This maximum is achieved by the path
A G B H C E D F A.
H
E
G
F
D
A
21. Answer (A): Let the polynomial be (x r)(x s)(x t) with 0 < r s t.
Then rst = 2010 = 2 3 5 67, and r + s + t = a. If t = 67, then rs = 30, and
r + s is minimized when r = 5 and s = 6. In that case a = 67 + 5 + 6 = 78. If
t = 67, then a > t 2 67 = 134, so the minimum value of a is 78.
22. Answer (A): Three chords create a triangle if and only if they intersect
pairwise inside the circle. Two chords intersect inside the circle if and only
if their endpoints alternate in order around the circle. Therefore, if points
A, B, C, D, E, and F are in order around the circle, then only the chords AD,
BE, CF all intersect pairwise inside the circle.
Thus every set of 6 points

determines a unique triangle, and there are 86 = 28 such triangles.
23. Answer (A): If Isabella reaches the k th box, she will draw a white marble
k
. For n 2, the probability that she will draw
from it with probability k+1
white marbles from each of the first n 1 boxes is
n1
1
1 2 3

= ,
2 3 4
n
n
so the probability that she will draw her first red marble from the nth box is
1
. The condition P (n) < 1/2010 is equivalent to n2 +n2010 > 0,
P (n) = n(n+1)
12/2/2009 10:51:38 AM
Solutions
2010 AMC 10 A
7
from which n > 12 (1 + 8041) and (2n + 1)2 > 8041. The smallest positive
odd integer whose square exceeds 8041 is 91, and the corresponding value of n
is 45.
24. Answer (A): There are 18 factors of 90! that are multiples of 5, 3 factors
that are multiples of 25, and no factors that are multiples of higher powers of
5. Also, there are more than 45 factors of 2 in 90!. Thus 90! = 1021 N where N
is an integer not divisible by 10, and if N n (mod100) with 0 < n 99, then
n is a multiple of 4.
Let 90! = AB where A consists of the factors that are relativelyprime to 5 and
4
B consists of the factors that are divisible by 5. Note that j=1 (5k + j)
5k(1 + 2 + 3 + 4) + 1 2 3 4 24 (mod25), thus
A
= (1 2 3 4) (6 7 8 9) (86 87 88 89)
2418 (1)18 1 (mod25).
Similarly,
B = (5 10 15 20) (30 35 40 45) (55 60 65 70) (80 85 90) (25 50 75),
thus
B
521
= (1 2 3 4) (6 7 8 9) (11 12 13 14) (16 17 18) (1 2 3)
243 (9) (8) (7) 6 (1)3 1 1 (mod25).
Finally, 221 = 2 (210 )2 = 2 (1024)2 2 (1)2 2 (mod25), so 13 221

13 2 1 (mod25). Therefore
N
90!
B
= 13 A 21 13 1 (1) (mod25)
521
5
13 12 (mod25).
(13 221 )N = 13
Thus n is equal to 12, 37, 62, or 87, and because n is a multiple of 4, it follows
that n = 12.
25. Answer (B): Let the sequence be (a1 , a2 , . . . , a8 ). For j > 1, aj1 = aj + m2
for some m such that aj < (m + 1)2 m2 = 2m + 1. To minimize the value
of a1 , construct the sequence in reverse order and choose the smallest possible
value of m for each j, 2 j 8. The terms in reverse order are a8 = 0,
a7 = 1, a6 = 1 + 12 = 2, a5 = 2 + 12 = 3, a4 = 3 + 22 = 7, a3 = 7 + 42 = 23,
a2 = 23 + 122 = 167, and N = a1 = 167 + 842 = 7223, which has the unit digit
3.
12/2/2009 10:51:38 AM
Contest # 1
Answers & Solutions
Problem 1-1
Problem 1-5
Since (x-1) (y-1) = 2008, we have (l-x)(l-y) =

(-1)(x-1)(-1)(y-1) = (x-1)(y-1) = 120081.
4x2 -
Problem 1-2
The congruent right triangles
have sides of length 3, 4, and
5. In the third right triangle,
x2 =5 2 +5 2,sox=IJ50I
+ ~ + 6x 2y = (4x 2_9y2) + (~+6x2y)
(2x-3y) (2x+ 3y) + (2x 2) (2x+3y)
=1
(2x+3y)(2x-3y+2x 2)
=
I.
Problem 1-6
~
5 x---4
5
j
:5<
[NOTE: The middle triangle can't be == to either of
the other triangles because its hypotenuse is longer

than the hypotenuse of either of those two triangles.]
Problem 1-3
9y2
10/21/08
Since n is an integer, and since the 2nd term of the

expression (n-2)2 + 7n is always divisible by 7, the
whole expression is divisible by 7 whenever (n-2)2 is
a multiple of 7. The square of the integer (n - 2) 2 is a
multiple of 7 if and only if the integer n - 2 is a multiple of 7. The possibilities are n - 2 = 7, 14, ... , 91,
98. The largest such integer n < 100 is n = ~.
Let's consider a similar problem applied to a much

smaller polygon, say, a 1 X 1 grid of unit squares,
where the polygon is a single unit square. The number of vertices of the unit square is (1 + 1) (1 + 1). If
there were a 1 X 2 rectangle, made of 2 unit squares,
then the number of vertices would be (1 + 1) (2+ 1) =
2 X 3 = 6. Similarly, a 7 X 27 grid of unit squares will
have (7 + 1)(27 + 1) = 8 X 28 = 224 vertices. Begin at
any of the polygon's vertices and traverse the perimeter of P. You will travel 1 unit each time you go to a
new vertex, and the final unit is the return to the
first vertex, completing the polygon (which is a closed
figure). Hence, the perimeter is 12241.
Problem 1-4
Method I: Make a chart that lists the correct times
when each alarm clock rings. The first clock is 3 minutes fast. When it rings, the correct times are 10: 11,
10:20, 10:29, 10:38, 10:47, .... The second clock is
4 minutes fast. When it rings, the correct times are
10:05, 10:12,10:19, 10:26, 10:33, 10:40,10:47, ....
The first common (correct) time is 110:471
Method II: Let M be the number of minutes after
10:00 (in the correct time) that the two clocks ring
at the same time. Then M = 11 +9x = 5+7y, or 6
= 7y-9x, for some non-negative integers x and y.
From this last equation, y must be a multiple of 3.
The least such y is 6, from which x = 4 and M = 47 .
Contests written and compiled by Steven R. Conrad &. Daniel Flegler
Contest # 2
Answers & Solutions
11/18/08
Problem 2-1
Problem 2-5
Removing the absolute value symbols, either x+ 2 =

x+4 (which is impossible) or x+2 = -(x+4). From
this equation, x+ 2 = -x-4. Solving, x = G3].
If f(x) = ax+b is the linear function f, then f(f(x)) =

a(ax+b)+b = 4x+3, so a2x+ab+b = 4x+3. Equate
coefficients of x to get a 2 = 4, from which a = 2.
Equate constant terms to get ab+b = 3. Each value of
a gives rise to a value of b. Then, (a,b) = (2,1) and
(-2,-3), so let f(x) = 2x+ 1 and g(x) = -2x-3. Thus,
f(l) = 3, g(l) = -5, and their product is~.
Problem 2-2
Method I: To count
the boxes quickly, add
2(1+3+5+7) + 9 =
32+9 = [iU.
Problem 2-6
The angles are == *,so the .6s
Method II: Since 1+3+5+ ... +(2n-1) =

(1+3+5+7) + (1+3+5+7+9) = 42 +5 2
n 2 , we get
41.
are similar. Thus, ~ = ~, or
b2
ax. In .61, a2 +b 2 = x 2 ,
from which a2 +ax = x2. Since
Problem 2-3
x >
Organize the data. Let's let the triple (n,d,q) represent

(# nickels, # dimes, # quarters), with the condition
that the total value of the coins is 45~. Begin by finding all such triples with q = 0. The 5 such triples are
(9,0,0), (7,1,0), (5,2,0), (3,3,0), and (1,4,0). Withq =
1, the 3 such triples are (4,0,1), (2,1,1), and (0,2,1).
Altogether, there are [] such triples.
and a > 0, we first use the quadratic formula
to solve for x, then we can divide by a. Solving, we

get x = a + ';a~+ 4 , so
a2
= 11+2v'5\.
* [NOTE: Of th~ 5 pairs of congruent parts, either 3
Problem 2-4
are angles or 3 are sides. If the 3 congruent pairs

were sides, then the triangles would be congruent,
and the 3 pairs of angles would also be congruent
then. It must be the case that 3 pairs of angles are
congruent, but only 2 pairs of sides are congruent.]
Method I: Each cut through a single thickness of
[NOTE: The answer is known as the Golden Ratio.]
tape creates one additional piece. We began with 1

piece, we ended with 2008 pieces, so the number of
cuts we needed to make was at most
120071.
Method II: To get the 251 pieces requires 250 cuts,

at most. To cut each of these pieces into 8 smaller
pieces requires 7 cuts, at most. To cut all 251 pieces
into 8 smaller pieces each requires 7 x 251 cuts, at
most. We need at most 250 + 7 x 251 = 2007 cuts.
[NOTE: The hypotenuse of the larger triangle is longer

than any side of the smaller triangle, so the legs of the
larger triangle are as long as the hypotenuse and longer
leg of the smaller triangle. The larger triangle's shorter
leg is as long as the smaller triangle's longer leg.]
Contests written and compiled by Steven R. Conrad & Daniel Flegler
Contest # 3
Answers & Solutions
Problem 3-1
Since 2 X 2x = 2x + 1 = 2 2008 , x = 120071.
Problem 3-2
20%($30) + 30%($20) = $6+$6, a $12 total discount on a $50 purchase. As a percent, it's equivalent to a $24 discount on $100. That's [E] or 24%.
Problem 3-3
Method I: ab+ad+cb+cd = a(b+d) +c(b+d)
(a+c)(b+d). The product is largest when the values
of the factors a+c and b+d are equal, so the largest
possible value is (a+c)(b+d) = 7 X 7 = ~.
[NOTE: The Arithmetic Mean-Geometric Mean Inequality (for integers) says that if two integers have a fixed
sum, their product is maximized when the integers
are equal or as close to equal as possible.]
Problem 3-4
Here's how to look at the diagrams: The first diagram

shows three segments perpendicular to the sides from
an interior point. Rotate the encircled shaded triangle
120 so its altitude points to the right, resulting in the
second diagram. In the second diagram, the encircled
triangle consists of a parallelogram and two shaded
triangles. Rotate this encircled triangle 120 to get
the third diagram. In the third diagram, the altitudes
of all three shaded triangles are vertical. The sum of
their lengths is the length of the altitude of the largest triangle shown.
12/16/08
The three diagrams provide a "Proof Without Words"

of Viviani's Theorem: The sum of the distances from any
interior point to the sides of an equilateral triangle is the
length of the triangle's altitude. The sum of the lengths
of all the altitudes is 1213, so the length of one side
of the triangle is 24, and its perimeter is
1Bl.
Problem 3-5
Drop a perpendicular from the
midpoint of the hypotenuse of
the right triangle to the shorter
leg. Since this perpendicular
passes through the midpoint of
the hypotenuse and is parallel to the longer leg, that
perpendicular is half as long as the longer leg. We
created a right triangle whose hypotenuse is 8 and
whose shorter leg (the perpendicular we dropped) is
4. Thus, mLP = [lQ] or 30.
Problem 3-6
If P wer~ a polynomial with non-negative integral
coefficients of degree ~ 4, then P (5) ~ 54 = 625.
Since P(5) = 426 =f 625, we know that P can't be '
such a polynomial. Let P(x) = ax 3 ,+bx 2 +cx+d,
where some (not all) of the coefficients are O. Since
P(l) = a+b+c+d = 6, if any coefficient were 6, the
others would be O. But, when x = 5, P(5) = 6xn =
6(5 n ) = 426 is impossible when n is an integer. Thus,
every coefficient::::; 5. Can any coefficient be 5? If one
coefficient were 5 and another were 1, then the others
would be O. If a = 5, then P(5) > 5x3 = 625. This is
impossible since P(5) = 426. If another coefficient is
5, then P(x) ::; x3 +5x2 , so P(5) ::; 53 +5(5 2) = 250.
Therefore, no coefficient exceeds 4. Since 426 =
3x125+2x25+1, (a,b,c,d) = (3,2,0,1). This is the
only 4-tuple of non-negative integers that satisfies the
requirements P(l) = 6 and P(5) = 426, since base 5
representation is unique if every coefficient::; 4; so
P(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 + 1, and P(3) = 11001.
Contests written and compiled by Steven R. Conrad & Daniel Flegler

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