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OSHATechnicalManual

SectionIII:Chapter3
VentilationInvestigation
TableofContents:
I.Introduction
II.HealthEffects
III.StandardsandCodes
IV.InvestigationGuidelines
V.PreventionandControl
VI.Bibliography
ListofAppendices:
AppendixIII:31.VentilationPrimer
AppendixIII:32.Glossary
AppendixIII:33.OSHAandConsensusStandards
AppendixIII:34.TroubleshootinganExhaustSystemSomeHelpfulHints

Forproblemswithaccessibilityinusingfiguresandillustrationsinthisdocument,please
contacttheOfficeofScienceandTechnologyAssessmentat(202)6932095.

I.Introduction
Industrialventilationgenerallyinvolvestheuseofsupplyandexhaustventilationtocontrol
emissions,exposures,andchemicalhazardsintheworkplace.Traditionally,nonindustrial
ventilationsystemscommonlyknownasheating,ventilating,andairconditioning(HVAC)
systemswerebuilttocontroltemperature,humidity,andodors.

A.Ventilationmaybedeficientin:
confinedspaces
facilitiesfailingtoprovideadequatemaintenanceofventilationequipment
facilitiesoperatedtomaximizeenergyconservation
windowlessareasand
areaswithhighoccupantdensities.
Anyventilationdeficiencymustbeverifiedbymeasurement.

B.Therearefivebasictypesofventilationsystems:
1.dilutionandremovalbygeneralexhaust

3.makeupair(orreplacement)
4.HVAC(primarilyforcomfort)and
5.recirculationsystems.
FigureIII:31.ComponentsofaLocalExhaustSystem

C.Ventilationsystemsgenerallyinvolveacombinationofthesetypesof
systems.
Forexample,alargelocalexhaustsystemmayalsoserveasadilutionsystem,andtheHVAC
systemmayserveasamakeupairsystem(seeAppendixIII:31foraprimerandAppendix
III:32foranexplanationoftheseterms).

II.HealthEffects
Inadequateorimproperventilationisthecauseofabouthalfofallindoorairquality(IAQ)
problemsinnonindustrialworkplaces(seeSectionIII,Chapter2,IndoorAirQuality).This
sectionofthemanualaddressesventilationincommercialbuildingsandindustrialfacilities.

A.IndoorAirContaminants
IndoorAirContaminantsincludebutarenotlimitedtoparticulates,pollen,microbialagents,and
organictoxins.Thesecanbetransportedbytheventilationsystemororiginateinthefollowing
partsoftheventilationsystem:
wetfilters
wetinsulation
wetundercoilpans
coolingtowersand
evaporativehumidifiers.
Peopleexposedtotheseagentsmaydevelopsignsandsymptomsrelatedto"humidifierfever,"
"humidifierlung,"or"airconditionerlung."Insomecases,indoorairqualitycontaminantscause
clinicallyidentifiableconditionssuchasoccupationalasthma,reversibleairwaydisease,and
hypersensitivitypneumonitis.

B.VolatileOrganicandReactiveChemicals
VolatileOrganicandReactiveChemicals(forexample,formaldehyde)oftencontributetoindoor
aircontamination.Thefacility'sventilationsystemmaytransportreactivechemicalsfroma
sourceareatootherpartsofthebuilding.Tobaccosmokecontainsanumberoforganicand
reactivechemicalsandisoftencarriedthisway.Insomeinstancesthecontaminantsourcemay
betheoutsideair.Outsideairforventilationormakeupairforexhaustsystemsmaybring
contaminantsintotheworkplace(e.g.,vehicleexhaust,fugitiveemissionsfromaneighboring

SeeSectionIII,Chapter2,IndoorAirQuality,foradiscussionofcommonindoorair
contaminantsandtheirbiologicaleffects.

III.StandardsandCodes
A.ConsensusStandards
AppendixIII:33isacompilationofOSHAandindustryconsensusstandards.Foremostare
thoserecommendedbytheAirMovementandControlAssociation(AMCA),theAmericanSociety
ofHeating,Refrigerating,andAirConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE),theAmericanNational
StandardsInstitute(ANSI),theSheetMetalandAirConditioningContractorsNationalAssociation
(SMACNA),theNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA),andtheAmericanConferenceof
GovernmentalIndustrialHygienists(ACGIH).AMCAisatradeassociationthathasdeveloped
standardsandtestingproceduresforfans.ASHRAEisasocietyofheatingandairconditioning
engineersthathasproduced,throughconsensus,anumberofstandardsrelatedtoindoorair
quality,filterperformanceandtesting,andHVACsystems.ANSIhasproducedseveralimportant
standardsonventilation,includingventilationforpaintspraybooths,grindingexhausthoods,and
opensurfacetankexhausts.FourANSIstandardswereadoptedbyOSHAin1971andare
codifiedin29CFR1910.94thesestandardscontinuetobeimportantasguidestodesign.ANSI
hasrecentlypublishedanewstandardforlaboratoryventilation(ANSIZ9.5).SMACNAisan
associationrepresentingsheetmetalcontractorsandsuppliers.Itsetsstandardsforductsand
ductinstallation.NFPAhasproducedanumberofrecommendations(whichbecome
requirementswhenadoptedbylocalfireagencies),e.g.,NFPA45listsanumberofventilation
requirementsforlaboratoryfumehooduse.TheACGIHhaspublishedwidelyusedguidelinesfor
industrialventilation.

B.OSHARegulations
VentilationcriteriaorstandardsareincludedinOSHAregulatorycodesforjobortaskspecific
workerprotection(seeAppendixIII:33).Inaddition,manyOSHAhealthstandardsinclude
ventilationrequirements.Thefourstandardsin29CFR1910.94dealwithlocalexhaustsystems,
andOSHA'sconstructionstandards(29CFR1926)containventilationstandardsforwelding.
OSHA'scompliancepolicyregardingviolationofventilationstandardsissetforthintheField
InspectionReferenceManual.

IV.InvestigationGuidelines
A.InvestigationPhases
Workplaceinvestigationsofventilationsystemsmaybeinitiatedbyworkercomplaintsofpossible
overexposurestoaircontaminants,possibleriskoffireorexplosionfromflammablegasor
vaporlevelsatornearthelowerexplosivelimit(LEL),orindoorairqualitycomplaints.The
secondphaseoftheinvestigationinvolvesanexaminationoftheventilationsystem'sphysicaland
operatingcharacteristics.

B.FaultyVentilationConditionsandCauses
CommonfaultyventilationconditionsandtheirprobablecausesarelistedinTableIII:31.
Specificpointstoconsiderduringanyinvestigationofaventilationsystemincludeemission
source,airbehavior,andemployeeinvolvement.Pointsthatshouldbeincludedinareviewof
operationalefficacyareshowninTableIII:32.AppendixIII:34containsinformationonpoints
tobecheckedinatroublesomeexhaustsystem.

NOTE:Thistableisbestviewedontablets,notebooks,anddesktopcomputerscreens.

TableIII:31.CommonVentilationConditionsandCauses

Condition

Possiblecause(s)

Workercomplaints,
improperuseof
system,nonuseof
system,alterationof
systembyemployees.

Thehoodinterfereswithwork
Thehoodprovidespoorcontrolofcontaminants.

Excessiveemployee
exposuresalthough
flowvolumesand
capturevelocitiesare
atdesignlevels.

Employeeworkpracticesneedimprovement.
Theventilationsysteminterfereswithworkor
workerproductivityandleadsworkerstobypass
thesystem.
Employeetrainingisnotadequate.
Designofsystemispoor.

Constantpluggingof
duct.

Pluggedductsoccurwhentransportvelocityis
inadequateorwhenvaporcondensesintheduct,
wetsparticles,andcausesabuildupofmaterials.
Theseproblemsarecausedbypoordesign,open
accessdoorsclosetothefan,fanproblems,or
otherproblems.

Reducedcapture
velocitiesorexcessive
fugitiveemissions.

Thecauseoftheseconditionsisusuallyreduced
flowrate,unlesstheprocessitselfhaschanged.
Reducedflowrateoccursinthefollowing
situations:
pluggedordentedducts
slippingfanbelts
openaccessdoors
holesinducts,elbows
closedblastgatetobranch,oropenedblast
gatestootherbranches,orcorrodedandstuck
blastgates
fanturninginreversedirection(Thiscanoccur
whenleadwiresarereversedandcausethe
motorandfantoturnbackwards.Centrifugal
fansturningbackwardsmaydeliveruptoonly
50%ofratedcapacity.)
wornoutfanblades
additionalbranchesorhoodsaddedtosystem
sinceinitialinstallation,or
cloggedaircleaner.

TableIII:32.ProblemCharacterization

Emissionsource
Whereareallemissionsourcesorpotentialemissionsourceslocated?
Whichemissionsourcesactuallycontributetoexposure?
Whatistherelativecontributionofeachsourcetoexposure?
Characterizationofeachcontributor:
chemicalcomposition
temperature
rateofemission
directionofemission
initialemissionvelocity
patternofemission(continuousorintermittent)
timeintervalsofemission
massofemittedmaterial
Airbehavior
Airtemperature
Airmovement(direction,velocity)
Mixingpotential
Supplyandreturnflowconditions,toincludepressuredifferences
betweenspaceandsurroundingareas
Sourcesoftemperedanduntemperedmakeupair
Airchangesperhour
InfluenceofexistingHVACsystems
Effectsofwindspeedanddirection
Effectsofweatherandseason
Employee
Workerinteractionwithemissionsource
Workerexposurelevels
Workerlocation
Workereducation,training,cooperation
C.BasicTestingEquipment
Basictestingequipmentmightinclude:
smoketubes
velometers,anemometers:
swingingvaneanemometer
thermalorhotwireanemometer
pressuresensingdevices:
Utubeorelectronicmanometers
Pitottube
thermal(thermalandswingingvaneinstrumentsmeasurestaticpressureindirectly)
aneroid("bellows")gauges

measuringtapes
other:rags,flashlight,mirror,tachometer
combustiblegasmeteroroxygenmeter
tubesforCO,CO2,formaldehyde,etc.

D.Documentation
Thecharacteristicsoftheventilationsystemthatmustbedocumentedduringaninvestigation
includeequipmentoperability,physicalmeasurementsofthesystem,andusepractices.

E.EquipmentOperability
Beforetakingvelocityorpressuremeasurements,noteandrecordtheoperatingstatusofthe
equipment.Forexample,arefiltersloadedorclean?Arevariableflowdeviceslikedampers,
variablefrequencydrives,orinletvanesinuse?Aremakeupunitsoperating?Aresystem
blueprintsavailable?

F.Measurements
1.Ductdiametersaremeasuredtocalculateductareas.Insideductdiameteristhe
mostimportantmeasurement,butanoutsidemeasurementisoftensufficientfora
sheetmetalduct.Tomeasuretheduct,thetapeshouldbethrownaroundtheductto
obtaintheductcircumference,andthenumbershouldbedividedby(3.142)toobtain
thediameteroftheduct.
2.Hoodandductdimensionscanbeestimatedfromplans,drawings,and
specifications.Measurementscanbemadewithmeasuringtape.Ifaductisconstructed
of2or4footsections,thesectionscanbecounted(elbowsandteesshouldbe
includedinthelength).
3.Hoodfacevelocitiesoutsidethehoodoratthehoodfacecanbeestimatedwith
velometers,smoketubes,andswingingvaneanemometers,allofwhichareportable,
reliable,andrequirenobatteries.
a.Theminimumvelocitythatcanbereadbyananemometeris50feetper
minute(fpm).Themetershouldalwaysbereadintheuprightposition,and
onlythetubingsuppliedwiththeequipmentshouldbeused.
b.Anemometersoftencannotbeusediftheductcontainsdustormistbecause
airmustactuallypassthroughtheinstrumentforittowork.Theinstrument
requiresperiodiccleaningandcalibrationatleastonceperyear.Hotwire
anemometersshouldnotbeusedinairstreamscontainingaerosols.
c.Hoodfacevelocitymeasurementinvolvesthefollowingsteps:
markoffimaginaryareas
measurevelocityatcenterofeachareaand
averageallmeasuredvelocities.
d.Smokeisusefulformeasuringfacevelocity(seeFigureIII:32)becauseitis
visible.Nothingconvincesmanagementandemployeesmorequicklythatthe
ventilationisnotfunctioningproperlythantoshowsmokedriftingawayfrom
thehood,escapingthehood,ortravelingintotheworker'sbreathingzone.
Smokecanbeusedtoprovidearoughestimateoffacevelocity:
FigureIII:32.UseofSmoketoDemonstrateAirFlow

Velocity=Distance/Time,or
V=D/T
Squeezeoffaquickburstofsmoke.Timethesmokeplume'straveloveratwo
footdistance.Calculatethevelocityinfeetperminute.Forexample,ifittakes
twosecondsforthesmoketotraveltwofeet,thevelocityis60fpm.
4.Hoodstaticpressures(SPH)shouldbemeasuredabout46ductdiameters
downstreaminastraightsectionofthehoodtakeoffduct.Themeasurementcanbe
madewithapitottubeorbyastaticpressuretapintotheductsheetmetal(seeFigure
III:33)
FigureIII:33.UseofStaticPressureTapIntoDucttoMeasureHoodStaticPressure

a.Pressuregaugescomeinanumberofvarieties,thesimplestbeingtheUtube
manometer.
b.Inclinedmanometersoffergreateraccuracyandgreatersensitivityatlow
pressuresthanUtubemanometers.However,manometersrarelycanbeused
forvelocitieslessthan800fpm(i.e.velocitypressureslessthan0.05"w.g.).
Aneroidtypemanometersuseacalibratedbellowstomeasurepressures.They
areeasytoreadandportablebutrequireregularcalibrationandmaintenance.
5.Ductvelocitymeasurementsmaybemadedirectly(withvelometersand
anemometers)orindirectly(withmanometersandpitottubes)usingductvelocity
pressure.
a.Airflowinindustrialventilationductsisalmostalwaysturbulent,withasmall,
nonmovingboundarylayeratthesurfaceoftheduct.
b.Becausevelocityvarieswithdistancefromtheedgeoftheduct,asingle
measurementmaynotbesufficient.However,ifthemeasurementistakenina
straightlengthofroundduct,46diametersdownstreamand23diameters
upstreamfromobstructionsordirectionalchanges,thentheaveragevelocity
canbeestimatedat90%ofthecenterlinevelocity.(Theaveragevelocity
pressureisabout81%ofcenterlinevelocitypressure.)
c.Amoreaccuratemethodisthetraversemethod,whichinvolvestakingsixor
tenmeasurementsoneachoftwoorthreepassesacrosstheduct,90or60
opposed.Measurementsaremadeinthecenterofconcentriccirclesofequal
area.
d.Densitycorrections(e.g.,temperature)forinstrumentuseshouldbemadein

calculation/correctionformulas.
6.Aircleanerandfanconditionmeasurementscanbemadewithapitottubeand
manometer.

G.GoodPractices
1.Hoodplacementmustbeclosetotheemissionsourcetobeeffective.Maximum
distancefromtheemissionsourceshouldnotexceed1.5ductdiameters.
a.Theapproximaterelationshipofcapturevelocity(Vc)toductvelocity(Vd)fora
simpleplainornarrowflangedhoodisillustratedinFigureIII:34.For
example,ifanemissionsourceisoneductdiameterinfrontofthehoodand
theductvelocity(Vd)=3,000feetperminute(fpm),thentheexpectedcapture
velocity(Vc)is300fpm.Attwoductdiametersfromthehoodopening,capture
velocitydecreasesbyafactorof10,to30fpm.
FigureIII:34.RelationshipofCaptureVelocity(Vc)toDuctVelocity(Vd)

b.FigureIII:35showsaruleofthumbthatcanbeusedwithsimplecapture
hoods.Iftheductdiameter(D)is6inches,thenthemaximumdistanceofthe
emissionsourcefromthehoodshouldnotexceed9in.Similarly,theminimum
capturevelocityshouldnotbelessthan50fpm.
FigureIII:35.RuleofThumbforSimpleCaptureHoods:MaximumCaptureDistance
ShouldNotBeMoreThan1.5TimestheDuctDiameter

c.FigureIII:36providesaguidefordetermininganeffectiveflangewidth.
FigureIII:36.EffectiveFlangeWidth(W)

2.Systemeffectloss,whichoccursatthefan,canbeavoidedifthenecessaryductwork
isinplace.
a.Useofthesixandthreeruleensuresbetterdesignbyprovidingforaminimum
lossatsixdiametersofstraightductatthefaninletandaminimumlossat
threediametersofstraightductatthefanoutlet(FigureII:37).
FigureIII:37.AnIllustrationoftheSixandThreeRule

b.Systemeffectlossissignificantifanyelbowsareconnectedtothefanatinlet
oroutlet.Foreach2diametersofstraightductbetweenthefaninletandany
elbow,CFMlosswillbe20%.
3.Stackheightshouldbe10fthigherthananyrooflineorairintakelocatedwithin50ft
ofthestack(FigureIII:38).Forexample,astackplaced30ftawayfromanairintake
shouldbeatleast10fthigherthanthecenteroftheintake.
FigureIII:38.MinimumStackHeightinRelationtoImmediateRoofLineorCenterofAnyAir
IntakeontheSameRoof

4.Ventilationsystemdrawingsandspecificationsusuallyfollowstandardformsand
symbols,e.g.,asdescribedintheUniformConstructionIndex(UCI).
a.Plansectionsincludeelectrical,plumbing,structural,ormechanicaldrawings
(UCI,Section15).Thedrawingscomeinseveralviews:plan(top),elevation

b.Elevations(sideandfrontviews)givethemostdetail.Anisometricdrawingis
onethatillustratesthesysteminthreedimensions.Asectionaldrawing
providesductorcomponentdetailbyshowingacrosssectionofthe
component.
c.Drawingsareusuallydrawntoscale.(Checkdimensionsandlengthswitha
rulerorascaletobesurethatthisisthecase.Forexample,inchonthe
sheetmayrepresentonefootontheground.)Goodpracticestofollowwhen
reviewingplansandspecificationsarelistedinTableIII:33.

NOTE:Thistableisbestviewedontablets,notebooks,anddesktop
computerscreens.

TableIII:33.GoodPracticesForReviewingPlansand
Specifications

Investigatethebackgroundandobjectivesoftheproject.
Understandthescopeoftheproject.Whatistobe
includedandwhy?
Lookforconcisenessandprecision.Markambiguous
phrases,"legalese,"andrepetition.
Dothespecificationsspelloutexactlywhatiswanted?
Whatisexpected?
Doplansandspecificationsadheretoappropriatecodes,
standards,requirements,policies,anddotheyrecommend
goodpracticeasestablishedbytheindustry?
Willthedesignerbeabletodesign,orthecontractorto
build,thesystemfromtheplansandspecifications?
WilltheprojectmeetOSHArequirementsifitisbuiltas
proposed?
V.PreventionandControl
Awelldesignedsystemandacontinuingpreventivemaintenanceprogramarekeyelementsin
thepreventionandcontrolofventilationsystemproblems.

A.ElementsofaGoodMaintenanceProgram
PUTITONPAPER

1.Establishasafeplacetofiledrawings,specifications,fancurves,operating
instructions,andotherpapersgeneratedduringdesign,construction,and
testing.
2.Establishaprogramofperiodicinspection
a.Thetypesandfrequenciesofinspectionsdependontheoperationofthe
systemandotherfactors.

blastgatepositions,hoodstaticpressure,pressuredropacrossair
cleaner,andverbalcontactwithusers.("Howisthesystemperforming
today?")
Weekly:Aircleanercapacity,fanhousing,pulleybelts.
Monthly:Aircleanercomponents.
b.Aquickwaytocheckforsettledmaterialinaductistotakeabroomstickand
taptheundersideofallhorizontalducts.Ifthetappingproducesa"clean"
sheetmetalsound,theductisclear.Ifthetappingproducesheavy,thudding
soundsandnosheetmetalvibration,liquidsorsettleddustmaybeintheduct.
3.Establishapreventivemaintenanceprogram.Certainelementsofanyventilation
systemshouldbecheckedonaregularscheduleandreplacediffoundtobedefective.
4.Provideworkertraining.Workersneedtobetrainedinthepurposeandfunctionsof
theventilationsystem.Forexample,theyneedtoknowhowtoworksafelyandhow
besttoutilizetheventilationsystem.Exhausthoodsdolittlegoodifthewelderdoesnot
knowthatthehoodmustbepositionedclosetothework.
5.Keepwrittenrecords.Maintainwrittendocumentationnotonlyoforiginal
installationsbutalsoofallmodificationsaswellasproblemsandtheirresolution.

B.DealingWithMicroOrganisms
Ifyoususpectmicrobialagents,checkforstagnantwaterintheventilationsystem.Thepresence
ofmoldorslimeisapossiblesignoftrouble.TableIII:34listspreventivemeasuresfor
controllingmicrobialproblemsinventilationsystems.
NOTE:Thistableisbestviewedontablets,notebooks,anddesktopcomputerscreens.

TableIII:34.PreventiveMeasuresforReducingMicrobialProblemsin
Buildings

Preventbuildupofmoistureinoccupiedspaces(relativehumidityof
60%orless).
PreventmoisturecollectioninHVACcomponents.
Removestagnantwaterandslimefrommechanicalequipment.
Usesteamforhumidifying.
AvoiduseofwaterspraysinHVACsystems.
Usefilterswitha5070%collectionefficiencyrating.
Findanddiscardmicrobedamagedfurnishingsandequipment.
Provideregularpreventivemaintenance.
C.VolatileOrganicorReactiveChemicals
Ifanorganicorreactivechemical(e.g.,formaldehyde)isbelievedtobetheprimaryagentinan
IAQproblem,potentialcontrolstoconsiderincludeadditionaldilutionventilation,removalor
isolationoftheoffendingmaterial,andthetransferofsensitizedemployees.

D.TobaccoSmokeinAir
OSHAhaspublishedaproposedruleforIAQ(includingtobaccosmokeintheworkplace),and
thisrulemakingislikelytobecompletedinthenearfuture.Smokingpoliciesshouldinclude

provisionsfordedicatedsmokingareas.Dedicatedsmokingareasshouldbeconfiguredsothat
migrationofsmokeintononsmokingareaswillnotoccur.Suchareasshould:
havefloortoceilingwallsoftightconstruction
beundernegativepressurerelativetoadjacentareasAND
beexhaustedoutsidethebuildingandnotrecirculated.
Formoreinformationoninvestigationofcomplaints,CSHO'sshouldconsulttheNIOSHGuidance
forIndoorAirQualityInvestigationandtheEPAguideBuildingAirQuality(1991).

VI.Bibliography
AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists(ACGIH).1988.Industrial
Ventilation,aManualofRecommendedPractice.20thed.Cincinnati,OH:AmericanConference
ofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists.
AirMovementandControlAssociation(AMCA).1988.AMCAPublicationOne.ArlingtonHeights,
IL:AirMovementandControlAssociation.
AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAirConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE).Handbooks
andStandards.Atlanta,GA:AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAirConditioning
Engineers.
SheetMetalandAirConditioningContractorsNationalAssociation(SMACNA).SMACNA
Publications.Arlington,VA:SheetMetalandAirConditioningContractorsNationalAssociation.
AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)Standards:
Z9.1OpenSurfaceTanksOperation
Z9.2FundamentalsCoveringtheDesignandOperationofLocalExhaustSystems
Z9.3Design,Construction,andVentilationofSprayFinishingOperations
Z9.4VentilationandSafePracticeofAbrasiveBlastingOperations
Z9.5LaboratoryVentilation.Fairfax,VA:AmericanIndustrialHygieneAssociation.
Burgess,W.A.etal.1989.VentilationandControloftheWorkEnvironment.NewYork:Wiley
Interscience.
Burton,D.J.1989.IndustrialVentilationWorkbook.SaltLakeCity,UT:IVE,Inc.
Burton,D.J.1990.IndoorAirQualityWorkbook.SaltLakeCity,UT:IVE,Inc.
Jorgensen,R.etal.1983.FanEngineering.8thed.Buffalo,NY:BuffaloForgeCo.
Homeon,W.C.L.1963.PlantandProcessVentilation.NewYork:IndustrialPress.
NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH).1987.GuidanceforIndoorAir
QualityInvestigations.Cincinnati:NIOSH.
OSHAFieldOperationsManual.1992.OSHAInstructionCPL2.45B.Washington,D.C.:U.S.
GovernmentPrintingOffice.
U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA).1991.BuildingAirQuality.

AppendixIII:31.VentilationPrimer
Selection
Beforeanappropriateventilationsystemcanbeselected,theemployershouldstudyemission

toseektheservicesofanexperiencedprofessionalventilationengineertoassistinthedata
gathering.TableIII:35showsfactorstoconsiderwhenselectingaventilationsystem.
CombinationsofcontrolsareoftenemployedforHVACpurposes.

NOTE:Thistableisbestviewedontablets,notebooks,anddesktopcomputerscreens.

TableIII:35.SelectionCriteriaforGeneralandLocalExhaustSystems

Generalexhaustventilation(dilutionventilation)isappropriatewhen:
Emissionsourcescontainmaterialsofrelativelylowhazard.(Thedegree
ofhazardisrelatedtotoxicity,doserate,andindividualsusceptibility)
Emissionsourcesareprimarilyvaporsorgases,orsmall,respirablesize
aerosols(thosenotlikelytosettle)
Emissionsoccuruniformly
Emissionsarewidelydispersed
Moderateclimaticconditionsprevail
Heatistoberemovedfromthespacebyflushingitwithoutsideair
Concentrationsofvaporsaretobereducedinanenclosureand
Portableormobileemissionsourcesaretobecontrolled.
Localexhaustventilatingisappropriatewhen:
Emissionsourcescontainmaterialsofrelativelyhighhazard
Emittedmaterialsareprimarilylargerdiameterparticulates(likelyto
settle)
Emissionsvaryovertime
Emissionsourcesconsistofpointsources
Employeesworkintheimmediatevicinityoftheemissionsource
Theplantislocatedinasevereclimateand
Minimizingairturnoverisnecessary.
GeneralExhaust(Dilution)VentilationSystems
Generalexhaustventilation,alsocalleddilutionventilation,isdifferentfromlocalexhaust
ventilationbecauseinsteadofcapturingemissionsattheirsourceandremovingthemfromthe
air,generalexhaustventilationallowsthecontaminanttobeemittedintotheworkplaceairand
thendilutestheconcentrationofthecontaminanttoanacceptablelevel(e.g.,tothePELor
below).Dilutionsystemsareoftenusedtocontrolevaporatedliquids.
Todeterminethecorrectvolumeflowratefordilution(Qd),itisnecessarytoestimatethe
evaporationrateofthecontaminant(qd)accordingtothefollowingequation:
qd=[(387)(lbs)]/[(MW)(min)(d)]
where:
qd=evaporationrateinacfm
387=volumeincubicfeetformedbytheevaporationofonelbmoleofasubstance,e.g.,a

MW=molecularweightofemittedmaterial
lbs=lbsofmaterialevaporated
min=timeofevaporation
d=densitycorrectionfactor
Theappropriatedilutionvolumeflowratefortoxicsis:
Qd=[(qd)(Km)(106)]/Ca
where:
Qd=volumeflowrateofair,inacfm
qd=evaporationrate,inacfm
Km=mixingfactortoaccountforpoororrandommixing(NOTE:Km=2to5Km=2is
optimum)
Ca=acceptableairborneconcentrationofthematerial(typicallyhalfofthePEL).
Thenumberofairchangesperhouristhenumberoftimesonevolumeofairisreplacedinthe
spaceperhour.Inpractice,replacementdependsonmixingefficiency.Whenusingdilution
ventilation:
positionexhaustsasclosetoemissionsourcesaspossible
useauxiliaryfansformixing
makesureemployeesareupwindofthedilutionzoneand
addmakeupairwhereitwillbemosteffective.

LocalExhaustVentilationSystems
Atypicallocalexhaustventilationsystemiscomposedoffiveparts:fans,hoods,ducts,air
cleaners,andstacks.Localexhaustventilationisdesignedtocaptureanemittedcontaminantat
ornearitssource,beforethecontaminanthasachancetodisperseintotheworkplaceair.
FanSelection.Tochoosetheproperfanforaventilationsystem,thisinformationmustbe
known:
airvolumetobemoved
fanstaticpressure
typeandconcentrationofcontaminantsintheair(becausethisaffectsthefantypeand
materialsofconstruction)and
theimportanceofnoiseasalimitingfactor.
Oncethisinformationisavailable,thetypeoffanbestsuitedforthesystemcanbechosen.Many
differentfansareavailable,althoughtheyallfallintooneoftwoclasses:axialflowfansand
centrifugalfans.Foradetailedexplanationoffans,seetheACGIHIndustrialVentilationManual.
Hoods.Thehoodcaptures,contains,orreceivescontaminantsgeneratedatanemission
source.Thehoodconvertsductstaticpressuretovelocitypressureandhoodentrylosses(e.g.,
slotandductentrylosses).
Hoodentryloss(He)iscalculatedaccordingtothefollowingequation:
He=(K)(VP)=|SPh|=VP
where:

K=lossfactor
VP=velocitypressureinduct
|SPh|=absolutestaticpressureabout5ductdiametersdowntheductfromthehood.
Ahood'sabilitytoconvertstaticpressuretovelocitypressureisgivenbythecoefficientofentry
(Ce),asfollows:
NOTE:Thistableisbestviewedontablets,notebooks,anddesktopcomputerscreens.

Ce = Qideal = VP = 1

Qactual
SPh
1+K

where:
K=lossfactor
VP=velocitypressureinduct
SPh=absolutestaticpressureabout5ductdiametersdowntheductfromthehood.
Tominimizeairflowrequirements,theoperationshouldbeenclosedasmuchaspossible,either
withaventilatedenclosure,sidebaffles,orcurtains.Thishelpsbothtocontainthematerialand
tominimizetheeffectofroomair.
Whenusingacaptureorreceivinghood,thehoodshouldbelocatedasclosetothecontaminant
sourceaspossible.Reducingtheamountofcontaminantsgeneratedorreleasedfromthe
processreducesventilationrequirements.
Thehoodshouldbedesignedtoachievegoodairdistributionintothehoodopeningssothatall
theairdrawnintothehoodhelpstocontrolcontaminants.Avoiddesignsthatrequirethatthe
velocitiesthroughsomeopeningsbeveryhighinordertodeveloptheminimumacceptable
velocitythroughotheropeningsorpartsofthehood.
Thepurposeofmostventilationsystemsistopreventworkerinhalationofcontaminants.Forthis
reason,thehoodshouldbelocatedsothatcontaminantsarenotdrawnthroughtheworker's
breathingzone.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhereworkersleanoveranoperationsuchasan
opensurfacetankorweldingbench.
HoodsmustmeetthedesigncriteriaintheACGIHIndustrialVentilationManualorapplicable
OSHAstandards.Mosthooddesignrecommendationsaccountforcrossdraftsthatinterferewith
hoodoperation.Strongcrossdraftscaneasilyreduceahood'seffectivenessby75%.Standard
hooddesignsmaynotbeadequatetocontainhighlytoxicmaterials.
Thehoodshouldbedesignedtocauseminimuminterferencewiththeperformanceofwork.
Positioningaccessdoorsinsideanenclosurethatmustbeopenedandclosedoftenmeansthatin
practicethedoorswillbeleftopen,andlocatingcapturehoodstooclosetotheprocessforthe
worker'sconvenienceoftenmeansthatthehoodwillbedisassembledandremoved.Hoods

tomovearoundmachinery.
Twocommonmisconceptionsabouthoodsthatareapartoflocalexhaustsystemsare:
Hoodsdrawairfromasignificantdistanceawayfromthehoodopening,andthereforethey
cancontrolcontaminantsreleasedsomedistanceaway.Itiseasytoconfuseafan'sability
toblowajetofairwithitsabilitytodrawairintoahood.Hoodsmustbeclosetothesource
ofcontaminationtobeeffective.
Heavierthanairvaporstendtosettletotheworkroomfloorandthereforecanbecollected
byahoodlocatedthere.Asmallamountofcontaminantintheair(1,000ppmmeans1,000
partsofcontaminantplus999,000partsofair)hasaresultingdensityclosetothatofair,
andrandomaircurrentswilldispersethematerialthroughouttheroom.
Ducts.Airflowsturbulentlythroughductsatbetween2,0006,000feetperminute(fpm).Ducts
canbemadeofgalvanizedmetal,fiberglass,plastic,andconcrete.Frictionlossesvaryaccording
toductworktype,lengthofduct,velocityofair,ductarea,densityofair,andductdiameter.
AirCleaners.Thedesignoftheaircleanerdependsonthedegreeofcleaningrequired.
Regularmaintenanceofaircleanersincreasestheirefficiencyandminimizesworkerexposure.
Differenttypesofaircleanersaremadetoremoveparticulates(e.g.,precipitators,cyclones,
etc.)andgasesandvapors(e.g.,scrubbers).
Stacks.Stacksdisperseexhaustairintotheambientenvironment.Theamountofreentrainment
dependsonexhaustvolume,windspeedanddirection,temperature,locationofintakesand
exhausts,etc.Wheninstallingstacks:
Provideamplestackheight(aminimumof10ftaboveadjacentrooflinesorairintakes)
Placestackdownwindofairintakes
Provideastackvelocityofaminimumof1.4timesthewindvelocity
Placethestackasfarfromtheintakeaspossible(50ftisrecommended)
Placethestackatleast10fthighonmostroofstoavoidrecirculationand
Avoidraincapsiftheairintakeiswithin50ftofthestack.

MakeupAirSystems
Exhaustventilationsystemsrequirethereplacementofexhaustedair.Replacementairisoften
calledmakeupair.Replacementaircanbesuppliednaturallybyatmosphericpressurethrough
opendoors,windows,walllouvers,andadjacentspaces(acceptable),aswellasthroughcracks
inwallsandwindows,beneathdoors,andthroughroofvents(unacceptable).Makeupaircan
alsobeprovidedthroughdedicatedreplacementairsystems.Generally,exhaustsystemsare
interlockedwithadedicatedmakeupairsystem.
Otherreasonsfordesigningandprovidingdedicatedmakeupairsystemsarethatthey:
Avoidhighvelocitydraftsthroughcracksinwalls,underdoors,andthroughwindows
Avoiddifferentialpressuresondoors,exits,andwindowsand
Provideanopportunitytotemperthereplacementair.
Ifmakeupairisnotprovided,aslightnegativepressurewillbecreatedintheroomandairflow
throughtheexhaustsystemwillbereduced.

HVAC
HVAC(heating,ventilating,andairconditioning)isacommontermthatcanalsoincludecooling,

usedforodorcontrolandthemaintenanceofacceptableconcentrationsofcarbondioxide.
Airconditioninghascometoincludeanyprocessthatmodifiestheairforaworkorlivingspace:
heatingorcooling,humiditycontrol,andaircleaning.Historically,airconditioninghasbeenused
inindustrytoimproveorprotectmachinery,products,andprocesses.Theconditioningofairfor
humanshasbecomenormalandexpected.Althoughtheinitialcostsofairconditioningarehigh,
annualcostsmayaccountonlyforabout1%to5%oftotalannualoperatingexpenses.
Improvedhumanproductivity,lowerabsenteeism,betterhealth,andreducedhousekeepingand
maintenancealmostalwaysmakeairconditioningcosteffective.
Mechanicalairhandlingsystemscanrangefromsimpletocomplex.Alldistributeairinamanner
designedtomeetventilation,temperature,humidity,andairqualityrequirementsestablishedby
theuser.Individualunitsmaybeinstalledinthespacetheyserve,orcentralunitscanserve
multipleareas.
HVACengineersrefertotheareasservedbyanairhandlingsystemaszones.Thesmallerthe
zone,thegreaterthelikelihoodthatgoodcontrolwillbeachievedhowever,equipmentand
maintenancecostsaredirectlyrelatedtothenumberofzones.Somesystemsaredesignedto
provideindividualcontrolofroomsinamultiplezonesystem.
Boththeprovisionanddistributionofmakeupairareimportanttotheproperfunctioningofthe
system.Thecorrectamountofairshouldbesuppliedtothespace.Supplyregistersshouldbe
positionedtoavoiddisruptionofemissionandexposurecontrolsandtoaiddilutionefforts.
Considerationsindesigninganairhandlingsystemincludevolumeflowrate,temperature,
humidity,andairquality.Equipmentselectedmustbeproperlysizedandmayinclude:
outdoorairplenumsorducts
filters
supplyfansandsupplyairsystems
heatingandcoolingcoils
humiditycontrolequipment
supplyducts
distributionducts,boxes,plenums,andregisters
dampers
returnairplenums
exhaustairprovisions
returnfans
controlsandinstrumentation

Recirculation
Althoughnotgenerallyrecommended,recirculationisanalternativetoairexchanging.Where
used,recirculationshouldincorporateaircleaners,abypassorauxiliaryexhaustsystem,
regularmaintenanceandinspection,anddevicestomonitorsystemperformance.Keypointsto
considerintheuseofrecirculationareshowninTableIII:36.

NOTE:Thistableisbestviewedontablets,notebooks,anddesktopcomputerscreens.

Protectionofemployeesmustbetheprimarydesignconsideration.
Thesystemshouldremoveasmuchofthecontaminantascan
economicallybeseparatedfromexhaustair.
ThesystemshouldnotbedesignedsimplytoachievePELlevelsof
exposure.
Thesystemshouldneverallowrecirculationtosignificantlyincrease
existingexposures.
Recirculationshouldnotbeusedifacarcinogenispresent.
Thesystemshouldhavefailsafefeatures,e.g.,warningdeviceson
criticalparts,backupsystems.
Cleaningandfilteringdevicesthatensurecontinuousandreliable
collectionofthecontaminantshouldbeused.
Thesystemshouldprovideabypassorauxiliaryexhaustsystemfor
useduringsystemfailure.
Thesystemshouldincludefeedbackdevicesthatmonitorsystem
performance,e.g.,staticpressuretaps,particulatecounters,amperage
monitors.
Thesystemshouldbedesignednottorecirculateairduringequipment
malfunction.
Theemployershouldtrainemployeesintheuseandoperationofthe
system.
AppendixIII:32.Glossary
acfm
Actualcubicfeetperminuteofgasflowingatexistingtemperatureandpressure.(See
alsoscfm.)
ACH,AC/H(airchangesperhour)
Thenumberoftimesairisreplacedinanhour.
AirDensity
Theweightofairinlbspercubicfoot.DrystandardairatT=68F(20C)andBP=29.92in
Hg(760mmHg)hasadensityof0.075lb/cuft.
Anemometer
Adevicethatmeasuresthevelocityofair.Commontypesincludetheswingingvaneandthe
hotwireanemometer.
Area(A)
Thecrosssectionalareathroughwhichairmoves.Areamayrefertothecrosssectionalarea
ofaduct,awindow,adoor,oranyspacethroughwhichairmoves.
AtmosphericPressure
Thepressureexertedinalldirectionsbytheatmosphere.Atsealevel,meanatmospheric
pressureis29.92inHg,14.7psi,407inw.g.,or760mmHg.
BrakeHorsepower(bhp)
Theactualhorsepowerrequiredtomoveairthroughaventilationsystemagainstafixedtotal
pressureplusthelossesinthefan.bhp=ahpx1/eff,whereeffisfanmechanicalefficiency.
Branch
Inajunctionoftwoducts,thebranchistheductwiththelowestvolumeflowrate.The

CanopyHood(ReceivingHood)
Aoneortwosidedoverheadhoodthatreceivesrisinghotairorgas.
CaptureVelocity
Thevelocityofairinducedbyahoodtocaptureemittedcontaminantsexternaltothehood.
CoefficientofEntry(Ce)
Ameasureoftheefficiencyofahood'sabilitytoconvertstaticpressuretovelocitypressure
theratioofactualflowtoidealflow.
DensityCorrectionFactor
Afactorappliedtocorrectorconvertdryairdensityofanytemperaturetovelocitypressure
theratioofactualflowtoidealflow.
DilutionVentilation(GeneralExhaustVentilation)
Aformofexposurecontrolthatinvolvesprovidingenoughairintheworkplacetodilutethe
concentrationofairbornecontaminantstoacceptablelevels.
EntryLoss
SeeHoodEntryLossorBranchEntryLoss.
Evase(pronouncedehvasay)
Aconeshapedexhauststackthatrecapturesstaticpressurefromvelocitypressure.
Fan
Amechanicaldevicethatmovesairandcreatesstaticpressure.
FanLaws
Relationshipsthatdescribetheoretical,mutualperformancechangesinpressure,flowrate,
rpmofthefan,horsepower,densityofair,fansize,andsoundpower.
FanCurve
Acurverelatingpressureandvolumeflowrateofagivenfanatafixedfanspeed(rpm).
FrictionLoss
Thestaticpressurelossinasystemcausedbyfrictionbetweenmovingairandtheductwall,
expressedasinw.g./100ft,orfractionsofVPper100ftofduct(mmw.g./mKpa/m).
GaugePressure
Thedifferencebetweentwoabsolutepressures,oneofwhichisusuallyatmospheric
pressure.
GeneralExhaust
SeeDilutionVentilation.
Head
Pressure,e.g."Theheadis1inw.g."
Hood
Adevicethatencloses,captures,orreceivesemittedcontaminants.
HoodEntryLoss(He)
Thestaticpressurelost(ininchesofwater)whenairentersaductthroughahood.The
majorityofthelossusuallyisassociatedwithavenacontractaformedintheduct.
HoodStaticPressure(SP h)
Thesumoftheductvelocitypressureandthehoodentrylosshoodstaticpressureisthe
staticpressurerequiredtoaccelerateairatrestoutsidethehoodintotheductatvelocity.
HVAC(Heating,Ventilation,andAirConditioning)Systems
Ventilatingsystemsdesignedprimarilytocontroltemperature,humidity,odors,andairquality.
IndoorAirQuality(IAQ),SickBuildingSyndrome,TightBuildingSyndrome
Thestudy,examination,andcontrolofairqualityrelatedtotemperature,humidity,and

in.w.g.(inchesofwater)
Aunitofpressure.Oneinchofwaterisequalto0.0735in.ofmercury,or0.036psi.
Atmosphericpressureatstandardconditionsis407in.w.g.
IndustrialVentilation(IV)
Theequipmentoroperationassociatedwiththesupplyorexhaustofairbynaturalor
mechanicalmeanstocontroloccupationalhazardsintheindustrialsetting.
LaminarFlow(alsoStreamlineFlow)
Airflowinwhichairmoleculestravelparalleltoallothermoleculeslaminarflowis
characterizedbytheabsenceofturbulence.
LocalExhaustVentilation
Anindustrialventilationsystemthatcapturesandremovesemittedcontaminantsbefore
dilutionintotheambientairoftheworkplace.
Loss
Usuallyreferstotheconversionofstaticpressuretoheatincomponentsoftheventilation
system,e.g.,"thehoodentryloss."
MakeUpAir
SeeReplacementandCompensatingAir.
Manometer
AdevicethatmeasurespressuredifferenceusuallyaUshapedglasstubecontainingwater
ormercury.
MinimumTransportVelocity(MTV)
TheminimumvelocitythatwilltransportparticlesinaductwithlittlesettlingMTVvarieswith
airdensity,particulateloading,andotherfactors.
OutdoorAir(OA)
Outdoorairisthe"fresh"airmixedwithreturnair(RA)todilutecontaminantsinthesupply
air.
PitotTube
Adeviceusedtomeasuretotalandstaticpressuresinanairstream.
Plenum
Alowvelocitychamberusedtodistributestaticpressurethroughoutitsinterior.
PressureDrop
Thelossofstaticpressureacrossapointforexample,"thepressuredropacrossanorificeis
2.0in.w.g."
ReplacementAir(also,CompensatingAir,MakeUpAir)
Airsuppliedtoaspacetoreplaceexhaustedair.
ReturnAir
Airthatisreturnedfromtheprimaryspacetothefanforrecirculation.
scfm
Standardcubicfeetperminute.Ameasureofairflowatstandardconditions,i.e.,dryairat
29.92in.Hg(760mmHg)(gauge),68F(20C).
SlotVelocity
Theaveragevelocityofairthroughaslot.Slotvelocityiscalculatedbydividingthetotal
volumeflowratebytheslotarea(usually,Vs=2,000fpm).
Stack
Adeviceontheendofaventilationsystemthatdispersesexhaustcontaminantsfordilutionby
theatmosphere.

Dryairat68F(20C),29.92inHg(760mmHg).
StaticPressure(SP)
Thepressuredevelopedinaductbyafantheforceininchesofwatermeasured
perpendiculartoflowatthewalloftheductthedifferenceinpressurebetweenatmospheric
pressureandtheabsolutepressureinsideaduct,cleaner,orotherequipmentSPexerts
influenceinalldirections.
SuctionPressure
(SeeStaticPressure.)Anarchaictermthatreferstostaticpressureontheupstreamsideof
thefan.
TotalPressure
Thepressureexertedinaduct,i.e.,thesumofthestaticpressureandthevelocitypressure
alsocalledImpactPressure,DynamicPressure.
TransportVelocity
SeeMinimumTransportVelocity.
TurbulentFlow
Airflowcharacterizedbytransversevelocitycomponentsaswellasvelocityintheprimary
directionofflowinaductmixingvelocities.
Velocity(V)
Thetimerateofmovementofairusuallyexpressedasfeetperminute.
VelocityPressure(VP)
Thepressureattributedtothevelocityofair.
VolumeFlowRate(Q)
Quantityofairflowincfm,scfm,oracfm.

AppendixIII:33.OSHAandConsensusStandards
I.OSHAStandards
A.HealthRelatedVentilationStandards.Thislistincludessome,butnot
necessarilyall,OSHAstandardsthataddressthecontrolofemployeeexposure
torecognizedcontaminants.)
GeneralIndustry
29CFR1910.94(a)
Abrasiveblasting
29CFR1910.94(b)
Grinding,polishing,andbuffingoperations
29CFR1910.94(d)
Opensurfacetanks
29CFR1910.252(c)(2)(i)(a)and(b)(c)(2)(ii)
VentilationforgeneralweldingandcuttingGeneral
29CFR1910.252(c)(3)

Localexhausthoodsandbooths
29CFR1910.252(c)(5)(ii)
FluorinecompoundsMaximumallowableconcentration
29CFR1910.252(c)(12)
Cuttingofstainlesssteels
29CFR1910.1003to.1016
Carcinogens
29CFR1910.1025(e)(5)
Lead
29CFR1910.1027(f)(3)
Cadmium
Construction
29CFR1926.27(a)
VentilationGeneral
29CFR1926.62(e)(3)
Lead
29CFR1926.63(f)(4)
Cadmium
29CFR1926.154(a)(1)
TemporaryheatingdevicesVentilation
29CFR1926.353(e)(1)
Ventilationandprotectioninwelding,cuttingandheatingGalwelding,
cutting,andheating
Maritime
29CFR1915.32(a)(2)
Toxiccleaningsolvents
29CFR1915.51(f)(1)
Ventilationandprotectioninwelding,cutting,andheatingGeneralwelding,

29CFR1918.93(a)(1)(iii)
Ventilationandatmosphericconditions
B.HealthRelatedVentilationStandardsOtherThanAirflow.Thislist
includessome,butnotnecessarilyall,OSHAstandardsthatdonotcontain
airflowrequirementsbutarelocatedinthehealthrelatedventilationstandards.
GeneralIndustry
29CFR1910.94(a)(3)(i)(d)
AbrasiveblastingBlastingcleaning
29CFR1910.94(a)(5)
AbrasiveblastingPersonalprotectiveequipment
29CFR1910.94(a)(6)
AbrasiveblastingAirsupplyandaircompressors
29CFR1910.94(a)(7)
AbrasiveblastingOperationalproceduresandgeneralsafety
29CFR1910.94(d)(9)
OpensurfacetanksPersonalprotection
29CFR1910.94(d)(10)
OpensurfacetanksSpecialprecautionsforcyanide
29CFR1910.94(d)(11)
OpensurfacetanksInspection,installationandmaintenance
29CFR1910.94(d)(12)
OpensurfacetanksVapordegreasingtanks
C.FireandExplosionRelatedVentilationStandards.Thislistincludes
some,butnotnecessarilyall,OSHAstandardsthatareintendedtopreventfire
andexplosions.
GeneralIndustry
29CFR1910.94(c)
VentilationSprayfinishingoperations
29CFR1910.103(b)(3)(ii)(b)

29CFR1910.103(b)(3)(iii)(b)
HydrogenGaseoushydrogensystemsSpecialrooms
29CFR1910.103(c)(3)(ii)(b)
HydrogenLiquidhydrogensystemsSeparatebuildings
29CFR1910.103(c)(3)(iii)(b)
HydrogenLiquidhydrogensystemsSpecialrooms
29CFR1910.104(b)(3)(xii)
OxygenBulkoxygensystemsVentilation
29CFR1910.104(b)(8)(vii)
OxygenBulkoxygensystemsVenting
29CFR1910.106(d)(4)(iv)
FlammableandcombustibleliquidsContainerandportabletankstorage
DesignandconstructionofinsidestorageroomVentilation
29CFR1910.106(e)(3)(v)
FlammableandcombustibleliquidsIndustrialplantsUnitphysical
operationsVentilation
29CFR1910.106(f)(2)(iii)(a)
FlammableandcombustibleliquidsBulkplantsBuildingVentilation
29CFR1910.106(h)(3)(iii)
FlammableandcombustibleliquidsProcessingplantsProcessingbuilding
Ventilation
29CFR1910.107(b)(5)(i)
SprayfinishingusingflammableandcombustiblematerialsSprayboothsDry
typeoverspraycollectors
29CFR1910.107(d)(1)and(2)
SprayfinishingusingflammableandcombustiblematerialsVentilation
ConformanceGeneral
29CFR1910.107(i)(9)
SprayfinishingusingflammableandcombustiblematerialsElectrostatichand
sprayingequipmentVentilation
29CFR1910.108(b)(1)and(2)

DiptankscontainingflammablecombustibleliquidsVentilationVentilation
combinedwithdrying
29CFR1910.307
Hazardous(classified)locations
D.Exceptionsto25%oftheLELforFireandExplosionRelated
Standards.ThislistincludesbutisnotlimitedtoOSHAstandardsthatallow
concentrationsofflammablematerialsnogreaterthan10%oftheLEL.
Maritime
29CFR1915.12(a)(2)
PrecautionsbeforeenteringFlammableatmospheresandresidues
29CFR1915.13(a)(2)
Cleaningandothercoldwork(flammablevapors)
29CFR1915.35(b)(1),(2),(3)
PaintingPaintsandtankscoatingsdissolvedinhighlyvolatile,toxicand/or
flammablesolvents
29CFR1915.36(a)(2)
Flammableliquidsventilation
Construction
29CFR1926.803(i)(2)
CompressedAirVentilationandairquality(Tunnels)
E.SpecialConditionsStandards.Thislistincludessomebutnotnecessarilyall
OSHAstandardsthatinvolveconfinedspaceoperationsand/orhighhazard
contaminantsspecificallydesignatedinthestandard.
GeneralIndustry
29CFR1910.252(c)(2)(i)(c)
Welding,cuttingandbrazingHealthprotectionandventilatingVentilationfor
generalweldingandcuttingGeneral
29CFR1910.252(c)(4)
Welding,cuttingandbrazingHealthprotectionandventilatingVentilationin
confinedspaces
29CFR1910.252(c)(5)(i)
Welding,cuttingandbrazingFluorinecompounds

29CFR1910.252(c)(6)(i)
Welding,cuttingandbrazingZincConfinedspaces
29CFR1910.252(c)(7)(i)
Welding,cuttingandbrazingLeadConfinedspaces
29CFR1910.252(c)(8)
Welding,cuttingandbrazingBeryllium
29CFR1910.252(c)(9)
Welding,cuttingandbrazingCadmium
29CFR1910.252(c)(10)
Welding,cuttingandbrazingMercury
Construction
29CFR1926.154(a)(2)
TemporaryheatingdevicesVentilation
29CFR1926.353(b)(1)
Ventilationandprotectioninwelding,cuttingandheatingWelding,cuttingand
heatinginconfinedspaces
29CFR1926.353(c)(1)and(2)
Ventilationandprotectioninwelding,cuttingandheatingWelding,cuttingor
heatingofmetalsoftoxicsignificance
29CFR1926.800(k)
TunnelsandshaftsAirqualityandventilation
Maritime
29CFR1915.12(b)(2)
PrecautionsbeforeenteringToxicatmospheresandresidues
29CFR1915.12(c)(2)
PrecautionsbeforeenteringOxygendeficientatmospheres
29CFR1915.12(d)
PrecautionsbeforeenteringExceptions

MechanicalpaintremoversPowertools(paintdust)
29CFR1915.51(c)(3)
Ventilationandprotectioninwelding,cuttingandheatingWelding,cuttingand
heatingconfinedspaces
29CFR1915.51(d)(1)and(2)
Ventilationandprotectioninwelding,cuttingandheatingcuttingorheatingof
metalsoftoxicsignificance.
II.ConsensusStandards
NOTE:Thistableisbestviewedontablets,notebooks,anddesktopcomputer
screens.

Standard

Source

Title

ASHRAE

MethodsofTestingAirCleaningDevices
UsedinGeneralVentilationforRemoving
ParticulateMatter

Airfilters
ASHRAE52
76

Exhaustsystems
ANSIZ33.1
1982
NFPA91
1983

NFPA

InstallationofBlowerandExhaust
SystemsforDust,Stock,VaporRemoval
orConveying(1983)

ANSIZ9.2
1979

AIHA

FundamentalsGoverningtheDesignand
OperationofLocalExhaustSystems

ANSIZ9.1
1977

AIHA
ASHRAE

PracticesforVentilationandOperationof
OpenSurfaceTanks

ANSIZ9.3
1964

ANSI

SafetyCodeforDesign,Construction,and
VentilationofSprayFinishingOperations
(reaffirmed1971)

ANSIZ9.4
1979
ANSIZ9.4A
1981

ANSI

VentilationandSafePracticesofAbrasives
BlastingOperations

ANSIZ9.5
1992

AIHA

LaboratoryVentilation

Fans
AMCA9983 AMCA
ANSI/UL507 UL

StandardsHandbookElectricFans(1977)

ASHRAE51 ASHRAE
75
AMCA21074

LaboratoryMethodsofTestingFansfor
Rating

ANSI/ASHRAE ASHRAE
87.71983

MethodsofTestingDynamic
CharacteristicsofPropellerFans
AerodynamicallyExcitedFanVibrations
andCriticalSpeeds

AMCA21074 AMCA

LaboratoryMethodsofTestingFansfor
RatingPurposes

AMCA99
240478

AMCA

DriveArrangementforCentrifugalFans

AMCA99
240683

AMCA

DesignationforRotationandDischargeof
CentrifugalFans

AMCA99
240766

AMCA

MotorPositionsforBeltorChainDrive
CentrifugalFans

AMCA99
241082

AMCA

DriveArrangementforTubularCentrifugal
Fans

IndustrialDuct
SMACNA

SMACNA

RoundIndustrialDuctConstruction

SMACNA

SMACNA

RectangularIndustrialDuctConstruction

NFPA68

NFPA

GuideforExplosionVenting

NFPA204M

NFPA

GuideforSmokeandHeatVenting

SMACNA

SMACNA

GuideforSteelStackDesignand
Construction(1983)

NFPA96

NFPA

VaporRemovalfromCookingEquipment
(1984)

NFPA88A,
88B

NFPA

ParkingStructures(1979)RepairGarages
(1979)

ASHRAE62
1989

ASHARAE VentilationforAcceptableIndoorAir
Quality

ACGIH

ACGIH

Venting

Ventilation

IndustrialVentilation

III.SourcesofConsensusStandards
Copiesoftheconsensusstandardsarepublishedandavailabledirectlyfromthe
organizationissuingthestandard.Aminimalfeeisoftenrequired.

NOTE:Thistableisbestviewedontablets,notebooks,anddesktopcomputer
screens.

Source Organization
ACGIH

AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrial
Hygienists
6500GlenwayAve.,Bldg.D5
Cincinnati,OH45211

AIHA

AmericanIndustrialHygieneAssociation
2700ProsperityAve.,Suite250
Fairfax,VA220314319

AMCA

AirMovementandControlAssociation
30W.UniversityDr.
ArlingtonHeights,IL60004

ANSI

AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute
1430Broadway
NewYork,NY10018

ASHRAE AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigerationandAir
ConditioningEngineers,Inc.
1791TullieCircle,N.E.,
Atlanta,GA30329
NFPA

NationalFireProtectionAssociation
BatterymarchPark
Quincy,MA02269

SMACNA SheetMetalandAirConditioningContractors'National
Association
8224OldCourthouseRd.
Vienna,VA22180
UL

UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.
333PfingstenRd.
Northbrook,IL60062

AppendixIII:34.TroubleshootinganExhaustSystemSomeHelpful
Hints
Mostofthefollowingcheckscanbemadebyvisualobservationanddonotrequireextensive
measurements.
Ifairflowislowinhoods,check:
Fanrotation(reversedpolaritywillcausefantorunbackwardsabackwardrunning
centrifugalfandeliversonly3050%ofratedflow)
FanRPM

Cloggedorcorrodedfanwheelandcasing
Cloggedductwork(highhoodstaticpressureandlowairflowmayindicaterestrictedducts
opencleanoutdoorsandinspectinsideducts)
Closeddampersinductwork
Cloggedcollectororaircleaningdevices
Weathercaptooclosetodischargestack(aductdiametergapshouldexistbetweencap
andstackweathercapsarenotrecommended)
Poorlydesignedductwork(shortradiuselbows)(branchentriesentermainductatsharp
angles)(ductworkdiametertoosmallfortheairflowneededand
Lackofmakeupair(highnegativepressuresaffectpropellerfansystemoutputlackof
suppliedmakeupaircauseshighairflowvelocitiesatdoorsandwindows).
Ifairflowissatisfactoryinahoodbutcontaminantcontrolispoor,check:
Crossdrafts(fromprocessairmovements)(workercoolingfansandairsupplysystems)
(opendoorsandwindows)
Capturevelocity(workoperationtoofarfromhoodopening)
Hoodenclosure:(door,baffles,orsidesmaybeopenorremoved)and
Hoodtype:(canopyhoodsareinappropriatefortoxicmaterials).