LIN T

1. Coordinating Conjunctions
Lin t kt hp c s dng kt ni hai (hoc nhiu hn) n v t tng ng nhau (v d: kt ni 2 t vng, 2
cm t hoc 2 mnh trong cu).
V d: I like watching sports and listening to music.
I didnt have enough money so I didnt buy that car.
* Mo gip nh cc lin t kt hp: FANBOYS (F for, A and, N nor, B but, O or, Y yet, S so)
- FOR: gii thch l do hoc mc ch (dng ging because)
V d: I do morning exercise every day, for I want to keep fit.
* Lu : khi hot ng nh mt lin t, for ch ng gia cu, sau for phi s dng mt mnh v trc for phi c
du phy (,)
- AND: thm / b sung mt th vo mt th khc
V d: I do morning exercise every day to keep fit and relax.
- NOR: dng b sung mt ph nh vo ph nh c nu trc .
V d: I dont like listening to music nor playing sports. Im just keen on reading.
- BUT: dng din t s i lp, ngc ngha
V d: He works quickly but accurately.
- OR: dng trnh by thm mt la chn khc.
V d: You can play games or watch TV.
- YET: dng gii thiu mt ngc li so vi trc (tng t but)
V d: I took a book with me on my holiday, yet I didnt read a single page.
- SO: dng ni v mt kt qu hoc mt nh hng ca hnh ng/s vic c nhc n trc .
V d: Ive started dating one soccer player, so now I can watch the game each week.
* Nguyn tc dng du phy (,) vi lin t kt hp:
- Nu lin t kt hp c dng lin kt 2 mnh c lp (mnh c th ng ring nh mt cu) th gia hai
mnh phi s dng du phy (,). Nu lin t c dng kt ni 2 cm t (cu khng hon chnh) hoc t (v d
trong danh sch lit k) th khng cn dng du phy (,).
V d: + I took a book with me on my holiday, yet I didnt read a single page. (I took a book with me on my
holiday v I didnt read a single page l mnh c lp phi c du phy)
+ I do morning exercise every day to keep fit and relax. (keep fit v relax khng phi mnh c lp khng
phi c du phy)
- Khi lit k t 3 n v tr ln, ta dng du phy gia cc n v trc; vi n v cui cng ta c th dng hoc
khng dng du phy.
V d: Many fruits are good for your eyes, such as carrots, oranges, tomatoes (,) and mango.

2. Correlative Conjunctions
Lin t tng quan c s dng kt ni 2 n v t vi nhau v lun i thnh cp khng th tch ri.
V d:

Hes not only affluent but also good-looking.

- EITHER OR: dng din t s la chn: hoc l ci ny, hoc l ci kia.

V d:

I want either the pizza or the sandwich.

- NEITHER NOR: dng din t ph nh kp: khng ci ny cng khng ci kia.

V d:

I want neither the pizza nor the sandwich. Ill just need some biscuits.

- BOTH AND: dng din t la chn kp: c ci ny ln c ci kia.

V d:

I want both the pizza and the sandwich. Im very hungry now.

- NOT ONLY BUT ALSO: dng din t la chn kp: khng nhng ci ny m c ci kia
V d:

Ill eat them both: not only the pizza but also the sandwich

* Lu : trong cu trc vi neithernor v eitheror, ng t chia theo ch ng gn nht cn trong cu trc vi

bothand v not only but also, ng t chia theo ch ng kp (l c 2 danh t trc .)
V d:

Neither my mother nor I am going to attend his party.

Both my mother and I are going to attend his party. (both my mother and I = We)

- WHETHER OR: dng din t nghi vn gia 2 i tng: liu ci ny hay ci kia.
V d:

I didnt know whether youd want the pizza or the sandwich, so I got you both.

- AS AS: dng so snh ngang bng: bng, nh

V d:

Bowling isnt as fun as skeet shooting.

- SUCH THAT / SO THAT: dng din t quan h nhn qu: qu n ni m

V d:

The boy has such a good voice that he can easily capture everyones attention.
His voice is so good that he can easily capture everyones attention.

- SCARECELY WHEN / NO SOONER THAN: dng din t quan h thi gian: ngay khi
V d:

I had scarcely walked in the door when I got the call and had to run right to my office.
He had no sooner came than he decided to leave.

- RATHER THAN : dng din t la chn: hn l, thay v

V d:

Shed rather play the drums than sing.

3. Subordinating Conjunctions
Lin t ph thuc c s dng bt u mnh ph thuc, gn kt mnh ny vo mnh chnh trong cu.
Mnh ph thuc c th ng trc hoc ng sau mnh chnh nhng phi lun c bt u bng lin t ph
thuc.
V d:

Although I studied hard, I couldnt pass the exam.

- AFTER / BEFORE: dng din t thi gian, mt vic xy ra sau/trc mt vic khc sau / trc khi

V d:

He watches TV after he finishes his work.

- ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH: dng biu th hai hnh ng tri ngc nhau v mt logic mc
d
V d:

Although he is very old, he goes jogging every morning.

* Lu : although / though / even though dng vi mnh , ngoi ra cn c th dng despite v in spite of + phrase,
despite the fact that v in spite of the fact that + clause din t tng ng
V d:

Despite his old age, he goes jogging every morning.

- AS: dng din t hai hnh ng cng xy ra khi; hoc din t nguyn nhn bi v
V d:

I saw him hand in hand with a beautiful girl as I was walking downtown. (= when)
As this is the first time you are here, let me take you around (= because)

- AS LONG AS: dng din t iu kin chng no m, min l

V d:
boys)

I dont care who you are, where youre from, dont care what you did as long as you love me (Backstreet

- AS SOON AS: dng din t quan h thi gian ngay khi m

V d:

As soon as the teacher arrived, they started their lesson.

- BECAUSE / SINCE: dng din t nguyn nhn, l do bi v

V d:

I didnt go to school today because it rained so heavily.

* Lu : because / since dng vi mnh , ngoi ra c th dng because of / due to + phrase din t tng
ng.
V d:

I didnt go to school today because of the heavy rain.

- EVEN IF: dng din t iu kin gi nh mnh k c khi

V d:

Even if the sky is falling down, youll be my only (Jay Sean).

- IF / UNLESS: dng din t iu kin nu / nu khng

V d:

The crop will die unless it rains soon.

- ONCE: dng din t rng buc v thi gian mt khi

V d:

Once youve tried it, you cannot stop.

- NOW THAT: dng din t quan h nhn qu theo thi gian v gi y

V d:

Baby, now that Ive found you, I wont let you go.

- SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT: dng din t mc ch

V d:

We left early so that we wouldnt be caught in the traffic jam.

- UNTIL: dng din t quan h thi gian, thng dng vi cu ph nh cho n khi
V d:

He didnt come home until 2.00 a.m. yesterday.

- WHEN: dng din t quan h thi gian khi

V d:

When she cries, I just cant think!

- WHERE: dng din t quan h v a im ni

V d:

I come back to where I was born.

- WHILE: dng din t quan h thi gian trong khi; hoc s ngc ngha gia 2 mnh - nhng (=
WHEREAS)
V d:

I was washing the dishes while my sister was cleaning the floor.
The rich may be lonely while the poor can be happy

- IN CASE / IN THE EVENT THAT: dng din t gi nh v mt hnh ng c th xy ra trong tng lai
trong trng hp, phng khi.
V d:

In case it will rain, please take an umbrella when you go out.

* Nguyn tc dng du phy (,) vi lin t ph thuc:

Nu mnh ph thuc ng trc mnh c lp th gia hai mnh phi s dng du phy. Tuy nhin khi mnh
c lp ng trc th khng cn c du phy gia hai mnh .
* Phn bit lin t ph thuc v i t quan h:
Mt s t khc cng c s dng m u cho mnh ph thuc nhng t ny c gi l i t quan h
(relative pronouns). Mc d i t quan h c hnh thc v chc nng kh ging lin t ph thuc nhng hai loi t
ny khc nhau. Cc i t quan h gc gm that, who v which v chng khc lin t ph thuc im i t
quan h c th lm ch ng ca mnh ph thuc trong khi lin t ph thuc khng th ng chc nng ch ng
trong mnh . Lin t ph thuc c theo sau bi ch ng ca mnh .
V d:

John is the guy who invited us for dinner last night. (who: subject).
We talked about music and movies while we ate. (while: not subject).