Optical Fiber Communication

Scilab Code for
Optical Fiber Communication

by Gerd Keiser 1
Created by
Prof. R. Senthilkumar
Institute of Road and Transport Technology
rsenthil signalprocess@in.com
Cross-Checked by
Prof. Saravanan Vijayakumaran, IIT Bombay
sarva@ee.iitb.ac.in
11 January 2011
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Text Book Companion and
Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the website www.scilab.in
Book Details
Authors: G. Keiser
Title: Optical Fiber Communication
Publisher: Tata McGrawHill
Edition: 4th Edition, 8th Reprint
Year: 2010
Place: New Delhi
ISBN: 0-07-064810-7
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Fig Code for Figure(Scilab code that is used for plotting the respective figure
of the above book )
For example, Exa 4.56 means solve example 4.56 of the above book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 First chapter
2 Second chapter
3 Third chapter
11
4 Fourth chapter
16
5 Fifth chapter
22
6 Sixth chapter
26
7 Seventh chapter
31
8 Eight chapter
35
9 Ninth chapter
40
10 Tenth chapter
46
11 Eleventh chapter
54
12 Twelve chapter
59
13 Thirteen chapter
64
14 Fourteen chapter
68
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Exa 2.1
Exa 2.2
Exa 2.3
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.5
Program to calculate time period and phase shift . . .

Example 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shannon Channel Capacity formula . . . . . . . . . .
Capacity of a channel using Shannons formula . . . .
Program to calculate attenuation loss of power . . . .
Power gain calculation for a signal travelling from one
point to another point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical Angle of incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finding Critical angle, numerical aperture, acceptance
angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Program to Calculate NORMALIZED FREQUENCY
V and Numerical Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power flow in the core and cladding of step index fiber
Program to calculate Fiber Birefringence Betaf . . .
Program to Find Attenuation in dB/km . . . . . . .
To calculate input and output power in dBm . . . . .
Rayleigh scattering loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Program to calculate percent in decrease of number of
modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of pulse broadening . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of bandwidth distance . . . . . . . . . . .
Program to Find out the Material Dispersion . . . . .
Program to Find out Waveguide Dispersion . . . . . .
Program to find intrinsic carrier concentration . . . .
Finding Enegy gap and Wavelength . . . . . . . . . .
Finding Enegy gap and Wavelength . . . . . . . . . .
To find out the Internal Quantum Efficiency and Internal Power level of LED source . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7
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8
9
11
11
12
12
13
14
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15
16
16
17
17
Exa 4.6
Exa 4.7
Exa 4.8
Exa 4.9
Exa 5.1
Exa 5.2
Exa 5.3
Exa 5.4
Exa 5.5
Exa 5.6
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Exa 6.7
Exa 7.1
Exa 7.2
Exa 7.3
Exa 7.4
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
External Quantum Efficiency in percentage . . . . . .

Program to find Lasing Threshold gain . . . . . . . .
Program TO Calculate Frequency Spacing and Wavelength Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of number of half-wavelengths and wavelength spacing between lasing modes . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Lateral power distribution coefficient .
Program to Calculate Optical Power Emitted from the
Light source and Optical power coupled to step-index
fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fresnel reflection, power coupled and power loss . . .
Power coupled between two graded index fibers . . . .
Loss between single mode fibers due to Lateral misalignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loss between single mode fibers due to angular misalignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cut-off wavelength of photodiode . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Quantum efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of photocurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Responsivity of photodiode . . . . . .
To find primary photocurrent and multiplication factor
Mean-square shot noise current, Mean-square dark current and Mean-Square thermal noise current . . . . . .
Circuit bandwidth of a photodiode . . . . . . . . . .
To find optimum decision threshold . . . . . . . . . .
To find out signal-to-noise ratio and probability of error
for given Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plotting Bit Error Rate versus Q factor . . . . . . . .
To find the energy of the photon incident on photodiode
and Minimum incident optical power . . . . . . . . . .
Program to calculate the Total Optical Power loss . .
Program to calculate the system margin . . . . . . .
Program to calculate link rise time . . . . . . . . . .
Program to calculate link rise time . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Number of bits affected by a burst error
Program to find coefficients of generator polynomial .
Program to find CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check) . .
Program to percentage of burst error detected by CRC
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39
Exa 8.9
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
9.1
9.2
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
Exa 10.10
Exa 10.11
Exa 10.12
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
12.1
12.2
Exa 12.3
Exa 12.4
Exa 12.5
Exa 12.6
Percent overhead to the information stream Using ReedSolomon code for error correction . . . . . . . . . . . .
Program to find Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) . . . .
Program to Find limiting conditions for pin-photodiode
Finding the center wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finding mean frequency spacing . . . . . . . . . . . .
Program to find coupling ratio, Excess loss, Insertion
loss, Return loss of 2x2 Fiber coupler . . . . . . . . . .
Finding output powers at output port of 2x2 coupler
Program to find waveguide length . . . . . . . . . . .
Program to find Excess loss, Splitting loss and total loss
Program to Waveguide Length difference . . . . . . .
Fiber Bragg Grating: Peak Reflectivity, Coupling coefficient, full-bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phased-Array-Based-Devices: Channel spacing in terms
of wavelength and path-length difference . . . . . . . .
Phased-Array-Based Devices: Length difference between
adjacent array waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum number of channels that can be placed in
the tuning range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Program to calculate Photon density . . . . . . . . .
Pumping rate and zero-signal gain . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum input power and maximum output power .
Optical Signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) . . . . . . . . .
Pump power of EDFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OSNR for different ASE noise level . . . . . . . . . .
Noise penalty factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Upper bound on input optical signal power . . . . . .
Effective length of fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)
threshold power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Four-wave mixing-calculation of power generated due
to the interaction of signals at different frequencies . .
Full-width Half-Maximum (FWHM) soliton pulse normalized time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of normalized distance parameter for dispersion shifted fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Program to calculate soliton peak power . . . . . . .
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46
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57
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59
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62
Exa 12.7
FWHM soliton pulse width and fraction of bit slot occupied by a soliton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 13.1 Calculation of power budget for optical link . . . . . .
Exa 13.2 Calculation of Number stations for given loss . . . . .
Exa 13.3 Calculation of worst case Dynamic Range . . . . . . .
Exa 13.4
Calculation of power margin between transmitter and
receiver for Star architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 13.5
Determination of maximum length of multimode fiber
link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 14.10 Performance Measurement and Monitoring for sce . .
62
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65
66
66
67
68
Chapter 1
First chapter
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Program to calculate time period and phase shift
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// C a p t i o n : Program t o c a l c u l a t e t i m e p e r i o d and p h a s e
shift
// Example1 . 1
// Page 8
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
f1 = 10^5; // f 1 = 100KHz
f2 = 10^9; // f 2 = 1GHz
T1 = 1/ f1 ;
T2 = 1/ f2 ;
phi = (1/4) *360;
phi_rad = phi /57.3;
disp ( T1 , Time p e r i o d o f s i n e wave w i t h f r e q u e n c y =
100 KHZ )
disp ( T2 , Time p e r i o d o f s i n e wave w i t h f r e q u e n c y = 1
GHZ )
disp ( phi , p h a s e s h i f t i n d e g r e e s ) ;
disp ( phi_rad , p h a s e s h i f t i n r a d i a n s ) ;
// R e s u l t
// Time p e r i o d o f s i n e wave w i t h f r e q u e n c y = 100 KHZ
//
0.00001
// Time p e r i o d o f s i n e wave w i t h f r e q u e n c y = 1GHZ
2
21
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25
//
1 . 0 0 0D09
// p h a s e s h i f t i n d e g r e e s
//
90.
// p h a s e s h i f t i n r a d i a n s
//
1.5706806
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Example 1.2
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// C a p t i o n : Program t o c a l c u l a t e t i m e p e r i o d and p h a s e
shift
// Example1 . 1
// Page 8
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
f1 = 10^5; // f 1 = 100KHz
f2 = 10^9; // f 2 = 1GHz
T1 = 1/ f1 ;
T2 = 1/ f2 ;
phi = (1/4) *360;
phi_rad = phi /57.3;
disp ( T1 , Time p e r i o d o f s i n e wave w i t h f r e q u e n c y =
100 KHZ )
disp ( T2 , Time p e r i o d o f s i n e wave w i t h f r e q u e n c y = 1
GHZ )
disp ( phi , p h a s e s h i f t i n d e g r e e s ) ;
disp ( phi_rad , p h a s e s h i f t i n r a d i a n s ) ;
// R e s u l t
// Time p e r i o d o f s i n e wave w i t h f r e q u e n c y = 100 KHZ
//
0.00001
// Time p e r i o d o f s i n e wave w i t h f r e q u e n c y = 1GHZ
//
1 . 0 0 0D09
// p h a s e s h i f t i n d e g r e e s
//
90.
// p h a s e s h i f t i n r a d i a n s
//
1.5706806
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Scilab code Exa 1.4

1 // C a p t i o n : Shannon Channel C a p a c i t y f o r m u l a
// Example1 . 4
// p a g e 12
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
B = 10^6; // Bandwidth o f n o i s y c h a n n e l 10MHZ
S_N = 1; // s i g n a l to n o i s e r a t i o n i s 1
C = B * log2 (1+ S_N ) ;
disp (C , The maximum c a p a c i t y f o r t h i s c h a n n e l i n
bits / sec C =)
// R e s u l t
// The maximum c a p a c i t y f o r t h i s c h a n n e l i n b i t s / s e c
C = 1000000.
Scilab code Exa 1.5

1 // C a p t i o n : C a p a c i t y o f a c h a n n e l
u s i n g shannon s f o r m u l a
// Example1 . 5
// p a g e 12
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
fLow = 3*(10^6) ; // low f r e q u e n c y = 3MHz
fHigh = 4*(10^6) ; // h i h g f r e q u e n c y = 4MHz
S_N_dB = 20; // s i g n a l to n o i s e r a t i o 20 dB
S_N = 10^( S_N_dB /10) ;
B = fHigh - fLow ;
C = B * log2 (1+ S_N ) ;
disp (B , Bandwidth i n Hz B = )
disp (C , C a p a c i t y o f a c h a n n e l i n b i t s / s e c s C = )
disp ( S_N , s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o S /N = )
// R e s u l t
// Bandwidth i n Hz B =
1000000.
// C a p a c i t y o f a c h a n n e l i n b i t s / s e c s C =
6658211.5
// s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o S /N =
100.
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Scilab code Exa 1.6

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o c a l c u l a t e
a t t e n u a t i o n ( o r ) l o s s o s power
// Example 1 . 6
// p a g e 14
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
P1 =1; // one w a t t
P2 = P1 /2; // r e d u c e d by h a l f v a l u e
Atten_dB = 10* log10 ( P2 / P1 ) ;
disp ( Atten_dB , A t t e n u a t i o n i n dB = ) ;
power_lost = 10^( Atten_dB /10)
disp ( power_lost , The amount o f power l o s t = ) ;
// R e s u l t
// A t t e n u a t i o n i n dB =
3.0103
// The amount o f power l o s t =
0.5
Scilab code Exa 1.7

1 // C a p t i o n : Power g a i n c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r a s i g n a l t r a v e l l i n g from
// one p o i n t t o a n o t h e r p o i n t
// Example 1 . 7
// p a g e 14
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Loss_line1 = -9; //9 dB
Amp_gain2 = 14; // 14 dB
Loss_line3 = -3; //3 dB
dB_at_line4 = Loss_line1 + Amp_gain2 + Loss_line3 ;
disp ( dB_at_line4 , The amount o f power g a i n e d by a
s i g n a l t r a v e l l i n g from p o i n t 1 t o p o i n t 4 i n dB =
)
// R e s u l t
14
// The amount o f power g a i n e d by a s i g n a l t r a v e l l i n g

from p o i n t 1 t o p o i n t 4 i n dB =
2.
Chapter 2
Second chapter
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Scilab code Exa 2.1

1 // C a p t i o n : C r i t i c a l
// Example 2 . 1
// p a g e 37
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
n1 = 1.48;
n2 = 1.00;
phic = asin ( n2 / n1 ) ;
disp ( phic *57.3 , T o t a l
: c r i t i c a l angle of
// R e s u l t
// T o t a l I n t e r f l e c t i o n
angle of incidence
Angle o f i n c i d e n c e
I n t e r f l e c t i o n r e f l e c t i o n angle
incidence in degrees )
r e f l e c t i o n angle : c r i t i c a l
42.509773
Scilab code Exa 2.2

1 // C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g C r i t i c a l a n g l e ,
numerical aperture , acceptance angle
// Example 2 . 2
// p a g e 45
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
7
7 n1 = 1.48; // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
8 n2 = 1.46; // c l a d d i n g i n d e x
9 phic = asin ( n2 / n1 ) *57.3;
10 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) ;
11 phi0 = asin ( NA ) *57.3;
12 disp ( phic , C r i t i c a l a n l g e )
13 disp ( NA , n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e )
14 disp ( phi0 , a c c e p t a n c e a n g e l i n a i r )
15 // R e s u l t
16 // C r i t i c a l a n l g e
17 //
80.575927
18 // n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e
19 //
0.2424871
20 // a c c e p t a n c e a n g e l i n a i r
21 //
14.034412
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Scilab code Exa 2.3

1 // C a p t i o n : Program
to Calculate
NORMALIZED FREQUENCY V and N u m e r i c a l A p e r t u r e
// Example2 . 3
// Page 58
clear all ;
close ;
clc ;
a = 25 e -06;
Lambda =1300 e -09;
V = 26.6;
Numerical_Aperture = V * Lambda /(2* %pi * a )
disp ( Numerical_Aperture , N u m e r i c a l A p e r t u r e i s ) ;
disp ( M = ( V ^2) /2 , T o t a l number o f modes M e n t e r i n g
the f i b e r i s : )
// R e s u l t
// N u m e r i c a l A p e r t u r e i s :
0.2201431
// T o t a l number o f modes M e n t e r i n g t h e f i b e r i s :
353.78
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Scilab code Exa 2.4

1 // C a p t i o n : Power f l o w i n t h e c o r e and
c l a d d i n g o f s t e p i n d e x f i b e r
// Example 2 . 4
// p a g e 62
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
V = [22 ,39];
M = V ^2/2;
Pcladd_P = (4/3) *( M .^( -0.5) ) ;
Pcore_P = 1 - Pcladd_P ;
disp (M , T o t a l number o f modes )
disp ( Pcladd_P *100 , P e r c e n t a g e o f power p r o p a g a t e s i n
the cladding )
// R e s u l t
// T o t a l number o f modes
//
242.
760.5
// P e r c e n t a g e o f power p r o p a g a t e s i n t h e c l a d d i n g
//
8.5709913
4.8349182
Scilab code Exa 2.5

F i b e r B i r e f r i n g e n c e BETA f
// Example2 . 5
// p a g e 65
clear all ;
close ;
clc ;
Lambda = input ( E n t e r t h e w a v e l e n g t h o f O p t i c a l
S i g n a l );
Lp = input ( Beat Length ) ;
BETA_f_FORMULA1 = 2* %pi / Lp ;
disp ( BETA_f_FORMULA1 , The f i b e r b i r e f r i e n g e n c e u s i n g
formula 1);
BETA_f_FORMULA2 = Lambda / Lp ;
disp ( BETA_f_FORMULA2 , The f i b e r b i r e f r i e n g e n c e u s i n g
formula 2);
// R e s u l t
9
// E n t e r t h e w a v e l e n g t h o f O p t i c a l S i g n a l 1 3 0 0 e 09
// Beat Length 8 e 02
// The f i b e r b i r e f r i e n g e n c e u s i n g f o r m u l a 1
78.539816
17 // The f i b e r b i r e f r i e n g e n c e u s i n g f o r m u l a 2
0.0000162
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10
Chapter 3
Third chapter
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Scilab code Exa 3.1

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o Find A t t e n u a t i o n i n dB/km
// Example3 . 1
// p a g e 91
clear ;
clc ;
z = [1 2]; // d i a t a n c e s a r e i n k i l o m e t e r
alpha_in_dB_per_km = 3;
r = ( alpha_in_dB_per_km * z ) /10;
P0_Pz = (10^ r ) ;
for i = 1: length ( P0_Pz )
Pz_P0 ( i ) = 1 -(1/ P0_Pz ( i ) ) ;
end
disp ( Pz_P0 *100 , O p t i c a l s i g n a l power d e c r e a s e d by i n
percentage )
//RESULT
// O p t i c a l s i g n a l power d e c r e a s e d by i n p e r c e n t a g e
//
49.881277
//
74.881136
Scilab code Exa 3.2

1 // C a p t i o n : To C a l c u l a t e i n p u t and
o u t p u t power i n dBm
2 // Example3 . 2
11
3 // p a g e 91
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 clc ;
7 Pin = 200 e -06; // power l a u n c h e d i n t o t h e f i b e r
8 alpha = 0.4; // a t t e n u a t i o n i n dB p e r KM
9 z = 30;
// o p t i c a l f i b e r l e n g t h 30 KM
10 Pin_dBm = 10* log10 ( Pin /1 e -03) ;
11 Pout_dBm = 10* log10 ( Pin /1 e -03) - alpha * z ;
12 Pout = 10^( Pout_dBm /10)
13 disp ( Pin_dBm , Pin dBm )
14 disp ( Pout_dBm , Pout dBm )
15 disp ( Pout *1 e -03 , Output power i n w a t t s )
16 // R e s u l t
17 // Pin dBm =
6.9897
18.9897
18 // Pout dBm =
19 // Output power i n w a t t s = 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 2 6
Scilab code Exa 3.3

1 // C a p t i o n : R a y l e i g h s c a t t e r i n g l o s s
2 // Example3 . 3
3 // p a g e 9 7
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 clc ;
7 alpha_0 = 1.64; // a t t e n u a t i o n a t Lambda 0 i n dB/KM
8 Lambda_0 = 850 e -09; // w a v e l e n g t h 850 n a n o m e t e r
9 Lambda = 1310 e -09; // w a v e l e n g t h 1 3 5 0 n a n o m e t e r
10 alpha_Lambda = alpha_0 *(( Lambda_0 / Lambda ) ^4) ;
11 disp ( alpha_Lambda , R a y l e i g h s c a t t e r i n g l o s s a l p h a (
Lambda ) = )
12 // R e s u l t
13 // R a y l e i g h s c a t t e r i n g l o s s a l p h a ( Lambda ) = 0 . 2 9 0 6 9 2 9
Scilab code Exa 3.4

p e r c e n t i n d e c r e a s e o f number o f modes
12
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// Example 3 . 4
// p a g e 99
clear ;
clc ;
alpha = 2; // g r a d e d i n d e x p r o f i l e
n2 = 1.5; // c l a d d i n g
Lamda = 1.3 e -06; // w a v e l e n g t h
R = 0.01; // bend r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e
a = 25 e -06; // c o r e r a d i u s
delta = 0.01; // c o r e c l a d d i n g i n d e x p r o f i l e
k = 4.83 e06 ; // p r o p a g a t i o n c o n s t a n t
disp (k , k = )
part1 = (2* a / R ) + floor ((3/(2* n2 * k * R ) ) ^(2/3) ) ;
part2 = ( alpha +2) /(2* alpha * delta ) ;
Neff_Ninf = 1 - part1 * part2 ;
disp ( number o f modes d e c r e a s e d by )
disp ( P e r c e n t
i n g r a d e d i n d e x f i b e r , Neff_Ninf *100)
//RESULTS
// number o f modes d e c r e a s e d by 50 P e r c e n t
i n graded
i n d e x f i b e r
Scilab code Exa 3.5

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f p u l s e b r o a d e n i n g
// Example3 . 5
// p a g e 103
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
C = 3 e08 ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y i n m e t r e / s e c
n1 = 1.48; // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
n2 = 1.465; // c l a d d i n g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
delta = 0.01; // i n d e x d i f f e r e n c e
L = 10^3; // f i b e r l e n g t h 10KM
deltaT = ( L *( n1 ^2) /( C * n2 ) ) * delta ;
disp (( deltaT / L ) *10^12 , p u l s e b r o a d e n i n g i n n s /KM )
// R e s u l t
// p u l s e b r o a d e n i n g i n n s /KM = 4 9 . 8 3 8 4 5 3
13
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Scilab code Exa 3.6

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f bandwidth d i s t a n c e
// Example3 . 6
// p a g e 104
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
n1 = 1.48; // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
n2 = 1.465; // c l a d d i n i g r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
C =3*(10^8) ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l c o t i y
BL = ( n2 /( n1 ^2) ) *( C / delta ) ;
disp ( BL , Bandwidth d i s t a n c e i n bPSM )
disp ( BL /10^9 , Bandwidth d i s t a n c e i n MbPSKM )
// R e s u l t
// Bandwidth d i s t a n c e i n bPSM
//
2 . 0 0 6D+10
// Bandwidth d i s t a n c e i n MbPSKM
//
20.064828
Scilab code Exa 3.7

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o Find o u t t h e
Material Dispersion
// Example3 . 7
// p a g e 1 0 7
clear ;
clc ;
Lamda = 800 e -09; // Wavelength i n m e t e r
sigma_Lamda_LED = 40 e -09; // s p e c t r a l w i d t h i n m e t e r s
pulse_spread = 4.4 e -12; // p u l s e s p r e a d i n s e c / m e t e r
mat_dispersion = pulse_spread / sigma_Lamda_LED
disp ( mat_dispersion , m a t e r i a l d i s p e r s i o n i n s e c o n d s /
square meter )
// R e s u l t
// m a t e r i a l d i s p e r s i o n i n s e c o n d s / s q u a r e m e t e r
14
0.00011
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Scilab code Exa 3.8

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o Find o u t
Waveguide D i s p e r s i o n
// Example3 . 8
// p a g e 1 1 0
clear ;
clc ;
n2 = 1.48; // i n d e x o f c l a d d i n g
Lamda = 1320 e -09; // Wavelength i n m e t e r s
V_dVb_dV = 0.26; // The v a l u e i n s q u a r e b r a c k e t s f o r
v = 2.4
C =3 e08 ; // E n t e r t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n f r e e s p a c e
Dwg_Lamda = -((( n2 * delta ) / C ) *(1/ Lamda ) ) * V_dVb_dV
disp ( Dwg_Lamda *1 e06 , The w a v e g u i d e d i s p e r s i o n i n p s /
nm . km ) ;
//RESULTS
// The w a v e g u i d e d i s p e r s i o n i n p s /nm . km
=
1.9434343
15
Chapter 4
Fourth chapter
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Scilab code Exa 4.1

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o f i n d i n t r i n s i c
carrier concentration
// Example4 . 1
// p a g e 1 3 6
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
m = 9.11 e -31; // E l e c t r o n r e s t mass i n kg
me = 0.068* m ; // E f f e c t i v e e l e c t r o n mass kg
mh = 0.56* m ; // E f f e c t i v e h o l e mass i n kg
Eg = 1.42*1.60218 e -19; // bandgap e n e r g y i n v o l t s
kB = 1.38054 e -23; // Boltzma s c o n s t a n t
T = 300; // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n
h = 6.6256 e -34; // Planck s c o n s t a n t
K = 2*((2* %pi * kB * T /( h ^2) ) ^1.5) *(( me * mh ) ^0.75) ; //
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c constant of material
ni = K * %e ^( - Eg /(2* kB * T ) ) ;
disp ( ni , i n t r i n s i c c a r r i e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c u b i c
meter )
// R e s u l t
// i n t r i n s i c c a r r i e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c u b e m e t e r
2 . 5 5 1D+12
16
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Scilab code Exa 4.3

1 // C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g Enegy gap and Wavelength
// Example4 . 3
// p a g e 1 4 6
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
x =0.07; // c o m p o s i t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r o f GaAlAs
Eg = 1.424+1.266* x +0.266* x ^2;
Lamda = 1.240/ Eg ;
disp ( Eg , Band Energy gap i n ev )
disp ( Lamda , Wavelength i n m i c r o m e t e r s )
// R e s u l t
// Band Energy gap i n ev
1.5139234
// Wavelength i n m i c r o m e t e r s 0 . 8 1 9 0 6 3 9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Scilab code Exa 4.4

1 // C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g Enegy gap and Wavelength
// Example4 . 4
// p a g e 1 4 6
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
y =0.57; // c o m p o s i t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r o f InGaAsP
Eg = 1.35 -0.72* y +0.12*( y ^2) ;
Lamda = 1.240/ Eg ;
disp ( Eg , Band Energy gap i n ev )
disp ( Lamda , Wavelength i n m i c r o m e t e r s )
// R e s u l t
// Band Energy gap i n ev 0 . 9 7 8 5 8 8
// Wavelength i n m i c r o m e t e r s 1 . 2 6 7 1 3 1 8
Scilab code Exa 4.5

1 // C a p t i o n : To f i n d o u t t h e I n t e r n a l Quantum
E f f i c i e n c y and I n t e r n a l Power l e v e l o f LED s o u r c e
2 // Example4 . 5
17
3 // p a g e 1 4 9
4 clear ;
5 clc ;
6 tuo_r = 30 e -09; // r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n i n s e c o n d s
7 tuo_nr =100 e -09; // nonr a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n i n
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
seconds
Etta_internal = 1/(1+( tuo_r / tuo_nr ) ) ; // i n t e r n a l
quantum e f f i c i e n c y
h = 6.6256 e -34; // Plank s c o n s t a n t
C = 3 e08 ; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s e c
q = 1.602 e -19; // e l e c t r o n c h a r g e i n c o u l o m b s
I = 40 e -03; // d r i v e c u r r e n t i n Amps
Lamda = 1310 e -09; // peak w a v e l e n g t h o f InGaAsP LED
Pinternal = ( Etta_internal *(( h * C ) / q ) ) *( I / Lamda ) ; //
i n t e r n a l power l e v e l
disp ( Pinternal , THE INTERNAL POWER GENRATED WITH IN
LED SOURCE IN WATTS I S ) ;
disp ( Etta_internal , The i n t e r n a l Quantum e f f i c i e n c y
f o r t h e g i v e n r a d i a t i v e and nonr a d i a t i v e
r e c o m b i n a t i o n time i s );
disp ( Etta_internal *100 , I n t e r n a l Quantum E f f i c i e n c y
i n P e r c e n t a g e );
//RESULT
//THE INTERNAL POWER GENRATED WITH IN LED SOURCE IN
WATTS I S
// 0 . 0 2 9 1 4 2 7
// The i n t e r n a l Quantum e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e g i v e n
r a d i a t i v e and nonr a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n t i m e i s
0.7692308
// I n t e r n a l Quantum E f f i c i e n c y i n P e r c e n t a g e
// 7 6 . 9 2 3 0 7 7
Scilab code Exa 4.6

1 // C a p t i o n : E x t e r n a l Quantum
Efficiency in percentage
2 // Example 4 . 6
3 // p a g e 1 5 1
4 clear ;
18
5 close ;
6 clc ;
7 n = 3.5; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f an LED
8 Etta_External = 1/( n *( n +1) ^2) ;
9 disp ( Etta_External *100 , E x t e r n a l E f f i c i e n c y
percentage )
10 // R e s u l t
11 // E x t e r n a l E f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t a g e
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
in
1.4109347
Scilab code Exa 4.7

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o f i n d L a s i n g T h r e s h o l d g a i n
// Example4 . 7
// p a g e 1 5 6
clear ;
clc ;
L = 500 e -06; // L a s e r d i o d e l e n g t h i n m e t e r s
R1 = 0.32 // r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t v a l u e o f one end ;
R2 = 0.32 // r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t v a l u e o f a n o t h e r
end ;
alpha_bar =10/1 e -02; // a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ;
alpha_end = (1/(2* L ) ) * log (1/( R1 * R2 ) ) ; // m i r r o r l o s s
in the l a s i n g cavity
alpha_threshold = alpha_bar + alpha_end ; // t o t a l l o s s
disp ( alpha_threshold , The T h r e s h o l d Gain p e r m e t r e )
alpha_threshold_cm = alpha_threshold /100
disp ( alpha_threshold_cm , The T h r e s h o l d Gain p e r
c e n t i m e t r e );
// R e s u l t
// The T h r e s h o l d Gain p e r m e t r e 3 2 7 8 . 8 6 8 6
// The T h r e s h o l d Gain p e r c e n t i m e t r e 3 2 . 7 8 8 6 8 6
Scilab code Exa 4.8

1 // C a p t i o n : Program TO C a l c u l a t e
F r e q u e n c y S p a c i n g & Wavelength S p a c i n g
2 // Example4 . 8
3 // p a g e 1 6 0
4 clear ;
19
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc ;
Lamda = 850 e -9 // E m i s s i o n w a v e l e n g t h o f LASER d i o d e
n = 3.7 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f LASER d i o d e
L = 500 e -6 // l e n g t h o f LASER d i o d e
C = 3 e08 // v e l o c i t y o f L i g h t i n f r e e s p a c e
delta_frequency = C /((2* L ) * n ) ;
delta_Lamda = ( Lamda ^2) /((2* L ) * n ) ;
Half_power = 2e -09; // h a l f power p o i n t 3 n a n o m e t e r
sigma = sqrt ( -( Half_power ^2) /(2* log (0.5) ) ) ;
disp ( delta_frequency , E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y s p a c i n g i n
Hertz );
disp ( delta_Lamda , E n t e r t h e w a e l e n g t h s p a c i n g i n
metres );
disp ( sigma , s p e c t r a l w i d t h o f t h e g a i n ) ;
//RESULT
// E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y s p a c i n g i n H e r t z
//
8 . 1 0 8D+10
// E n t e r t h e w a e l e n g t h s p a c i n g i n m e t r e s
// 1 . 9 5 3D10
// s p e c t r a l w i d t h o f t h e g a i n
//
1 . 6 9 9D09
Scilab code Exa 4.9

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u a l t i o n o f number o f
h a l f w a v e l e n g t h s and w a v e l e n g t h s p a c i n g b e t w e e n
l a s i n g modes
// Example4 . 9
// p a g e 1 6 1
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Lambda = 900 e -09; // w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g t h e m i t t e d by
l a s e r dioda
L = 300 e -06; // l e n g t h o f l a s e r c h i p
n = 4.3; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e l a s e r m a t e r i a l
m = 2* L * n / Lambda ; // number o f h a l f w a v e l e n g t h s
delta_Lambda = ( Lambda ^2) /(2* L * n ) ; // w a v e l e n g t h
spacing
20
12
13
14
15
16
disp (m , number o f h a l f w a v e l e n g t h s s p a n n i n g t h e
r e g i o n between m i r r o r s u r f a c e s )
disp ( delta_Lambda , s p a c i n g b e t w e e n l a s i n g modes i s )
// R e s u l t
// number o f h a l f w a v e l e n g t h s s p a n n i n g t h e r e g i o n
between m i r r o r s u r f a c e s
2866.6667
// s p a c i n g b e t w e e n l a s i n g modes i s
3 . 1 4 0D10
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Chapter 5
Fifth chapter
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Scilab code Exa 5.1

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f L a t e r a l
power d i s t r i b u t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
// Example5 . 1
// p a g e 1 9 2
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
phi = 0; // l a t e r a l c o o r d i n a t e
Half_power = 10; // h a l f power beam w i d t h
teta = Half_power /2;
teta_rad = teta /57.3;
L = log (0.5) / log ( cos ( teta_rad ) ) ;
disp (L , L a t e r a l power d i s t r i b u t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t L= )
// R e s u l t
// L a t e r a l power d i s t r i b u t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t L =
181.83303
Scilab code Exa 5.2

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o
Calcualte
O p t i c a l Power E m i t t e d from t h e L i g h t s o u r c e and
O p t i c a l power c o u p l e d t o s t e p i n d e x f i b e r
2 // Example5 . 2
3 // p a g e 1 9 4
4 clear ;
22
5 close ;
6 clc ;
7 rs = 35 e -06; // t h e s o u r c e r a d i u s i n m e t e r
8 a = 25 e -06; // t h e
c o r e r a d i i o f s t e p i n d e x
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
fiber
meter
NA = 0.20; // t h e n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e v a l u e
Bo = 150 e04 ; // r a d i a n c e i n W/ s q u a r e m e t e r . s r
Ps = (( %pi ^2) *( rs ^2) ) * Bo ; // power e m i t t e d by t h e
source
if ( rs <= a ) then
PLED_step = Ps *( NA ^2) ;
elseif ( rs > a ) then
PLED_step = ((( a / rs ) ^2) * Ps ) *( NA ^2) ;
end
disp ( Ps , O p t i c a l power e m i t t e d by LED l i g h t s o u r c e
Ps = )
disp ( PLED_step , O p t i c a l Power c o u p l e d i n t o s t e p
i n d e x f i b e r i n Watts PLED step = ) ;
//RESULT
// O p t i c a l power e m i t t e d by LED l i g h t s o u r c e Ps =
0.0181354
// O p t i c a l Power c o u p l e d i n t o s t e p i n d e x f i b e r i n
Watts PLED step =
0.0003701
Scilab code Exa 5.3

1 // C a p t i o n : F r e s n e l r e f l e c t i o n , power
c o u p l e d and power l o s s
// Example5 . 3
// p a g e 1 9 4
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
n1 =3.6; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o p t i c a l s o u r c e
n = 1.48; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f s i l i c a f i b e r
R = (( n1 - n ) /( n1 + n ) ) ^2;
L = -10* log10 (1 - R ) ;
disp (L , Power l o s s i n dB L = )
// R e s u l t
23
13
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// Power l o s s i n dB L = 0 . 8 3 1 0 3 2 2
Scilab code Exa 5.4

1 // C a p t i o n : Power c o u p l e d b e t w e e n two
graded index f i b e r s
// Example5 . 4
// p a g e 2 0 5
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
a =1 e -06; // c o r e r a d i i i n m e t e r s
d = 0.3* a ; // a x i a l o f f s e t
PT_P = (2/ %pi ) *( acos ( d /(2* a ) ) -(1 -( d /(2* a ) ) ^2) ^0.5*( d
/(6* a ) ) *(5 -0.5*( d / a ) ^2) ) ;
PT_P_dB = 10* log10 ( PT_P )
disp ( PT_P_dB , O p t i c a l power c o u p l e d from f i r s t f i b e r
i n t o s e c o n d f i b e r i n dB i s = )
// R e s u l t
// O p t i c a l power c o u p l e d from f i r s t f i b e r i n t o s e c o n d
f i b e r i n dB i s =
1.2597813
Scilab code Exa 5.5

1 // C a p t i o n : L o s s b e t w e e n
s i n g l e mode
f i b e r s due t o L a t e r a l m i s a l i g n m e n t
// Example5 . 5
// p a g e 211
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
V = 2.405; // n o r m a l i z e d f r e q u e n c y
n1 =1.47; // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
a = (9/2) *10^ -06; // c o r e r a d i i i n m e t e r s
d = 1e -06; // l a t e r a l o f f s e t i n m e t e r s
W = a *(0.65+1.619* V ^( -1.5) +2.879* V ^ -6) ;
Lsm = -10* log10 ( exp ( -( d / W ) ^2) ) ;
disp (W , mode f i e l d d i a m e t e r i n m e t e r s W = ) ;
24
disp ( Lsm , L o s s b e t w e e n s i n g l e mode o p t i c a l f i b e r s

due t o l a t e r a l o f f s e t Lsm = )
16 // R e s u l t
17 // mode f i e l d d i a m e t e r i n m e t e r s W = 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 4 9
18 // L o s s b e t w e e n s i n g l e mode o p t i c a l f i b e r s due t o
l a t e r a l o f f s e t Lsm = 0 . 1 7 7 5 7 9 7
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Scilab code Exa 5.6

1 // C a p t i o n : L o s s b e t w e e n s i n g l e mode
f i b e r s due t o a n g u l a r m i s a l i g n m e n t
// Example5 . 6
// p a g e 2 1 2
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
V = 2.405; // n o r m a l i z e d f r e q u e n c y
n1 =1.47; // c o r e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
a = (9/2) *10^ -06; // c o r e r a d i i i n m e t e r s
d = 1e -06; // l a t e r a l o f f s e t i n m e t e r s
W = a *(0.65+1.619* V ^( -1.5) +2.879* V ^ -6) ; // mode f i e l d
diameter
teta = 1; // i n d e g r e e s
teta = 1/57.3; // i n r a d a i a n s
Lambda = 1300 e -09; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r s
Lsm_ang = -10* log10 ( exp ( -( %pi * n2 * W * teta / Lambda ) ^2) ) ;
disp ( Lsm_ang , L o s s b e t w e e n s i n g l e mode f i b e r s due t o
a n g u l a r m i s a l i g n m e n t Lsm ang = )
// R e s u l t
// L o s s b e t w e e n s i n g l e mode f i b e r s due t o a n g u l a r
m i s a l i g n m e n t Lsm ang = 0 . 4 0 5 4 6 5 8
25
Chapter 6
Sixth chapter
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Scilab code Exa 6.1

1 // C a p t i o n : Cut o f f w a v e l e n g t h o f p h o t o d i o d e
// Example6 . 1
// p a g e 2 2 4
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
h = 6.625*(10^ -34) ; // p l a n k s c o n s t a n t
C = 3*(10^8) ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y
Eg = 1.43*1.6*(10^ -19) ; // j o u l e s
LambdaC = h * C / Eg ;
disp ( LambdaC , Cut o f f Wavelength o f p h o t o d i o d e i n
meters = )
// R e s u l t
// Cut o f f Wavelength o f p h o t o d i o d e i n m e t e r s=
0.0000009
Scilab code Exa 6.2

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f Quantum e f f i c i e n c y
// Example6 . 2
// p a g e 226
clear ;
clc ;
26
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9
10
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14
close ;
Ip_q = 5.4*(10^6) ; // e l e c t r o n h o l e p a i r s g e n e r a t e d
Pin_hv = 6*(10^6) ; // number o f i n c i d e n t p h o t o n s
etta = Ip_q / Pin_hv ;
disp ( etta , Quantum e f f i c i e n c y = )
disp ( etta *100 , Quantum e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t a g e = )
// R e s u l t
// Quantum e f f i c i e n c y = 0 . 9
// Quantum e f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t a g e = 9 0 .
11
12
Scilab code Exa 6.3

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f p h o t o c u r r e n t
// Example6 . 3
// p a g e 2 2 6
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
R = 0.65; // R e s p o n s i v i t y o f p h o t o d i o d e
Pin = 10*(10^ -6) ; // O p t i c a l power l e v e l i n w a t t s
Ip = R * Pin ;
disp ( Ip *10^6 , The amount o f p h o t o c u r r e n t g e n e r a t e d
i n uA = )
// R e s u l t
// The amount o f p h o t o c u r r e n t g e n e r a t e d i n uA = 6 . 5
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Scilab code Exa 6.4

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f
Responsivity of photodiode
// Example6 . 4
// p a g e 2 2 7
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
C = 3*(10^8) ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y
v = C / Lambda ; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
q = 1.6*(10^ -19) ; // Change i n c o u l o m b s
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10
27
11 etta = 0.9; // quantum e f f i c i e n c y 90%

12 h = 6.625*10^ -34; // p l a n k s c o n s t a n t
13 R = ( etta * q ) /( h * v ) ; // R e s p o n s i v i t y
14 disp (R , R e s p o n s i v i t y o f p h o t o d i o d e a t 1 3 3 0nm i n A/W
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R = )
Eg = 0.73; // e n e r g y gap i n e l e c t r o n v o l t s
LambdaC = 1.24/ Eg ; // cut o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r s
disp ( LambdaC , cut o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r s = )
// R e s u l t
// R e s p o n s i v i t y o f p h o t o d i o d e a t 1 3 3 0nm i n A/W R =
0.9418868
// cut o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r s = 1 . 6 9 8 6 3 0 1
Scilab code Exa 6.5

1 // C a p t i o n : To f i n d p r i m a r y
p h o t o c u r r e n t and m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r
// Example6 . 5
// p a g e 2 3 0
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
etta = 0.65; // quantum e f f i c i e n c y o f s i l i c o n
qavalanche photodiode
C = 3*(10^8) ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
q = 1.6*(10^ -19) ; // c h a r g e i n c o u l o m b s
h = 6.625*(10^ -34) ; // p l a n k s c o n s t a n t
v = C / Lambda ; // f r e q u n e c y i n Hz
Pin = 0.5*10^ -06; // o p t i c a l power
Ip = (( etta * q ) /( h * v ) ) * Pin ;
Im = 10*(10^ -06) ; // m u l t i p l i e d p h o t o c u r r e n t
M = Im / Ip ; // m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r
disp ( Ip *10^6 , Primary p h o t o c u r r e n t i n uAmps I p= )
disp ( ceil ( M ) , Primary p h o t o c u r r e n t i s m u l t i p l i e d by
a factor of M =)
// R e s u l t
// Primary p h o t o c u r r e n t i n uAmps I p =
0.2354717
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// Primary p h o t o c u r r e n t i s m u l t i p l i e d by a f a c t o r o f
M = 43.
Scilab code Exa 6.6

1 // C a p t i o n : Means q u a r e s h o t n o i s e
c u r r e n t , Means q u a r e d a r k c u r r e n t and MeanS q u a r e
thermal noise current
// Example6 . 6
// p a g e 234
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
ID = 4e -09; // p h o t o d i o d e c u r r e n t
etta = 0.90; // quantum e f i c i e n c y
RL = 1000; // Load r e s i s t a n c e 1 0 0 0 ohms
Pin = 300 e -09; // i n c i d e n t o p t i c a l power i s 300 nano
watts
Be = 20*(10^6) ; // r e c e i v e r bandwidth
q = 1.6*(10^ -19) ; // c h a r g e i n c o u l o m b s
h = 6.625*10^ -34; // p l a n k s c o n s t a n t
v = (3*10^8) / Lambda ; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Ip = ( etta * q * Pin ) /( h * v ) ; // p r i m a r y p h o t o c u r r e n t
Ishot = 2* q * Ip * Be ; // s h o t n o i s e c u r r e n t
Ishot = sqrt ( Ishot ) ;
IDB = 2* q * ID * Be ; // d a r k c u r r e n t
IDB = sqrt ( IDB ) ;
T = 283; // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n
KB = 1.38*10^ -23; // boltzmann s c o n s t a n t
RL = 1000; // l o a d r e s i s t a n c e
IT = (4* KB * T ) * Be / RL ; // Thermal n o i s e c u r r e n t
IT = sqrt ( IT ) ;
disp ( Ip *10^6 , p r i m a r y p h o t o c u r r e n t i n uA IP = )
disp ( Ishot *10^9 , means q u a r e s h o t n o i s e c u r r e n t f o r
a p i n p h o t o d i o d e i n nA I s h o t = )
disp ( IDB *10^9 , means q u a r e d a r k c u r r e n t i n nA IDB= )
disp ( IT *10^9 , means q u a r e t h e r m a l n o i s e c u r r e n t f o r
t h e r e c e i v e r i n nA IT = )
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// R e s u l t
// p r i m a r y p h o t o c u r r e n t i n uA IP = 0 . 2 8 9 0 8 6 8
// means q u a r e s h o t n o i s e c u r r e n t f o r a p i n
p h o t o d i o d e i n nA I s h o t = 1 . 3 6 0 2 0 4 2
33 // means q u a r e d a r k c u r r e n t i n nA IDB = 0 . 1 6
34 // means q u a r e t h e r m a l n o i s e c u r r e n t f o r t h e r e c e i v e r
i n nA IT = 1 7 . 6 7 5 7 4 6
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Scilab code Exa 6.7

1 // C a p t i o n : c i r c u i t bandwidth o f a p h o t o d i o d e
// Example6 . 7
// p a g e 239
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
CP = 3*10^ -12; // p h o t o d i o d e c a p a c i t a n c e i s 3 p i c o
farad
CA = 4*10^ -12; // a m p l i f i e r c a p c i t a n c e i s 4 p i c o f a r a d
CT = CP + CA ; // t o t a l c a p a c i t a n c e
RT1 = 1000; // p h o t o d i o d e l o a d r e s i s t a n c e
BC1 = 1/(2* %pi * RT1 * CT ) ; // c i r c u i t bandwidth
RT2 = 50; // p h o t o d i o d e l o a d r e s i s t a n c e
BC2 = 1/(2* %pi * RT2 * CT ) ; // c i r c u i t bandwidth
disp ( BC1 , C i r c u i t bandwidth f o r 1 k i l o Ohm p h o t o d i o d e
r e s i s t a n c e BC1 = )
disp ( BC2 , C i r c u i t bandwidth f o r 50 ohm p h o t o d i o d e
r e s i s t a n c e BC2 = )
// R e s u l t
// C i r c u i t bandwidth f o r 1 k i l o Ohm p h o t o d i o d e
r e s i s t a n c e BC1 = 2 2 7 3 6 4 2 0 .
// C i r c u i t bandwidth f o r 50 ohm p h o t o d i o d e r e s i s t a n c e
BC2 = 4 . 5 4 7D+08
30
Chapter 7
Seventh chapter
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Scilab code Exa 7.1

1 // C a p t i o n : To f i n d optimum d e c i s i o n t h r e s h o l d
// Example7 . 1
// Page 258
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
bon = 1;
boff =0;
sigma_on = 1;
sigma_off = 1;
Q = ( bon - boff ) /( sigma_on + sigma_off )
Vth = bon - Q * sigma_on
disp (Q , Q p a r a m e t e r v a l u e = )
disp ( Vth , optimum d e c i s i o n t h r e s h o l d Vth = )
// R e s u l t
//Q p a r a m e t e r v a l u e = 0 . 5
// optimum d e c i s i o n t h r e s h o l d Vth = 0 . 5
Scilab code Exa 7.2

1 // C a p t i o n : To f i n d o u t s i g n a l to n o i s e r a t i o and
p r o b a b i l i t y o f e r r o r f o r g i v e n Q
2 // Example7 . 2
31
Figure 7.1: Figure for Example7.3
3 // Page 258
4 clear ;
5 clc ;
6 close ;
7 Q = 6;
8 Pe = (1/2) *(1 - erf ( Q / sqrt (2) ) ) ;
9 S_N_dB = 10* log10 (2* Q ) ;
10 disp ( Pe , P r o b a b i l i t y o f e r r o r Pe (Q) = )
11 disp ( S_N_dB , S i g n a l to n o i s e r a t i o i n dB S/N = )
12 // R e s u l t
13 // P r o b a b i l i t y o f e r r o r Pe (Q) = 9 . 8 6 6D10
14 // S i g n a l to n o i s e r a t i o i n dB S/N = 1 0 . 7 9 1 8 1 2
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Scilab code Exa 7.3

1 // C a p t i o n : P l o t t i n g B i t E r r o r Rate v e r s u s Q f a c t o r
// Example7 . 3
// p a g e 259
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Q = 0:0.01:8;
Pe = (1/2) *(1 - erf ( Q ./ sqrt (2) ) ) ;
a = gca () ;
a . data_bounds =[0 ,1 e -16;8 ,0.5];
plot (Q , Pe , r )
xlabel ( Q )
ylabel ( Pe )
title ( BER( Pe ) v e r s u s t h e f a c t o r Q )
disp ( Pe (1) , P r o b a b i l i t y o f e r r o r a t Q =0 )
// R e s u l t
// P r o b a b i l i t y o f e r r o r a t Q =0
//
0.5
//
0.1586553
//
0.0227501
//
0.0013499
//
0.0000317
//
0.0000003
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//
9 . 8 6 6D10
//
1 . 2 8 0D12
//
6 . 1 0 6D16
Scilab code Exa 7.4

1 // C a p t i o n : To f i n d t h e e n e r g y o f t h e
p h o t o n i n c i d e n t on p h o t o d i o d e
// and Minimum i n c i d e n t o p t i c a l power
// Example7 . 4
// p a g e 262
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
h = 6.626 e -34; // p l a n k s c o n s t a n t J / s
C = 3 e08 ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
B = 10 e06 ; // d a t a r a t e 10 Mb/ s e c
tuo = 2/ B ; // 1/ t u o = h a l f t h e d a t a r a t e B
Lambda = 850 e -09; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n nm
E = 20.7* h * C / Lambda ;
Pi = E / tuo ;
disp (E , Energy o f t h e i n c i d e n t p h o t o n E = )
disp ( Pi , minimum i n c i d e n t o p t i c a l power Pi = )
disp (10* log10 ( Pi *1000) , minimum i n c i d e n t o p t i c a l
power i n dBm = )
// R e s u l t
// Energy o f t h e i n c i d e n t p h o t o n E = 4 . 8 4 1D18
// minimum i n c i d e n t o p t i c a l power Pi = 2 . 4 2 0D11
// minimum i n c i d e n t o p t i c a l power i n dBm =
76.161059
34
Chapter 8
Eight chapter
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Scilab code Exa 8.1

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o c a l c u l a t e t h e
T o t a l O p t i c a l Power l o s s
// Example8 . 1
// p a g e 287
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
system_margin = 6; // i n dB
alpha = 3.5; // a t t e n u a t i o n i n dB/Km
L =6; // Length o f t r a n s m i s s i o n p a t h i n Km
lc = 1; // c o n n e c t o r l o s s i n dB
PT = 2* lc + alpha * L + system_margin ;
disp ( PT , The t o t a l o p t i c a l power l o s s i n dB PT = )
// R e s u l t
// The t o t a l o p t i c a l power l o s s i n dB PT = 2 9 .
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6
Scilab code Exa 8.2

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o c a l c u l a t e t h e s y s t e m m a r g i n
// Example8 . 2
// p a g e 288
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
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Ps = 3; // l a s e r o u t p u t i n dBm
APD_sen = -32; //APD s e n s i t i v i t y i n dBm
Allowed_Loss = Ps - APD_sen ; // i n dB
lsc = 1; // s o u r c e c o n n e c t o r l o s s i n dB
ljc = 2*4; // two ( jumper+c o n n e c t o r l o s s ) i n dB
L = 60; // c a b l e l e n g t h i n Km
cable_att = alpha *60; // c a b l e a t t e n u a t i o n i n dB
lrc = 1; // r e c e i v e r c o n n e c t o r l o s s i n dB
system_margin = Allowed_Loss - lsc - ljc - cable_att - lrc ;
disp ( system_margin , The
F i n a l Margin i n dB = )
// R e s u l t
// The
F i n a l Margin i n dB = 7 .
Scilab code Exa 8.3

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o c a l c u l a t e l i n k r i s e t i m e
// Example8 . 3
// p a g e 291
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
t_tx = 15 e -09; // t r a n s m i t t e r r i s e t i m e
t_mat = 21 e -09; // m a t e r i a l d i s p e r s i o n r e l a t e d r i s e
time
t_mod = 3.9 e -09; // r i s e t i m e r e s u l t i n g from modal
dispersion
t_rx =14 e -09; // r e c e i v e r r i s e t i m e
tsys = sqrt ( t_tx ^2+ t_mat ^2+ t_mod ^2+ t_rx ^2)
disp ( tsys *1 e09 , l i n k r i s e t i m e i n nano s e c o n d s t s y s
=)
// R e s u l t
// l i n k r i s e t i m e i n nano s e c o n d s t s y s = 2 9 . 6 1 7 7 3 1
Scilab code Exa 8.4

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o c a l c u l a t e l i n k r i s e t i m e
2 // Example8 . 4
36
3 // p a g e 2 9 2
4 clear ;
5 clc ;
6 close ;
7 t_tx = 25 e -12; // t r a n s m i s s i o n r i s e t i m e i n s e c
8 t_GVD = 12 e -12; //GVD r i s e t i m e i n s e c
9 t_rx = 0.14 e -09; // r e c e i v e r r i s e t i m e i n s e c
10 tsys = sqrt ( t_tx ^2+ t_GVD ^2+ t_rx ^2)
11 disp ( tsys *1 e09 , l i n k r i s e t i m e i n nano s e c o n d s
tsys
=)
12 // R e s u l t
13 // l i n k r i s e t i m e i n nano s e c o n d s t s y s = 0 . 1 4 2 7 2 0 0
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Scilab code Exa 8.5

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f Number o f
b i t s a f f e c t e d by a b u r s t e r r o r
// Example8 . 5
// p a g e 306
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
bit_error_dur = 1e -03; // b i t c o r r u p t i n g b u r s t n o i s e
d u r a t i o n i n msec
B = 10 e03 ; // d a t a r a t e 10 kb / s e c
N = B * bit_error_dur ;
disp (N , Number o f b i t s a f f e c t e d by a b u r s t e r r o r N=
)
// R e s u l t
// Number o f b i t s a f f e c t e d by a b u r s t e r r o r N = 1 0 .
Scilab code Exa 8.6

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o f i n d
c o e f f i c i e n t s of generator polynomial
// Example8 . 6
// p a g e 308
clear ;
clc ;
37
6 close ;
7 x = poly (0 , x ) ;
8 G = x ^7+0+ x ^5+0+0+ x ^2+ x +1;
9 C = coeff ( G ) ;
10 disp ( C ( $ : -1:1) , C o e f f i c i e n t s
of generator polynomial
C =)
11 // R e s u l t
12 // C o e f f i c i e n t s o f g e n e r a t o r p o l y n o m i a l C = 1 .
1.
0.
0.
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Scilab code Exa 8.7

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o f i n d CRC(
C y c l i c Redundancy Check )
// Example8 . 7
// p a g e 308
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
x = poly (0 , x ) ;
m = [1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,0];
G = x ^7+ x ^6+ x ^5+ x ^4+0+0+0+0;
D = x ^3+0+ x +1;
[R , Q ] = pdiv (G , D )
R = coeff ( R ) ;
Q = coeff ( Q ) ;
R = abs ( modulo (R ,2) ) ;
Q = abs ( modulo (Q ,2) ) ;
disp (R , Remainder R = )
disp (Q , Q u o t i e n t Q = )
disp ([ m R ] , CRC f o r t h e g i v e n i n f o r m a t i o n CRC = )
// R e s u l t
// Remainder R =
//
1.
0.
1.
// Q u o t i e n t Q =
//
1.
1.
0.
1.
1.
//CRC f o r t h e g i v e n i n f o r m a t i o n CRC =
//
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
1.
0.
1.
38
2
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6
7
8
9
10
11
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Scilab code Exa 8.8

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o p e r c e n t a g e o f
b u r s t e r r o r d e t e c t e d by CRC
// Example8 . 8
// p a g e 309
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
N =32;
Ped = 1 -(1/(2^ N ) ) ;
disp ( Ped *100 , P e r c e n t o f b u r s t e r r o r d e t e c t e d by CRC
f o r a l e n g t h o f 32 Ped= )
// R e s u l t
// P e r c e n t o f b u r s t e r r o r d e t e c t e d by CRC f o r a
l e n g t h o f 32 Ped =100.
Scilab code Exa 8.9

1 // C a p t i o n : P e r c e n t o v e r h e a d t o t h e
i n f o r a m t i o n s t r e a m U s i n g ReedSolomon c o d e f o r
error correction
// Example8 . 9
// p a g e 309
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
S =8; // ReedSolomon c o d e w i t h 1 b y t e
n = (2^ S -1) ; // l e n g t h o f c o d e d s e q u e n c e
k = 239; // l e n g t h o f m e s s a g e s e q u e n c e
r = n-k;
disp (r , number o f r e d u n d a n t b y t e s r = )
disp (( r / k ) *100 , P e r c e n t o v e r h e a d = )
// R e s u l t
// number o f r e d u n d a n t b y t e s r = 1 6 .
// P e r c e n t o v e r h e a d =
6.6945607
39
Chapter 9
Ninth chapter
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Scilab code Exa 9.1

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o f i n d R e l a t i v e
I n t e n s i t y N o i s e ( RIN )
// Example9 . 1
// p a g e 320
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
IB_Ith = [1.3 ,1.4 ,1.5 ,1.6]; // r a t i o b e t w e e n b i a s
c u r r e n t and t h r e s h o l d c u r r e n t
f = 100 e06 ; // f r e q u e n c y = 100MHz
RIN = (( IB_Ith -1) ^ -3) / f ;
RIN_dB = 20* log10 ( RIN ) ;
disp ( RIN_dB , R e l a t i v e I n t e n s i t y N o i s e ( RIN ) i n dB/Hz
RIN dB = )
// R e s u l t
// R e l a t i v e I n t e n s i t y N o i s e ( RIN ) i n dB/Hz RIN dB =
//
128.62728 136.1236 141.9382
146.68908
Scilab code Exa 9.2

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o Find l i m i t i n g
c o n d i t i o n s f o r pin p h o t o d i o d e
2 // Example9 . 3
40
Figure 9.1: Figure for Example9.2Preamplifier
41
Figure 9.2: Figure for Example9.2quantumnoise
42
Figure 9.3: Figure for Example9.2reflectionnoise
43
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28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
// p a g e 323
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
T =300; // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n
kB = 1.38054 e -23; // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n J o u l e s / k
m =0.25; // m o d u a l t i o n i n d e x
RIN_dB = -143; // R e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y i n dB/Hz
RIN = 10^( RIN_dB /10) ;
Pc = (10^(0/10) ) *1 e -3; // power c o u p l e d t o o p t i c a l
f i b e r i n dBm
R = 0.6; // R e s p o n s i v i t y A/w
Be = 10 e06 ; // bandwidth 10MHz
ID = 10 e -09; // d a r k c u r r e n t 10nA
Req = 750; // e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e 750 ohm
Ft = 10^(3/10) ; // i n 3 dB
M = 1; // M u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r f o r p i n p h o t o d i o d e
R = 0.6; // r e s p o n s i v i t y i n A/m
q = 1.602 e -19; // c h a r g e i n c o u l o m b s
p = 0: -1: -20;
P = (10^( p /10) ) *1 e -3;
C_N_1 = 0.5*(( m * R * P ) ^2) /(4* kB * T * Be * Ft / Req ) ;
C_N_3 = 0.5* m ^2/( RIN * Be ) ;
C_N_2 = 0.5* m ^2* R * P /(2* q * Be ) ;
figure
plot (p ,10* log10 ( C_N_1 ) , r )
xlabel ( R e c e i v e d O p t i c a l Power (dBm) )
ylabel ( C a r r i e r to n o i s e r a t i o ( dB ) )
title ( C a r r i e r to n o i s e r a t i o 1 ( P r e a m p l i f i e r
receiver noise ) )
figure
plot (p ,10* log10 ( C_N_2 ) , m )
title ( C a r r i e r to n o i s e r a t i o 2 ( Quantum n o i s e ) )
figure
plot (p ,10* log10 ( C_N_3 ) * ones (1 , length ( p ) ) )
44
39
40
title ( C a r r i e r to n o i s e r a t i o 3 ( R e f l e c t i o n n o i s e ) )
45
Chapter 10
Tenth chapter
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Scilab code Exa 10.1

1 // C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e c e n t e r w a v e l e n g t h
// Example10 . 1
// p a g e 343
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
delta_v = 14 e12 ; // o p t i c a l bandwidth
Lambda = 1520; // s p e c t r a l band
C = 3 e08 ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y
delta_Lambda = ( Lambda ^2) * delta_v / C ;
disp ( delta_Lambda *1 e -09 , s p e c t r a l band i n nano m e t e r
)
// R e s u l t
// s p e c t r a l band i n nano m e t e r = 1 0 7 . 8 1 8 6 7

1 // C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g mean f r e q u e n c y s p a c i n g
// Example10 . 2
// p a g e 343
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
46
7 C = 3 e08 ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y
8 delta_Lambda = 0.8 e -09; // s p e c t r a l band i n m e t e r
9 Lambda = 1550 e -09; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r
10 delta_v = C * delta_Lambda / Lambda ^2;
11 disp ( ceil ( delta_v *1 e -09) , Mean F r e q u e n c y s p a c i n g i n
GHz = )
12 // R e s u l t
13 // Mean F r e q u e n c y s p a c i n g i n GHz = 1 0 0 .
2
3
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24

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o f i n d c o u p l i n g
r a t i o , E x c e s s l o s s , I n s e r t i o n l o s s , Return l o s s
o f 2 x2 F i b e r c o u p l e r
// Example10 . 3
// p a g e 348
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
P0 = 200 e -06; // i n p u t o p t i c a l power l e v e l i n w a t t s
P1 = 90 e -06; // o u t p u t power a t p o r t 1
P2 = 85 e -06; // o u t p u t power a t p o r t 2
P3 = 6.3 e -09; // o u t p u t power a t p o r t 3
Coupling_ratio = ( P2 /( P1 + P2 ) ) *100;
Excess_loss = 10* log10 ( P0 /( P1 + P2 ) ) ;
Insertion_loss_0_1 = 10* log10 ( P0 / P1 ) ;
Insertion_loss_0_2 = 10* log10 ( P0 / P2 ) ;
Return_loss = 10* log10 ( P3 / P0 ) ;
disp ( Coupling_ratio , C o u p l i n g r a t i o )
disp ( Excess_loss , E x c e s s l o s s i n dB )
disp ( Insertion_loss_0_1 , I n s e r t i o n l o s s ( p o r t 0 t o
p o r t 1 ) i n dB )
disp ( Insertion_loss_0_2 , I n s e r t i o n l o s s ( p o r t 0 t o
p o r t 2 ) i n dB )
disp ( Return_loss , Retunr l o s s i n dB )
// R e s u l t
// C o u p l i n g r a t i o
//
48.571429
// E x c e s s l o s s i n dB
47
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
//
0.5799195
// I n s e r t i o n l o s s ( p o r t 0 t o p o r t 1 ) i n dB
//
3.4678749
// I n s e r t i o n l o s s ( p o r t 0 t o p o r t 2 ) i n dB
//
3.7161107
// Retunr l o s s i n dB
//
45.016894
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6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

1 // C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g o u t p u t p o w e r s a t
o u t p u t p o r t o f 2 x2 c o u p l e r
// Example10 . 5
// p a g e 350
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
S = sqrt (1/2) *[1 , %i ; %i ,1]; // s c a t t e r i n g m a t r i x
Ein = [1;0];
Eout = S * Ein ;
Pout1 = Eout (1) * conj ( Eout (1) ) ;
Pout2 = Eout (2) * conj ( Eout (2) ) ;
disp ( Pout1 , Output power a t p o r t 1 Pout1 = )
disp ( Pout2 , Output power a t p o r t 2 Pout2 = )
// R e s u l t
// Output power a t p o r t 1 Pout1 = 0 . 5
// Output power a t p o r t 2 Pout2 = 0 . 5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o f i n d w a v e g u i d e l e n g t h
// Example10 . 6
// p a g e 353
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
k = 0.6/1 e -03; // c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t p e r m i l l i
meter
m =1; // mode=1
48
9 L = %pi *( m +1) /(2* k ) ;

10 disp ( L *1 e03 , C o u p l i n g Length i n mm L = )
11 // R e s u l t
12 // C o u p l i n g Length i n mm L = 5 . 2 3 5 9 8 7 8
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o f i n d E x c e s s
l o s s , S p l i t t i n g l o s s and t o t a l l o s s
// Example10 . 7
// p a g e 355
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Power_Lost = 5/100;
FT = 1 - Power_Lost ; // power c o u p l e d
N = 32;
Excess_Loss = -10* log10 ( FT ^ log2 ( N ) ) ;
Splitting_Loss = -10* log10 (1/ N ) ;
Total_Loss = Excess_Loss + Splitting_Loss ;
disp ( Excess_Loss , E x c e s s L o s s i n dB )
disp ( Splitting_Loss , S p l i t t i n g L o s s i n dB )
disp ( Total_Loss , T o t a l L o s s e x p e r i e n c e d i n S t a r
C o u p l e r s i n dB )
// R e s u l t
// E x c e s s L o s s
//
1.1138197
// S p l i t t i n g L o s s
//
15.0515
// T o t a l L o s s e x p e r i e n c e d i n S t a r C o u p l e r s
//
16.16532
2
3
4
5

1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o Waveguide Length d i f f e r e n c e
// Example10 . 8
// Page 357
clear ;
close ;
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
49
6 clc ;
7 delta_Lambda = 0.08 e -09; // w a v e l e n g t h s p a c i n g i n
17
18
19
20
21
nano m e t e r s
neff = 1.5; // e f f e c t i v e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x i n t h e
waveguide
C =3 e08 ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y
delta_v1 = 10 e09 ; // f r e q u e n c y s p a c i n g 1
delta_v2 = 130 e09 ; // f r e q u e n c y s p a c i n g 2
delta_L1 = C /(2* neff * delta_v1 ) ;
delta_L2 = C /(2* neff * delta_v2 ) ;
disp ( delta_L1 *1 e03 , w a v e g u i d e l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e i n
m i l l i meters )
disp ( delta_L2 *1 e03 , w a v e g u i d e l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e i n
m i l l i meters )
// R e s u l t
// w a v e g u i d e l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e i n m i l l i m e t e r s
//
10.
// w a v e g u i d e l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e i n m i l l i m e t e r s
//
0.7692308
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10
11
12
13
14

1 // C a p t i o n : F i b e r Bragg G r a t i n g : Peak R e f l e c t i v i t y ,
C o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t , f u l l bandwidth
// Example10 . 9 . a
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
kL = [1 ,2 ,3];
Rmax = tanh ( kL ) ^2;
// Example10 . 9 . b
L =0.5 e -02;
Lambda_Bragg = 1530 e -09;
neff = 1.48;
delta_n = 2.5 e -04;
etta = 82/100;
k = %pi * delta_n * etta / Lambda_Bragg ;
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
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15
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34
35
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3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
delta_Lambda = ( Lambda_Bragg ^2) *((( k * L ) ^2+ %pi ^2)

^0.5) /( %pi * neff * L ) ;
disp ( k /100 , C o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t p e r cm k = )
disp ( delta_Lambda *1 e09 , f u l l bandwidth i n nm = )
disp (
disp ( kL
Rmax (%) )
disp (
disp ( kL , kL )
disp ( Rmax *100 , Rmax )
disp (
// R e s u l t
// C o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t p e r cm k = 4 . 2 0 9 3 2 3 5
// f u l l bandwidth i n nm =
0.3807652
//
// kL
Rmax (%)
//
// kL
//
//
1.
2.
3.
// Rmax
//
58.002566
92.934918
99.013396
//
)
)

1 // C a p t i o n : PhasedArrayBased
D e v i c e s : Channel s p a c i n g i n t e r m s o f w a v e l e n g t h and
pathl e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e
// Example10 . 1 0
// p a g e 372
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Lambda_c = 1550 e -09; // c e n t r a l d e s i g n w a v e l e n g t h
nc = 1.45; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g r a t i n g a r r a y
waveguide
ns = 1.45; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t e h s t a r c o u p l e r
ng = 1.47; // g r o u p i n d e x o f g r a t i n g a r r a y w a v e g u i d e
51
11 x = 5e -06 ; // c e n t e r to c e n t e r
s p a c i n g between the
input waveguides
12 d = 5e -06 ; // c e n t e r to c e n t e r
s p a c i n g between the
output waveguides
13 m =1;
14 Lf = 10 e -03; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t r a n s m i t t e r and
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
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3
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6
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14
object
delta_L = m * Lambda_c / nc ;
delta_Lambda = ( x / Lf ) *( ns * d / m ) *( nc / ng ) ;
disp ( delta_L *1 e06 , Waveguide l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e i n um
=)
disp ( delta_Lambda *1 e09 , Channel s p a c i n g i n t e r m s o f
w a v e l e n g t h i n nm= )
// R e s u l t
// Waveguide l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e i n um = 1 . 0 6 8 9 6 5 5
// Channel s p a c i n g i n t e r m s o f w a v e l e n g t h i n nm =
3.5756803

1 // C a p t i o n : PhasedArrayBased D e v i c e s : Length
d i f f e r e n c e between a d j a c e n t a r r a y waveguides
// Example10 . 1 1
// p a g e 373
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
nc = 1.45; // e f f e c t i v e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
Lambda_C = 1550.5 e -09; // c e n t e r w a v e l e n g t h
delta_Lambda = 32.2 e -09; // f r e e s p e c t r a l r a n g e
delta_L = Lambda_C ^2/( nc * delta_Lambda ) ;
disp ( delta_L *1 e06 , l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
a d j a c e n t a r r a y w a v e g u i d e s i n um = )
// R e s u l t
// l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t a r r a y
w a v e g u i d e s i n um = 5 1 . 4 8 9 6 1 8
52
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12
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15

1 // C a p t i o n : Maximum number o f
c h a n n e l s t h a t can be p l a c e d i n t h e t u n i n g r a n g e
// Example10 . 1 2
// p a g e 383
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Lambda = 1550 e -09; //DBR l a s e r o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h
delta_neff = 0.0065; //maximum i n d e x c h a n g e
delta_Lambda_tune = Lambda * delta_neff ; // t u n i n g
range in meters
delta_Lambda_signal = 0.02 e -09; // s o u r c e s p e c t r a l
width i n meters
delta_Lambda_channel = 10* delta_Lambda_signal ;
N = delta_Lambda_tune / delta_Lambda_channel ;
disp (N , The number c h a n n e l s t h a t can o p e r a t e i n t h i s
t u n i n g r a n g e i s N= )
// R e s u l t
// The number c h a n n e l s t h a t can o p e r a t e i n t h i s
tuning range i s N = 50.375
53
Chapter 11
Eleventh chapter
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1 // C a p t i o n : Program t o c a l c u l a t e Photon d e n s i t y
// Example11 . 1
// p a g e 397
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Vg = 2 e08 ; // g r o u p v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
h = 6.625 e -34; // p l a n k s c o n s t a n t
Lamda = 1550 e -09; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h
V = C / Lamda ; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
w = 5e -06; // w i d t h o f o p t i c a l a m p l i f i e r i n m e t e r s
d = 0.5 e -06; // t h i c k n e s s o f o p t i c a l a m p l i f i e r i n
meters
Ps = 1e -06; // o p t i c a l s i g n a l o f power
Nph = Ps /( Vg * h * V * w * d ) ;
disp ( Nph , The p h o t o n d e n s i t y i n p h o t o n s / c u b i c m e t e r
i s Nph = )
// R e s u l t
// The p h o t o n d e n s i t y i n p h o t o n s / c u b i c m e t e r i s Nph =
1 . 5 6 0D+16
54
23

1 // C a p t i o n : Pumping r a t e and z e r o s i g n a l g a i n
// Example11 . 2 ( a ) and ( b )
// p a g e 397
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
I = 100 e -03; // b i a s c u r r e n t i n Amps
w = 3e -06; // a c t i v e a r e a w i d t h i n m e t e r s
L = 500 e -06; // a m p l i f i e r l e n g h t i n m e t e r s
d = 0.3 e -06; // a c t i v e a r e a t h i c k n e s s i n m e t e r s
q = 1.602 e -19; // c h a r g e i n c o u l o m b s
Rp = I /( q * d * w * L ) ;
disp ( Rp , The pumping r a t e i n e l e c t r o n s / s . c u b i c m e t e r
i s Rp = )
Tuo = 0.3; // t h e c o n f i n e m e n t f a c t o r
a = 2e -20; // g a i n c o e f f i c i e n t i n s q u a r e m e t e r
J = I /( w * L ) ; // b i a s c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n Amp/ s q u r e
meter
nth = 1 e24 ; // t h r e s h o l d d e n s i t y p e r c u b i c m e t e r
Tuor = 1e -09; // Time c o n s t a n t i n s e c o n d s
g0 = Tuo * a * Tuor *(( J /( q * d ) ) -( nth / Tuor ) )
disp ( g0 /100 , The z e r o s i g n a l g a i n p e r cm i s g0 = )
// R e s u l t
// The pumping r a t e i n e l e c t r o n s / s . c u b i c m e t e r i s Rp
= 1 . 3 8 7D+33
// The z e r o s i g n a l g a i n p e r cm i s g0 = 2 3 . 2 2 9 2 9 7
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6
7
8

1 // C a p t i o n : Maximum i n p u t power and
maxmimum o u t p u t power
// Example 1 1 . 3
// p a g e 404
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Lambda_p = 980 e -09; //pump w a v e l e n g t h
Lambda_s = 1550 e -09; // s i g n a l w a v e l e n g t h
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
55
9 Pp_in = 30 e -03; // i n p u t pump power i n w a t t s

10 G = 10^(20/10) ; // g a i n
11 Ps_in = ( Lambda_p / Lambda_s ) * Pp_in /( G -1)
12 disp ( Ps_in *1 e06 , The maximum i n p u t power i n uW i s
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2
3
4
Ps in =)
Ps_out = Ps_in +( Lambda_p / Lambda_s ) * Pp_in ;
disp ( Ps_out *1 e03 , The maximum o u t p u t power i n mW i s
Ps out = )
disp (10* log10 ( Ps_out *1 e03 ) , The maximum o u t p u t power
i n dBm i s P s o u t = )
// R e s u l t
// The maximum i n p u t power i n uW i s P s i n = 1 9 1 . 5 9 3 3 5
// The maximum o u t p u t power i n mW i s P s o u t =
19.159335
// The maximum o u t p u t power i n dBm i s P s o u t =
12.823804

1 // C a p t i o n : O p t i c a l S i g n a l to n o i s e r a t i o (OSNR)
// Example11 . 6
// p a g e 412
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
Q = 6; //Q f a c t o r o f 6
OSNR = (1/2) * Q *( Q + sqrt (2) ) ;
disp (10* log10 ( OSNR ) , O p t i c a l S i g n a l to n o i s e r a t i o
i n dB OSNR = )
// R e s u l t
// O p t i c a l S i g n a l to n o i s e r a t i o i n dB OSNR =
13.471863

1 // C a p t i o n : Pump power o f EDFA
// Example11 . 7
// p a g e 413
clear ;
56
5 clc ;
6 close ;
7 Lambda_p = 980 e -09; //pump w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r s
8 Lambda_s = 1540 e -09; // s i g n a l w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r s
9 Ps_out = 10 e -03; // o u t p u t s i g n a l power
10 Ps_in = 1e -03; // i n p u t s i g n a l power
11 Pp_in = ( Lambda_s / Lambda_p ) *( Ps_out - Ps_in )
12 disp ( Pp_in *1 e03 , Pump power i n m i l l i w a t t s P p i n = )
13 // R e s u l t
14 //Pump power i n m i l l i w a t t s P p i n = 1 4 . 1 4 2 8 5 7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

1 // C a p t i o n : OSNR f o r d i f f e r e n t ASE n o i s e l e v e l
// Example11 . 8
// p a g e 413
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
P_ASE1 = -22; //ASE l e v e l i n dBm
P_ASE2 = -16; //ASE l e v e l i n dBm
Pout = 6; // a m p l i f i e d s i g n a l l e v e l i n dBm
OSNR1 = Pout - P_ASE1 ; // O p t i c a l SNR i n dBm
OSNR2 = Pout - P_ASE2 ; // O p t i c a l SNR i n dBm
disp ( OSNR1 , O p t i c a l SNR i n dBm OSNR = )
disp ( OSNR2 , O p t i c a l SNR i n dBm OSNR = )
// R e s u l t
// O p t i c a l SNR i n dBm OSNR = 2 8 .
// O p t i c a l SNR i n dBm OSNR = 2 2 .
2
3
4
5
6
7

1 // C a p t i o n : N o i s e p e n a l t y f a c t o r
// Example11 . 9
// p a g e 414
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
G =[10^(30/10) ,10^(20/10) ]; // A m p l i f i e r Gain
57
8 for i = 1: length ( G )
9
Fpath ( i ) = (1/ G ( i ) ) *(( G ( i ) -1) / log ( G ( i ) ) ) ^2;
10
disp (10* log10 ( Fpath ( i ) ) , N o i s e p e n a l t y f a c t o r
in
dB Fpath = ) ;
11
disp ( G ( i ) , f o r a g a i n o f G = ) ;
12 end
13 // R e s u l t
14 // N o i s e p e n a l t y f a c t o r i n dB Fpath = 1 3 . 2 0 4 5 7 1
15 // f o r a g a i n o f G = 1 0 0 0 .
16 // N o i s e p e n a l t y f a c t o r i n dB Fpath = 6 . 6 4 7 7 9 0 2
17 // f o r a g a i n o f G = 1 0 0 .
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1 // C a p t i o n : Upper bound on i n p u t
o p t i c a l s i g n a l power
// Example11 . 1 0
// p a g e 415
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
etta = 0.65; // Quantum e f f i c i e n c y
nsp = 2; // p o p u l a t i o n i n v e r s i o n b e t w e e n two l e v e l s
R =50; // l o a d r e s i s t a n c e inohms
Lambda = 1550 e -09; // o p e r a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r s
T = 300; // room t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n s
kB = 1.38054 e -23; // boltzmann s c o n s t a n t
h = 6.6256 e -34; // p l a n k s c o n s t a n t
V = C / Lambda ; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
q = 1.602 e -19; // c h a r g e i n c o l u m b s
Ps_in = kB * T * h * V /( R * nsp *( etta ^2) *( q ^2) ) ;
disp ( Ps_in *1 e06 , Upper bound on i n p u t o p t i c a l s i g n a l
power i n m i c r o w a t t s P s i n= )
// R e s u l t
// Upper bound on i n p u t o p t i c a l s i g n a l power i n m i c r o
watts Ps in = 489.81635
58
Chapter 12
Twelve chapter
1 // C a p t i o n : E f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f f i b e r
2 // Example12 . 1
3 // p a g e 432
4 clear ;
5 clc ;
6 close ;
7 L = 75; // a m p l i f i e r s p c a i n g i n k i l o m e t e r
8 alpha = 4.61 e -02; // f i b e r a t t e n u a t i o n p e r Km
9 Leff = (1 - exp ( - alpha * L ) ) / alpha ;
10 disp ( Leff , E f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f f i b e r i n k i l o m e t e r s
Leff =)
11 // R e s u l t
12 // E f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f f i b e r i n k i l o m e t e r s L e f f =
21.008494
2
3
4
5
6

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f S t i m u l a t e d B r i l l o u i n
S c a t t e r i n g ( SBS ) t h r e s h o l d power
// Example12 . 2
// p a g e 433
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
59
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
delta_VB = 20 e06 ; // B r i l l o u i n l i n e w i d t h i n Hz
Aeff = 55 e -12; // e f f e c t i v e c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f
t h e p r o p a g a t i n g wave i n s q u a r e m e t e r
Leff = 20 e03 ; // e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h
b = 2; // p o l a r i z a t i o n f a c t o r
gB = 4e -11; // B r i l l o u s g a i n c o e f f i c i e n t m/W
delta_Vsource = 40 e06 ; // o p t i c a l s o u r c e l i n e w i d t h i n
Hz
Pth = 21*( Aeff * b /( gB * Leff ) ) *(1+( delta_Vsource /
delta_VB ) ) ;
disp ( Pth *1 e03 , SBS t h r e s h o l d power i n m i l l i w a t t s
Pth= )
// R e s u l t
// SBS t h r e s h o l d power i n m i l l i w a t t s Pth= 8 . 6 6 2 5

1 // C a p t i o n : Fourwave mixing
c a l c u l a t i o n o f power g e n e r a t e d due t o t h e
// i n t e r a c t i o n o f s i g n a l s a t d i f f e r e n t f r e q u e n c i e s
// Example12 . 3
// p a g e 438
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
chi1111 = 6e -15; // T h i r d o r d e r n o n l i n e a r
s u c e p t i b i l i t y c u b i c m e t e r /W. s
D =3; // d e g e n e r a t i n g f a c t o r
Leff = 22 e03 ; // e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r s
Aeff = 6.4 e -11; // e f f e c t i v e c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f
the f i b e r i n square meter
etta = 0.05; // quantum e f f i c i e n c y
Lambda = 1540 e -09; // Wavelength i n s i n g l e mode
f i b e r s i n meter
C = 3 e08 ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y i n m/ s e c
alpha =0.0461; // a t t t e n u a t i o n p e r Km
L =75; // f i b e r l i n k l e n g t h i n Km
P = 1e -03; // e a c h c h a n n e l i n p u t power o f 1 m i l l i
watts
60
18 n = 1.48; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
19 k = ((32*( %pi ^3) * chi1111 ) /(( n ^2) * Lambda * C ) ) *( Leff /
20
21
22
23
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Aeff ) ; // n o n l i n e a r i n t e r a c t i o n c o n s t a n t
P112 = etta *( D ^2) *( k ^2) *( P ^3) * exp ( - alpha * L ) ;
disp ( P112 *1 e03 , Power g e n e r a t e d due t o i n t e r a c t i o n
o f s i g n a l s a t d i f f e r e n t f r e q . i n m i l l i w a t t s P112
=)
// R e s u l t
// Power g e n e r a t e d due t o i n t e r a c t i o n o f s i g n a l s a t
d i f f e r e n t f r e q . i n m i l l i w a t t s P112= // 5 . 7 9 8D08

1 // C a p t i o n : F u l l w i d t h H a l f Maximum (
FWHM) s o l i t o n p u l s e n o r m a l i z e d t i m e
// Example12 . 4
// p a g e 446
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Ts = [15 e -12 ,50 e -12]; //FWHM s o l i t o n p u l s e w i d t h
To = Ts /1.7627;
disp ( To *1 e12 , N o r m a l i z e d t i m e f o r FWHM s o l i t o n p u l s e
i n p i c o s e c o n d s To = )
// R e s u l t
// N o r m a l i z e d t i m e f o r FWHM s o l i t o n p u l s e i n p i c o
s e c o n d s To = [ 8 . 5 0 9 6 7 2 7
28.365576]

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f n o r m a l i z e d
d i s t a n c e parameter f o r d i s p e r s i o n s h i f t e d f i b e r
// Example12 . 5
// p a g e 446
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
Ts = 20 e -12; //FWHM s o l i t o n p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c o n d s
D = 0.5 e -06; // d i s p e r s i o n o f t h e f i b e r p s / (nm . km)
61
9 Lambda = 1550 e -9; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m e t e r

10 C = 3 e08 ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
11 Ldisp = 0.322*2* %pi * C *( Ts ^2) /(( Lambda ^2) * D ) ;
12 disp ( Ldisp /1000 , d i s p e r s i o n l e n g t h i n Km L d i s p = )
13 // R e s u l t
14 // d i s p e r s i o n l e n g t h i n Km L d i s p = 2 0 2 . 1 0 8 0 4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

s o l i t o n peak power
// Example12 . 6
// p a g e 447
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
n2 = 2.6 e -20; // power i n s q u a r e m e t e r /w
Aeff = 50 e -12; // e f f e c t i v e a r e a i n s q u a r e m e t e r
Ldisp = 202 e03 ; // d i s p e r s i o n l e n g t h i n m e t e r s
Ppeak = ( Aeff /(2* %pi * n2 ) ) *( Lambda / Ldisp ) ;
disp ( Ppeak *1 e03 , S o l i t o n peak power i n m i l l i w a t t s
Ppeak = )
// R e s u l t
// S o l i t o n peak power i n m i l l i w a t t s Ppeak =
2.3485354

1 // C a p t i o n :FWHM s o l i t o n p u l s e w i d t h
and f r a c t i o n o f b i t s l o t o c c u p i e d by a s o l i t o n
// Example12 . 7
// p a g e 448
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Example12 . 7 . a
Ldisp = 100 e03 ; // d i s p e r i s o n l e n g t h i n m e t e r
omega = 4682; // o s c i l l a t i o n p e r i o d
62
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
LI = omega * Ldisp ;
disp ( LI , i n t e r a c t i o n d i s t a n c e i n m e t e r LI= )
// Example12 . 7 . b
D = 0.5 e -06; // d i s p e r i s o n o f f i b e r i n p s /nm . km
C = 3 e08 ; // f r e e s p a c e v e l o c i t y
S0 = 8; // n o r m a l i z e d s e p a r a t i o n o f n e i g h n o r i n g
solitons
B = 10 e09 ; // d a t a r a t e 10 Gb/ s e c
Beta2 = ( Lambda /(2* %pi ) ) ;
LT = ( C * exp ( S0 ) ) /(16* D * B ^2*( Beta2 ^2) *( S0 ^2) ) ;
disp ( LT *1 e03 , T o t a l t r a n s m i s s i o n d i s t a n c e i n Km LT =
)
// Example12 . 7 . c
Ts = 0.881/( S0 * B ) ;
disp ( Ts *1 e12 , FWHM s o l i t o n p u l s e w i d t h i n p i c o
s e c o n d s Ts = )
// Example12 . 7 . d
Ts_TB = 0.881/ S0 ;
disp ( Ts_TB *100 , F r a c t i o n o f t h e b i t s l o t o c c u p i e d by
a s o l i t o n i n p e r c e n t a g e Ts TB= )
// R e s u l t
// i n t e r a c t i o n d i s t a n c e i n m e t e r LI = 4 . 6 8 2D+08
// T o t a l t r a n s m i s s i o n d i s t a n c e i n Km LT = 2 . 8 7 0D+11
//FWHM s o l i t o n p u l s e w i d t h i n p i c o s e c o n d s Ts =
11.0125
// F r a c t i o n o f t h e b i t s l o t o c c u p i e d by a s o l i t o n i n
p e r c e n t a g e Ts TB = 1 1 . 0 1 2 5
63
Chapter 13
Thirteen chapter
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f power
budget f o r o p t i c a l l i n k
// Example13 . 1
// p a g e 464
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
N = [5 ,10 ,50]; // number s t a t i o n s
L_tap = 10; // c o u p l i n g l o s s i n dB
L_thru = 0.9; // c o u p l e r t h r o u g h p u t i n dB
Li = 0.5; // I n t r i n s i c c o u p l e r l o s s i n dB
Lc = 1.0; // c o u p l e r to f i b e r l o s s i n dB
L = 0.5; // l i n k l e n g t h i n Km
fiber_Loss = alpha * L ; // f i b e r l o s s i n dB
Pbudget = N *( alpha * L +2* Lc + Li + L_thru ) - alpha *L -2*
L_thru +2* L_tap ;
disp ( fiber_Loss , f i b e r l o s s i n dB f o r L =500 m )
disp ( Pbudget , power b u d g e t i n dB f o r o p t i c a l l i n k
when N = 5 , 1 0 and 50 s t a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y = )
// R e s u l t
// f i b e r l o s s i n dB f o r L =500 m
//
0.2
64
// power b u d g e t i n dB f o r o p t i c a l l i n k when N = 5 , 1 0
and 50 s t a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y =
22 //
36.
54.
198.
21
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f Number
stations for given l o s s
// Example13 . 2
// p a g e 465
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
L_tap = 10; // c o u p l i n g l o s s i n dB
Pbudget_LED = 38; // power l o s s b e t w e e n s o u r c e and
r e c e i v e r i n dB f o r LED s o u r c e
Pbudget_LASER = 51; // power l o s s b e t w e e n s o u r c e and
r e c e i v e r i n dB f o r LASER s o u r c e
N_LED = ( Pbudget_LED + alpha *L -2* L_thru -2* L_tap ) /(
alpha * L +2* Lc + Li + L_thru )
N_LASER = ( Pbudget_LASER + alpha *L -2* L_thru -2* L_tap ) /(
alpha * L +2* Lc + Li + L_thru )
disp ( ceil ( N_LED ) , Number o f s t a t i o n s a l l o w e d f o r
g i v e n l o s s o f 38 dB w i t h LED s o u r c e )
disp ( floor ( N_LASER ) , Number o f s t a t i o n s a l l o w e d f o r
g i v e n l o s s o f 51 dB w i t h LASER s o u r c e )
// R e s u l t
// Number o f s t a t i o n s a l l o w e d f o r g i v e n l o s s o f 38 dB
w i t h LED s o u r c e
//
5.
// Number o f s t a t i o n s a l l o w e d f o r g i v e n l o s s o f 51 dB
w i t h LASER s o u r c e
//
8.
65
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f w o r s t
c a s e Dynamic Range
// Example13 . 3
// p a g e 465
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
N = [5 ,10] ; // number o f s t a t i o n s
DR = (N -2) *( alpha * L +2* Lc + Li + L_thru ) ;
disp ( DR , w o r s t c a s e dyanmic r a n g e i n dB f o r N =5 and
10 r e s p e c t i v e l y DR = )
// R e s u l t
// w o r s t c a s e dyanmic r a n g e i n dB f o r N =5 and 10
r e s p e c t i v e l y DR =
//
10.8
28.8

1 // C a p t i o n : C a l c u l a t i o n o f power m a r g i n b e t w e e n
t r a n s m i t t e r and r e c e i v e r f o r S t a r a r c h i t e c t u r e s
// Example13 . 4
// p a g e 466
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
N = [10 ,50]; // number o f s t a t i o n s
L = 0.5 ; // d i s t a n c e i n Km
Lexcess = [0.75 ,1.25]; // e x c e s s l o s s i n dB f o r N =10
and 50
Lc = 1.0; // c o n n e c t o r l o s s i n dB
Ps_Pr (1) = Lexcess (1) + alpha *2* L +2* Lc +10* log10 ( N (1) ) ;
Ps_Pr (2) = Lexcess (2) + alpha *2* L +2* Lc +10* log10 ( N (2) ) ;
66
14
15
16
17
18
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
disp ( Ps_Pr (1) , The power m a r g i n i n dB b e t w e e n t h e

t r a n s m i t t e r and r e c e i v e r f o r N=10 i s PsPr = )
disp ( Ps_Pr (2) , The power m a r g i n i n dB b e t w e e n t h e
t r a n s m i t t e r and r e c e i v e r f o r N=50 i s PsPr = )
// R e s u l t
// The power m a r g i n i n dB b e t w e e n t h e t r a n s m i t t e r and
r e c e i v e r f o r N=10 i s PsPr = 1 3 . 1 5
// The power m a r g i n i n dB b e t w e e n t h e t r a n s m i t t e r and
r e c e i v e r f o r N=50 i s PsPr = 2 0 . 6 3 9 7

1 // C a p t i o n : D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f maximum
l e n g t h o f multimode f i b e r l i n k
// Example13 . 5
// p a g e 477
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
L_OM2 = 40; // l e n g t h o f OM2 f i b e r
L_OM3 = 100; // l e n g t h o f OM3 f i b e r
BW_OM2 = 500 e06 ; // bandwidth o f OM2 f i b e r
BW_OM3 = 2000 e06 ; // bandwidth o f OM3 f i b e r
Lmax = L_OM2 *( BW_OM3 / BW_OM2 ) + L_OM3 ;
disp ( Lmax , The maximum l i n k l e n g t h i n m e t e r i s Lmax
=)
// R e s u l t
// The maximum l i n k l e n g t h i n m e t e r i s Lmax = 2 6 0 .
67
Chapter 14
Fourteen chapter
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Scilab code Fig 14.10

1 // C a p t i o n : P e r f o r m a n c e Measurement and M o n i t o r i n g
// F i g u r e : 1 4 . 1 0 P l o t t i n g p u l s e s h a p e o f g a u s s i a n
distribution
// and d e t e r m i n i n g 3dB o p t i c a l and e l e c t r i c a l
bandwidth
clear ;
close ;
clc ;
sigma = 1;
t = -3* sigma :0.01:3* sigma ;
p = (1/( sigma * sqrt (2* %pi ) ) ) * exp ( - t ^2./(2* sigma ^2) ) ;
fdB_optical = 0.187/ sigma ;
fdB_electrical = 0.133/ sigma ;
disp ( fdB_optical , f d B o p t i c a l )
disp ( fdB_electrical , f d B e l e c t r i c a l )
plot (t ,p , r )
xlabel ( Time t )
ylabel ( R e l a t i v e p u l s e a m p l i t u d e P( t ) )
title ( F i g u r e : 1 4 . 1 0 D e f i n i t i o n s o f p u l s e s h a p e
parameters )
xgrid (1)
// R e s u l t
// f d B o p t i c a l
= 0.187
68
Figure 14.1: Performance Measurement and Monitoring
21
// f d B e l e c t r i c a l = 0 . 1 3 3
69

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Optical Fiber Communication

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Scilab Code for

Optical Fiber Communication

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List of Scilab Codes

Program to calculate time period and phase shift . . .

External Quantum Efficiency in percentage . . . . . .

Scilab code Exa 1.4

Scilab code Exa 1.5

Scilab code Exa 1.6

Scilab code Exa 1.7

// The amount o f power g a i n e d by a s i g n a l t r a v e l l i n g

Scilab code Exa 2.1

Scilab code Exa 2.2

Scilab code Exa 2.3

Scilab code Exa 2.4

Scilab code Exa 2.5

Scilab code Exa 3.1

Scilab code Exa 3.2

Scilab code Exa 3.3

Scilab code Exa 3.4

Scilab code Exa 3.5

Scilab code Exa 3.6

Scilab code Exa 3.7

Scilab code Exa 3.8

Scilab code Exa 4.1

Scilab code Exa 4.3

Scilab code Exa 4.4

Scilab code Exa 4.5

Scilab code Exa 4.6

Scilab code Exa 4.7

Scilab code Exa 4.8

Scilab code Exa 4.9

Scilab code Exa 5.1

Scilab code Exa 5.2

Scilab code Exa 5.3

Scilab code Exa 5.4

Scilab code Exa 5.5

disp ( Lsm , L o s s b e t w e e n s i n g l e mode o p t i c a l f i b e r s

Scilab code Exa 5.6

Scilab code Exa 6.1

Scilab code Exa 6.2

Scilab code Exa 6.3

Scilab code Exa 6.4

11 etta = 0.9; // quantum e f f i c i e n c y 90%

Scilab code Exa 6.5

Scilab code Exa 6.6

Scilab code Exa 6.7

Scilab code Exa 7.1

Scilab code Exa 7.2

Figure 7.1: Figure for Example7.3

Scilab code Exa 7.3

Scilab code Exa 7.4

Scilab code Exa 8.1

Scilab code Exa 8.2

Scilab code Exa 8.3

Scilab code Exa 8.4

Scilab code Exa 8.5

Scilab code Exa 8.6

Scilab code Exa 8.7

Scilab code Exa 8.8

Scilab code Exa 8.9

Scilab code Exa 9.1

Scilab code Exa 9.2

Figure 9.1: Figure for Example9.2Preamplifier

9 L = %pi ( m +1) /(2 k ) ;

delta_Lambda = ( Lambda_Bragg ^2) ((( k L ) ^2+ %pi ^2)