Electrodynamics Additional Problems

Institute for Telecommunications and High-Frequency Techniques
RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Written Examination:
Electrodynamics
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Last update: July 25th , 2011
Electrodynamics
Maxwells Equations
1.1
Problem 1
A copper plate ( = 56.2 106 1m ) shields a signal with a frequency of 300 MHz.
a) Explain the physical meaning of the skin depth .
b) Calculate the skin depth .
c) At which depth will the electric field strength be decreased by 40 dB of its initial value on
the surface?
d) Now, the frequency increases to 100 GHz. How will the skin depth change? (Calculate and
explain.)
1.2
Problem 2
a) Starting with the four Maxwell equations, derive the wave equation for the electric vector
~ in an isotropic, linear and homogeneous medium.
field E
Hint: curl curl F~ = grad div F~ F~ .
~ belonging to a harmonic wave of angular frequency ,
b) Formulate the electric vector field E
that propagates in negative z-direction (Cartesian coordinates) in a lossless, linear, isotropic
and homogeneous medium.
c) How does the solution of b) qualitatively change if the medium is lossy? The losses can be
expressed by a complex dielectric permittivity = (1 j tan ) where tan represents the
losses.
1.3
Problem 3
a) Derive and explain the continuity equation, i. e. the relation of charge density and current
~
density J.
b) Regarding the continuity equation, how do you explain the behavior of the charge density
in a conducting, isotropic and homogeneous medium with a conductivity 6= 0?
1.4
Problem 4
a) Write down the four Maxwell equations. Explain briefly what they describe physically.
b) Derive the wave equation for the magnetic field strength for a source-free, linear, homogeneous and isotropic space.
Hint: curl curl F~ = grad div F~ F~
c) How do waves with the notations TEM, TE and TM differ?
d) Explain the physical meaning of the phase velocity vph regarding the wave propagation and
write down the mathematical definition of the phase velocity.
c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Electrodynamics
e) What is the physical meaning of the skin depth ?

f) Explain the relation between the complex wave number k and the skin depth .
1.5
Problem 5
a) Write down Maxwells equations in differential form. Name each term that may appear in
the equations. What is the unit of each term?
~
~ = 2 E
b) What are the characteristics of the medium where the wave equation E
would
t2
be valid? Starting with the appropriate Maxwells equation, deduce the given wave equation.
~ in a nonmagnetic dielectric region of the space z < 0 is given as:

The electric flux density D

As
~ = 8.85 1010 sin 108 t z
D
~ex
s m
m2
c) What is the relative permittivity r of the region?
~ satisfies the wave equation.
d) Verify that D
e) Determine the displacement current density in the region and the magnetic flux density,
including their units.
f) If the region z > 0 is free space, find the electric and the magnetic field components just
above the interface z = 0.
1.6
Problem 6
a) Write down Maxwells equations in integral form. Name each term that appears in the
equations. What is the unit of each term?
b) What are the characteristics of a wave that satisfies Maxwells equations in free space?
c) What are the differences between a homogeneous wave and a homogeneous medium?
An antenna measurement chamber is isolated using an Aluminum plate of conductivity = 36 106

The measurement chamber operates for the range of 1 GHz to 100 GHz.
d) What is meant by skin depth ?
e) Calculate the skin depth at 1 GHz and 100 GHz.
f) What should be the thickness of the Aluminum plate to attenuate the signal by 20 dB from
its initial value at the surface at 1 GHz?

S
m.
Electrodynamics
1.7
Problem 7
The continuity equation describes that the divergence of the electric current density equals the
negative change of the charge density with respect to time.
a) Derive the continuity equation with the help of Maxwells equations.
b) Discuss the physical effects of the continuity equation if the considered medium is
1. a good electric conductor
2. an insulator
c) Explain what is meant with relaxation time relax = . In which differential equation does
relax show up and what is the solution of this equation?
1.8
Problem 8
The goal of this problem task is to derive the wave equation and its solution.
a) Write down Maxwells equations in differential form.
a) Write down Maxwells equations in integral form.
b) With respect to a homogeneous, conductive medium that also contains a non-constant
charge distribution %(x, y, z, t), derive the wave equation with respect to the electric field.
c) Now, the charge distribution is homogeneous, i.e., % = %(t). Assuming harmonic time
dependence, solve the wave equation for a plane wave propagating in the positive z-direction.
Additionally, write down the wave number kz depending on the angular frequency .
d) Simplify the wave number kz obtained under sub-item c) for
1) a good insulator (0 < )
2) a good conductor ( ).
e) Name and discuss the difference between the wave within a good insulator and the wave
within a good conductor.

Electrodynamics
Plane Wave
2.1
Problem 1
A harmonic and plane TEM wave with the frequency of 20 GHz and the amplitude of the electric
V
field vector of 1 m
propagates in negative z-direction (Cartesian coordinate system) in a lossless,
homogeneous, linear and isotropic medium with a relative dielectric constant of r = 2 and r = 1.
a) Write down the four Maxwells equations in differential notation
i) for the general case (non harmonic waves) and
ii) in complex notation (harmonic waves).
b) Compute the wave length .
c) Compute the wave vector ~k.
d) Compute the wave impedance ZF .
e) Compute the phase velocity vph .
f) Which field defines the state of polarization? What different kinds of polarization do you
know?
g) Formulate the electric and magnetic field components for a linear vertical polarization.
h) Compute the power flow through the aperture of 2.5 m2 perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
2.2
Problem 2
A lossless, homogeneous, linear and isotropic medium with a relative dielectric constant of r = 4
and r = 1 is given. A harmonic and plane TEM wave with a wavelength of 30 mm and an
V
amplitude of the electric field vector of 2 m
propagates in this medium in negative x-direction
(cartesian coordinate system).
a) What can be concluded from the expression harmonic and plane TEM wave?
b) Compute the frequency f .
c) Compute the wave vector ~k.
d) Compute the wave impedance ZF .
e) Compute the phase velocity vph .
f) Formulate all electric and magnetic field components for a linear polarization in z-direction.
g) Compute the power flow through an aperture of 3 m2 , whose orientation is

0
1 and
i) ~nA =
0

Electrodynamics
1
ii) ~nA = 0
0
2.3
Problem 3
The electric field strength of a harmonic and plane TEM wave with a frequency of 24 GHz is given
as:
~ = 4 V cos(t + 800 1 z) ~ex + 2 V cos(t + 800 1 z) ~ey .
E
m
2
m
m
m
The lossless, homogeneous and isotropic medium has a relative magnetic permeability of r = 1.
a) What is the polarization of this TEM wave and what is the direction of propagation? Explain.
b) Determine the wave number and the wave vector.
c) Determine the relative dielectric constant r of the medium.
d) Determine the characteristic wave impedance ZF .
e) Determine the wavelength .
~
f) Determine the magnetic field strength H.
2.4
Problem 4
A harmonic and plane TEM wave with a frequency of 2 GHz propagates in positive x-direction
A in an arbitrary
(Cartesian coordinate system). The magnetic field has an amplitude of 0.029 m
point P . The lossless, homogeneous and isotropic medium has a relative dielectric constant of
r = 4.5 and a relative magnetic permeability of r = 1. The wave is linearly polarized along the
z-axis.
a) Determine the wave number k and the wave vector ~k.
b) Determine the wavelength .
c) Compute the wave impedance ZF .
d) Determine the amplitude of the electric field strength in point P .
e) Formulate the electric and the magnetic field components of the wave.
f) Extend the expression of the electric field vector to give a left handed circular polarized
wave.
2.5
Problem 5
A plane and harmonic TEM wave propagates into the negative x-direction in a lossless dielectric
with a relative permittivity of r = 4. The wave is linearly polarized along the line z = 2y. The
1
wave number is k = 418.88 m
. The magnitude of the magnetic vector field is H0 = 5.3 mA
m .
a) Calculate the frequency f of the wave.

Electrodynamics
b) Calculate the characteristic wave impedance.

c) Determine the magnitude E0 of the electric field strength.
d) Formulate the vector fields of the electric and magnetic field strengths of the wave in time
domain.
~
e) Determine the Poynting vector S(t)
of the wave.
~ over one time period T .
f) Determine the averaged power density S
2.6
Problem 6
A linearly polarized plane TEM wave with a frequency f of 60 GHz propagates in a lossless dielectric
medium with a relative permittivity of r = 2.4. The wave has a wave vector of ~k = k2 (~ey + ~ez ).
~ is 51.4 mW
The electric field has only an x-component. The magnitude of the Poynting vector |S|
m2 .
a) Calculate the characteristic wave impedance.
b) Determine the wave number.
c) Determine the magnitude of the electric and of the magnetic vector field.
d) Formulate all components of the electric and of the magnetic vector field.
Now a second linearly polarized plane TEM wave with the same power superimposes with the first
one. It has the same frequency and propagates in the same direction as the first one. The plane
of polarization is parallel to the yz-plane.
e) What kind of polarization does the resulting wave have if
i) the second wave is in phase with the first one?
ii) the second wave has a phase delay = 90 compared to the first one?
iii) the second wave has a phase delay = 45 compared to the first one?

Electrodynamics
2.7
Problem 7
Figure 2.1: Microwave Gun Fisherman

A fisherman, holding a microwave gun and standing in a boat, observes a fish in the bottom of a
lake. The microwave gun is 6 m above the water surface, and the lake depth is 10 m. The fish
appears to be 8 m from the boat. Fig.2.1 depicts the situation and traces the beam (i.e., linearly
polarized Electromagnetic plane wave) of the microwave gun, hitting the fish. The electric field
vector of the incident wave, i.e., polarization plane, makes an angle of 135 counter clockwise
with respect to the incident plane (from the fishermans point of view).
a) What are meant by Brewster angle and Snells laws?
b) Depict the reflected wave and the orientation of the electric and the magnetic fields for the
three waves (i.e., incident, reflected and transmitted) for both polarizations (i.e., the parallel
and the perpendicular polarized portions of the wave w.r.t. the incident plane).
c) Determine the true horizontal distance D of the fish from the boat.
d) What is the distance and in which direction should the fisherman move so that the reflection
loss is minimized? (provide two different positions)
e) Using the answer of part (d), which position of the fisherman would provide less reflection
at the water surface compared to his initial position?
~ and the magnetic
f) Discuss conceptually, the difference between the magnetic field vector H
~
flux density B.
Hint:
2 Z1 Z2 cos 1 cos 2
t|| =
Z1 cos 1 + Z2 cos 2
2 Z1 Z2 cos 1 cos 2
t =
Z1 cos 2 + Z2 cos 1

Electrodynamics
2.8
Problem 8
A harmonic, plane, TEM wave propagates in free space, i.e. r = 1 and r = 1 , and is given as
i
h
h
t
y i
~ = 2 cos 3 109 t 10 y
~ex + 5 cos 3 109 10
~ez
E
s
m
s
m
V
m
a) What are the differences between TEM, TE, and TM waves? Which one of them can
propagate in free space?
2P
b) What are the polarization and direction of propagation of the given wave?
c) What are the opeating frequency and the wave number of the given wave?
~ of the given wave.
d) Write down the magnetic field vector H
e) What is meant by the phase velocity vph ? What is the phase velocity of the given wave?
Now, the given wave impinges on a nonmagnetic dielectric material of r = 5 with an

incident angle of 60 as shown in Fig.2.2.
f) What are the reflection angle and the
transmission angle?
~ just
g) What is the electric field vector E
above the interface in Region 2?
~ just
h) What is the magnetic field vector H
above the interface in Region 2?
i) At which incident angle most of the incident power would be transmitted into
the dielectric medium? Why?
Figure 2.2: Free space dielectric interface
2.9
Problem 9
A TEM circularly polarized wave propagates along the +z-axis in a Cartesian coordinate system
with a frequency of f = 100 GHz in a lossless medium. The medium has a relative permittivity
of r = 2 and a relative permeability of r = 1. Assume that the electromagnetic wave varies
sinusoidally.
a) Find the characteristic impedance ZF of the given medium and the wavelength .
b) Find the wave number k and the wave vector ~k for the electromagnetic wave.
c) Find the speed with which the energy is propagating in the given medium.

Electrodynamics
d) Given that the power density is about 93.78 mW/m2 , find the Poynting vector in time
domain.
e) Find the magnitudes E0 and H0 of the electric and the magnetic field vectors of the wave,
respectively.
f) Find the time domain expression of the electric and the magnetic field vectors of the wave.
g) Discuss the effects of the given medium on the electric and the magnetic field components
compared to those in free space.

10
Electrodynamics
Reflection and Transmission
3.1
Problem 1
A dielectric slab with infinite dimensions and the finite thickness d and r = 4 is placed in a
Cartesian coordinate system as depicted in Figure 3.3. The slab is oriented parallel to the x-y
plane. A plane and linear polarized TEM wave incidents onto the slab. The wave vector is in the
x-z plane.
Figure 3.3: Dielectric slab in Cartesian coordinate system
a) Calculate and sketch the angles of reflection and refraction for an incident angle of 30
degrees. What is the incident plane of the wave?
b) Compute for a frequency of 12 GHz the first 2 thicknesses d of the slab, where the reflected
energy will be zero. Assume an incident angle of 0 degrees.
c) Now a second plane TEM wave with the same energy incidents on the same side of the slab
as the first one. The incident angle of the first wave is 30 degrees and of the second wave is
0 degrees. What is the polarization and the direction of propagation of the resulting wave
(i. e. the superposition of both waves) on the incident side, if
i) both waves are in phase and perpendicular polarized (i. e. the polarization of both
waves is perpendicular to the incident plane). Sketch the resulting wave vector.
ii) What happens with the polarization of the resulting wave, if the first wave is perpendicular polarized and the second wave has an offset phase and is parallel polarized?
iii) How are the polarization states on the opposite side of the slab for the conditions of
3a) and 3b).

11
Electrodynamics
3.2
Problem 2
a) A slanted dielectric half space with infinite

dimensions and r = 4 is placed in a Cartesian coordinate system as depicted in Fig.
3.4. A plane and linearly polarized TEM
wave impinges from the vacuum onto the
boundary. The wave vector lies in the yzplane and the incident angle (with respect
to the normal vector) is 45 degrees.
Figure 3.4: Slanted dielectric half space
i) Calculate and sketch the angles of reflection and refraction.
ii) Now a second plane TEM wave with the same energy and the same polarization
impinges from the vacuum onto the boundary. Specify the direction of its wave vector,
if the direction
of thewave vector of the superimposed waves is
0
1
1 .
~nk,total = 2
1
b) Now a dielectric half space with infinite dimensions and r = 4 is considered as depicted in Fig. 3.5. A plane and parallel polarized TEM wave impinges from the vacuum
onto the boundary.
Figure 3.5: Dielectric slab
i) Compute the incident angle of the wave for the case of total transmittance.
ii) Now the dielectric slab has a finite thickness of d = 25 mm. Compute the first
3 frequencies of the wave, at which the reflected energy will be zero. Assume an
incident angle of 0 degrees. How do these frequencies change if the incident angle
changes?
c) A dielectric slab with r = 4 has a metal cover on the backside, see Fig. 3.6. The wave impinges from vacuum (z < 0) onto the
boundary. Calculate and sketch the angles
of reflection and refraction for an incident
angle of 45 degrees.
Figure 3.6: Dielectric slab with a metal cover

12
Electrodynamics
3.3
Problem 3
A dielectric slab with infinite dimensions, finite thickness d and r = 3.5 is placed in a Cartesian
coordinate system as depicted in Figure 3.7. A harmonic plane and perpendicular polarized TEM
wave impinges from vacuum onto the boundary at z = d2 . The incident plane is the x z-plane
and the incident angle is 45 .
Figure 3.7: Dielectric slab in Cartesian coordinate system
a) Calculate the angles of reflection and refraction (transmission) and sketch the wave vectors
of all reflected and refracted waves.
Now, a second plane TEM wave with the same energy and the same frequency as the first one
impinges from the same side onto the boundary. The incident plane of the wave is again the xzplane. The wave is perpendicular polarized and in phase with the first one. The superposition of
the waves results in a sum wave with the wave vector of ~ksum = ksum ~ez .
b) Specify in Cartesian coordinates the direction of propagation of the second impinging TEM
wave as well as its incident angle and sketch it.
c) Now, the dielectric slab has a thickness of d = 25 mm. Calculate the first two frequencies
of the sum wave at which all the energy will be transmitted through the slab.
Now, the second TEM wave is parallel polarized.
d) What is the polarization and direction of propagation of the sum wave on the side of the
incident waves (z < d2 ) if the second TEM wave
i. is in phase with the first one?
ii. has a phase shift of -90 compared to the first one?

13
Electrodynamics
3.4
Problem 4
A dielectric half space with infinite dimensions is placed in a Cartesian coordinate system as
depicted in Fig. 3.8. A plane and parallel polarized TEM wave impinges from the vacuum onto
the boundary. The wave vector lies in the yz-plane and the incident angle (with respect to the
normal vector) is 63.43 . The incident angle is the Brewster angle.
Figure 3.8: Dielectric half space

a) What is the physical meaning of the Brewster angle?
b) Determine the permittivity r of the dielectric space.
Now, the incident angle is 0 and the dielectric space has a finite thickness of d = 30 mm (see
Fig. 3.9).

c) Compute the first 3 frequencies, at which the total reflected energy will be zero.
Now a metalization is on the top of the dielectric slab (see Fig. 3.10). The wave impinges from
z < 0 with an incident angle of 45 .
Figure 3.10: Dielectric slab with top metallization

d) Sketch the angles of the incident, reflected and transmitted waves.

14
Electrodynamics
3.5
Problem 5
A plane TEM wave with a frequency of 2.5 GHz impinges onto a dielectric slab with a relative
permittivity of r = 3.3 and a thickness d. The incident angle is i = 60 .
Figure 3.11: Dielectric slab of thickness d with relative dielectric permittivity r
a) Calculate and sketch the incident, reflected and transmitted angles of the wave.
b) Determine the thickness of the slab so that the wave is completely transmitted (independent
of the polarization).
Now the slab is slanted by an angle .
c) Regarding the incident plane from a), what kind of polarization should the wave have to be
totally transmitted independent of the thickness of the slab? Calculate the angle .
Now the wave passes six dielectric layers of equal thickness d but different relative dielectric
permittivities as depicted in Fig. 3.12. The incident angle is still i = 60 . The wave comes from
the left hand side.
d) Sketch the way of the wave through the dielectric layers. Use Fig. 3.12 for your sketch.

15
Electrodynamics
Figure 3.12: Dielectric slab with 6 layers of equal thickness d but different relative dielectric
permittivities r . The wave comes from the left hand side

16
Electrodynamics
3.6
Problem 6
A plane, linearly polarized TEM wave impinges from vacuum onto a dielectric half space with
a relative dielectric permittivity r as depicted in Fig. 3.13. The incident angle is i and the
incident plane is the xy-plane. The transmitted power of the wave is given in Fig. 3.14 and 3.15
for two kinds of polarization and two different values of the relative dielectric permittivity (r,1
and r,2 ).
Figure 3.13: TEM wave impinges from vacuum onto a dielectric half space with a relative dielectric
permittivity r
a) Explain Snells law.

b) Sketch the orientation of the electric and the magnetic field vectors which belong to Fig.
3.14 and to Fig. 3.15, respectively. How do we name the corresponding polarizations?
c) What is the physical meaning of the Brewster angle and how does the Brewster angle depend
on the frequency?
d) Now only the material with the relative permittivity r,2 is considered. How much power
will be reflected for both polarizations if the incident angle is the Brewster angle?
e) Give the relation of the relative permittivities (r,1 [=, , <, >] r,2 ).
f) Estimate the values of the relative permittivities r,1 and r,2 . Explain how you obtain your
results.
g) Now the incident angle is 30 . Estimate the reflection factor r for the relative permittivity
r,1 for both polarizations.

17
Electrodynamics
Figure 3.14: Transmitted power (polarization 1)
Figure 3.15: Transmitted power (polarization 2)

18
Electrodynamics
3.7
Problem 7
The signal sent by the antenna of an airborne radar is described by its magnetic field:

20 x
20 x
8 t
8 t
~
H = 0.4 sin 20 10
~ey + 0.2 sin 20 10
~ez
s
3 m
s
3 m
A
m
a) Explain why this is a plane wave.

b) Determine the direction of propagation and the phase velocity and the group velocity of the
wave.
~ of the wave as well as its polarization. Are the two electric
c) Determine the electric field E
field components in phase?
d) Determine the average power density that is transmitted by the radar antenna.
The radar antenna is to be housed within a radome that would be made of dielectric material
r1 , as shown in Fig.3.16. Fig.3.17 shows the real part of the wave number k0 for the available
dielectric materials.
Figure 3.16: Radome for an airborne radar
e) Determine which of the dielectric materials shown in Fig.3.17 would be

most suitable to achieve a low reflection, broadband free of dispersion radome.
f) What is the frequency range where the
material from part (e) is free of dispersion?
Figure 3.17: Behavior of dielectric materials
g) For maximum power transmission conditions through the radome, determine the radome
thicknesses d , using r1 from part (e).
h) What happens regarding power reflection at I1 if the thickness d is doubled?

19
Electrodynamics
3.8
Problem 8
V
A homogeneous, TEM, plane wave of an amplitude 5 m
propagates at 5 GHz in free space in
positive z-direction. The wave is linearly polarized along the y-axis and varies harmonically.
~
a) Write down the time domain expression of the electric field vector E.
~ of the given wave.
b) Express the average power density S
Now, the propagating wave impinges on the
dielectric slab shown in Fig.3.18.
c) Discuss briefly how a finite thickness dielectric slab can be transparent for an RFSignal.
d) Determine the thickness d of the slab so
that there is no reflection at an incident
angle of 0 .
e) What are the operating frequency and
the operating wavelength inside the dielectric slab.
f) Sketch the path of the wave through
the multilayer dielectric slab shown in
Fig.3.19 for an incident angle of 45 ,
starting from the left. Calculate all refraction angles.
Figure 3.19: Multilayer dielectric slab

20
Electrodynamics
3.9
Problem 9
For each correct answer you get 0.5 points, for each incorrect answer you lose 0.5 points. You can
leave one or more questions unanswered in that case you neither gain nor lose points. Your total
score for this problem cannot be less than zero. Please write only T for True and F for False.
a) Faradays law,
~ d~s =
E
t
~ dA,
~ telling us that the net potential difference does
B
only depend on the rate of change of the magnetic flux, is independent of the mediums
material parameters.
b) Increasing the relative permittivity r of a medium does increase the displacement current.
c) The relaxation time relax for a perfect conductor is zero.
d) Ampere was able to explain the wave propagation in free space.
e) The skin depth of an ideal insulator is infinity.
f) For plane waves, the wave vector is perpendicular to the phase planes and is a function of
time.
g) TEM waves can be either homogeneous or non-homogeneous waves.
h) The following wave is RHCP (Right Hand Circular Polarized).
~ t) = E0 cos(t kz) e~x + E0 sin(t kz) e~y
E(z,
i) A monotone signal may encounter dispersion.
j) The maximum transmission through a dielectric slab is achieved when its thickness d is
exactly equal d = 20 .
3.10
Problem 10
The half space z 0 is filled with a lossless dielectric material with a relative permittivity r
and a relative permeability of r = 1 (see Fig. 3.20). A linearly polarized plane wave impinges
onto the dielectric surface with an incident angle i . Figure 3.21 shows the square of the reflection coefficient versus incident angle for two orthogonal polarizations (parallel and perpendicular
polarization).
a) Sketch the electric and the magnetic field components (incident, reflected and transmitted
components) for parallel and for perpendicular polarization.
1P
b) Which curve in Fig. 3.21 belongs to the parallel polarization and which one to the perpendicular polarization? Explain your answer.
1P
c) Determine the relative permittivity r of the dielectric medium.
1P
d) Sketch precisely the power, that is transmitted into the dielectric medium, versus the incident
angle i for both polarizations. Make use of Fig. 3.21.
1P

21
Electrodynamics
Figure 3.20: Dielectric half

space.
Figure 3.21: Squared reflection coefficient at a dielectric half space.

e) How would the curves in Fig. 3.21 change, if the relative permittivity of the dielectric
medium would change to r,new = 2? Sketch precisely the squared reflection coefficient
versus incident angle i for this case for both polarizations.
2P
Hint:
rpol 1 =
rpol 2 =
tan (2 1 )
tan (2 + 1 )
sin (2 1 )
sin (2 + 1 )

22
Electrodynamics
Hertzian Dipole
4.1
Problem 1
A Hertzian dipole is oriented in x-direction and is put into the origin of the cartesian coordinate
system. The dipole has the infinitesimal small height h and an electric current amplitude I. The
current varies harmonically.
a) Calculate all electric and magnetic field components at any point P except the origin of
~ with B
~ = curl A
~ and
the coordinate system. Make use of the magnetic vector potential A
~
express A in spherical coordinates first.
b) Simplify the field components of the electric and magnetic field under far field conditions.
4.2
Problem 2
0
The orientation of a Hertzian dipole is ~n = 1 . This dipole is put into the origin of the
0
cartesian coordinate system. The dipole has an infinitesimally small height h and an electric
current amplitude I. The current varies harmonically.
a) Calculate all magnetic field components at every point P except the origin of the coordinate
~ with B
~ = curl A
~ and express A
~ in
system. Make use of the magnetic vector potential A
spherical coordinates first. Give the formula, which will used to calculate the electric field
components.
b) Explain how the electric and magnetic field components depend on the radial distance r in
the near field and in the far field.
c) Does the Hertzian dipole have a directivity? Please sketch the radiation characteristic of
the dipole in the xy-plane and in the xz-plane.

23
Electrodynamics
4.3
Problem 3
A dipole is put into the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system. The dipole has a height h
and an
current amplitude I that varies harmonically. The orientation of the dipole is
electric
1
~n = 0 . The dipole transmits a signal, which is received by another dipole with the same
0
dimensions positioned at a distance of 100 m. The far field conditions are fulfulled.
a) Explain the way of calculation of the radiated electromagnetic fields.
b) How do the fields depend on the distance?
c) Determine the polarization of the transmit antenna.
Fig. 4.22 - 4.25 show different orientations of the receive antenna.
Figure 4.22: Orientation of the receive antenna is ~ex
Figure 4.23: Orientation of the receive antenna

is ~ey
Figure 4.24: Orientation of the receive antenna is ~ez
Figure 4.25: Orientation of the receive antenna

ez
is ~ex+~
2
d) Regarding the received power, what is the optimal orientation of the receive antenna?
e) How much power is received by the other three combinations compared to the optimal one
of task d)?

24
Electrodynamics
4.4
Problem 4
A dipole is put into the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system and is oriented in z-direction.
The dipole has a length l with l and an electric current amplitude I. The current varies
harmonically.
a) Sketch the radiation characteristic of the dipole in the xy-plane and in the yz-plane.
b) Specify the polarization of the dipole.
c) Which field components of the electric field and of the magnetic field do exist in the near
field and which do exist in the far field (both in spherical coordinates)?
d) How does the radiated power density in the far field depend on the spherical coordinates
(r, , )?
4.5
Problem 5
A Hertzian dipole with the height h << is placed in the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system.
The dipole is oriented along the x-axis and fed with a harmonically varying current with the
amplitude I.
Figure 4.26: Hertzian dipole in a Cartesian coordinate system
a) Explain the way of the calculation of the electric and magnetic fields generated by the
Hertzian dipole.
b) Sketch the radiation characteristic of the dipole in the yz-plane and in the xy-plane.
c) Which components of the electric and of the magnetic field do exist in the far field of the
dipole (in spherical coordinates)?
Hint: No calculations are necessary
d) How do the components of the electromagnetic field depend on the distance to the dipole
in the far field and how does the power density depend on the distance of the dipole?

25
Electrodynamics
4.6
Problem 6
A Hertzian dipole with a height h is oriented in the z-direction and placed at a point
P = (0, 0, a) with a < 10

in a Cartesian coordinate system as depicted in Fig. 4.27.
Figure 4.27: Hertzian dipole in a Cartesian coordinate system

~ and the electric scalar potential are also called retarded
a) The magnetic vector potential A
potentials. Explain what retardation physically means.
b) Specify the polarization of the Hertzian dipole.
c) Which components of the electric and of the magnetic field do exist in the far field (in
spherical coordinates)?
d) Sketch the radiation characteristic of the dipole in the xy-plane and in the xz-plane.
e) Explain the way of calculation of the electric and magnetic fields generated by the Hertzian
dipole.

26
Electrodynamics
4.7
Problem 7
A loop antenna consists of a circular loop with the radius R << in the xy-plane.
Figure 4.28: Loop antenna in the Cartesian coordinate system

~ of the small loop antenna in the far field is given as
a) The magnetic vector potential A
~ =
A
ejkr
jkI R2 sin ~e
4
r
Calculate the magnetic and the electric field components in the far field.
Hint:
curl F~
1
r sin

(F sin ) F
~er +

Fr
1 (r F )
1

~e +
r sin
r
r

1
(r F ) Fr
~e
r
r
b) Sketch the radiation characteristic of the loop antenna in the xy-plane and in the yz-plane.
Hint: Use the results from a).
c) A Hertzian dipole receives the signal transmitted by the given loop antenna. Which orientation should the Hertzian dipole have to receive the maximum signal power? Explain.

27
Electrodynamics
4.8
Problem 8
The antenna system shown in Fig.4.29 consists

of a Loop antenna and a Hertzian dipole of radius R = 1 cm and length L = 1 cm, respectively. The Loop antenna is fed with a phasor
current IL = Io e j 2 while the Hertzian dipole
is fed with a phasor current IH = Io e j 2 . The

root mean square of
both currents is given as
IL,rms = IH,rms = 2 A. Both antennas operate at 100 MHz.
The magnetic vector potentials for the Loop
~ L and the Hertzian dipole A
~ H are
antenna A
given, respectively, as follows:
Figure 4.29: Antenna System
2
jkr
~ L = jk IL R e
A
sin ~e
4
r
jkr
~ H = IH L e
A
(cos ~er sin ~e )
4
r
~ in the far field, for the complete antenna system in

a) Express the magnetic field vector H,
spherical coordinates.
~ in the far field, for the complete antenna system in
b) Express the electric field vector E,
spherical coordinates. Hint: no curl operation is needed if you solved part (a).
c) Express the average power density radiated by the antenna at a distance r in the far field.
d) Sketch the radiation characteristic of the antenna system in the xy-plane and xz-plane as
well.
e) Discuss the role of the retarded potentials in the simplification of field vectors calculation.
Hint:
1
As
109
36
Vm
7 Vs
= 4 10
Am
o
o
~ F~ = curl F~ (r, , ) =

(sin F ) F
1
~er +
r sin

1 Fr
1 (rF )
+
~e +
r sin
r r

1 (rF ) 1 Fr
+
~e
r r
r

28
Electrodynamics
4.9
Problem 9
Two Hertzian dipoles, fed with harmonically varying identical currents (i.e., of the same amplitude
and of the same phase), are given.
a) What polarization does a Hertzian dipole own? Why?
b) Can an arrangement of the given two Hertzian dipoles bring out a circularly polarized wave?
If yes, how?
c) Can an arrangement of the given two Hertzian dipoles bring out an elliptically polarized
wave? If yes, how?
Note:
Rationalize your answers using graphical demonstrations and mathematical

equations as well.

29
Electrodynamics
4.10
Problem 10
A set of antenna systems is given as shown in Fig.4.30. All antennas, either dipole or loop
antennas, are fed with identical currents, i.e., the same amplitude and the same phase. The
Hertzian dipoles are of length L << and the loop antennas are of radius R << , where is
the operating wavelength.
(a) Hertzian dipole and loop anten-
(b) 2 loop antennas
(c) 2 Hertzian dipoles
na
Figure 4.30: Available antenna systems

a) Discuss briefly the meaning of the radiation characteristic.
b) Depict the radiation characteristics of the far fields in the xy-plane as well as the yz-plane
for each of the shown antenna system in Fig.4.30.
c) What is the polarization of the radiated waves for each antenna system shown in Fig.4.30?
The electric field strength in the far field of a Hertzian dipole oriented along the z-axis and centered
at the origin of the coordinate system is given by
~ ) = Eo e
E(r,
jkr
sin ~e
r
while the magnetic field strength of a Hertzian dipole oriented along the x-axis and centered at
the origin of the coordinate system is given by
jkr
~ , ) = Eo e
H(r,
[sin ~e + cos cos ~e ]
ZF r
d) Express the electric and the magnetic field vectors in the far field of the shown antenna
system in Fig.4.30a.
~ radiated by the antenna system in Fig.4.30a at a
e) Express the average power density S
distance r in the far field.
4.11
Problem 11
A Hertzian dipole is oriented in z-direction and is positioned at the origin of a Cartesian coordinate
system. The dipole has a very small height h (i.e., h ) and is excited with a harmonically
varying electric current of magnitude I.

30
Electrodynamics
a) Calculate the magnetic field components for all points P except the origin of the coordinate
~
system. Make use of the magnetic vector potential A.
3P
b) Simplify the magnetic field components under near field conditions.
1P
c) Simplify the magnetic field components under far field conditions.
1P
d) Which components does the electric field have under far field conditions?
1P
Now, in addition to the first dipole, a second Hertzian dipole is put into the origin. Its orientation
is in the y-direction. It is fed with the same current I (i.e., the same magnitude and the same
phase) as the first dipole.
e) Sketch the radiation characteristics in the x-y-plane and in the y-z-plane. Give the direction(s) of maximum radiation.
1P

31
Electrodynamics
Maxwells Equations - Solution
1.1
Solution 1
a) See lecture notes.

b)
= 3.88 106 m
c)
x = 17.87 m
d)
= 2.12 107 m
Explanation see lecture notes.
1.2
Solution 2
a) Derivation see lecture notes.

~ =
E
~
~
E
2E
+
t
t
b)
~
~ 0 (x, y, z) ej(t+kz z)
E(x,
y, z) = E
c) See lecture notes.
1.3
Solution 3
a) Explanation see lecture notes.
div J~ =
t
b) Explanation see lecture notes.
1.4
Solution 4
a) Explanation see lecture notes.

b)
~ =
H
~
2H
t2
Harmonic fields:
~ = 2 H
~
H

32
Electrodynamics

d) See lecture notes.
e) See lecture notes.
f) See lecture notes.
1.5
Solution 5
a) See manuscript.
b) See manuscript.
c) r = 9.
d) See manuscript.
e) The displacement current density is given as follows:
~
D
A
= 0.28 cos (108 t z)~ex
t
m2
~ 1.11 107 sin (108 t z)~ey
B
Vs
m2
f)
~ 2 = 1 8.85 1010 sin (108 t z)~ex C
D
9
m2
~ 2 = 106 sin (108 t z)~ey
B
1.6
Vs
m2
Solution 6
a) See manuscript.
b) See manuscript.
c) See manuscript.
d) See manuscript.
e)
1 GHz 2.7 m
100 GHz 0.27 m
e)
d 6.22 m

33
Electrodynamics
1.7
Solution 7
See Manuscript.
1.8
Solution 8
See Manuscript.

34
Electrodynamics
Plane Wave - Solution
2.1
Solution 1

b)
= 10.6 mm
c)
0
~k =
0
1
592.38 m
d)
ZF
= 266.6
e)
vph = 212 106
m
s
f) See lecture notes.

g)
V ejkz z
1m
~ =
E
0
0
~ =
H

0
V
1m
jkz z
1
e
266.6
0
h)
4.69 mW
2.2
Solution 2

b)
f
= 5 GHz

35
Electrodynamics
c)
~k = 209.4 1 (~ex )
m
d)
ZF
= 188.5
e)
vph = 1.5 108
m
s
f)
0
~ =
0
E
V
jk
x
x
2 m e
~ =
H
g)
V
2m
ejkx x ~ey
ZF
i)
P
= 0W
ii)
P
2.3
= 31.83 mW
Solution 3
a) Right-handed elliptical polarization. Direction of propagation: negative z-direction.

b)
1
m
~k = 800 1 (~ez )
m
k = 800
c)
r = 2.5
d)
ZF
= 238.44
e)
= 7.85 mm
f)
~ =
H
V cos(t + 800z)
2m
1
V cos(t + 800z)
4 m
2
ZF
0

36
Electrodynamics
2.4
Solution 4
a)
2f
1
k = =
r = 88.86
c0
m
~k = k ~ex
b)
= 7.07 cm
c)
ZF
= 177.72
d)
|Ez | 5
V
m
e)

0
V
~ = 5 ejt ejkx x 0
E
m
1
0
A
~ = 0.029 ejt ejkx x 1
H
m
0
f)
0
0
V
V
~ = 5 ejt ejkx x ej 2 = 5 ejt ejkx x 1

E
m
m
1
ej 2
2.5
Solution 5
a)
f
= 10GHz
b)
ZF
= 188.5
c)
E0 1
V
m

37
Electrodynamics
d)

0
1
~ = E0 cos(t + kx) 1
E
5
2
~ =
H
0
E0
cos(t + kx) 2
5ZF
1
e)
2
E
~
S(t)
= 0 cos2 (t + kx) ~ex
ZF
f)
~ =
S
o
1 n~
~ = 1
< EH
2
T
~
S(t)dt
2
~ = 1 E0 ~e
S
x
2 ZF
2.6
Solution 6
a)
ZF
= 243.35
b)
k = 1946.77
1
m
c)
E0 = 5
V
m
H0 = 20.55
mA
m
d)
k
~ = E0 ejt ej 2 (y+z) (~ex )

E
~ = E 0 ~ex :
For E
~ =
H
0
k
E0
j
(y+z)
2
ejt e
1
ZF 2
1

38
Electrodynamics
~ = E 0 ~ex :
For E
~ =
H
e)
0
k
E0
j (y+z)
2
ejt e
1
ZF 2
1
i) Linearly polarized.
ii) Circular polarized.
iii) Elliptically polarized.
2.7
Solution 7
a) See manuscript.
b) See manuscript.
c)
D 11.83 m
d) First:The fisherman has to move a distance 11.83 m towards the fish.
Second:The fisherman has to move 5.42 m away the fish.
e) The position where the fisherman moves D distance towards the fish, provides the minimum
reflection at the water surface, as 85% of the total power gets transmitted and only 15%
gets reflected.
f) See manuscript.
2.8
1P
Solution 8
a) See manuscript.
b) The wave is linearly polarized.
The wave propagates in +y-axis.
c) The operational frequency is 1.5 GHz.
1
The wave number k is 10 m
.
d)
~ =
H
h
h
t
y i
t
y i
5
2
cos 3 109 10
~ex
cos 3 109 10
~ez
120
s
m
120
s
m
A
m
e)
vph = 3 108 m/s
f) r = 60 and t = 22.8
g)
h
i
h
t
y i
~ = 2 cos 3 109 t 10 y
E
~ex + 7 cos 3 109 10
~ez
s
m
s
m

V
m
39
Electrodynamics
h)
~ =
H
h
h
5
t
y i
2
t
y i
cos 3 109 10
~ex
cos 3 109 10
~ez
120
s
m
120
s
m
A
m
i) At Brewster angle B 65.9
2.9
Solution 9
a) ZF 266.57
2.12 mm
b) k 2.96x103 /m
~k 2.96x103 /m ~ez
c) Vph 2.12x108 m/s
~ 93.78 mW/m2 ~ez
d) S
e) Eo 5 V/m
Ho 18.76 mA/m
~
f) E(z,
t) = 5 cos(2x100x109 t s 2.96x103 z m)~ex + 5 cos(2x100x109 t s 2.96x103 z m 2 )~ey V/m
~
H(z,
t) = 18.76 cos(2x100x109 t s 2.96x103 z m 2 )~ex + 18.76 cos(2x100x109 t s 2.96x103 z m)~ey
mA/m

40
Electrodynamics
Reflection and Transmission - Solution
3.1
Solution 1
a) The incident plane is the x-z plane.

i,1 = 30
r,1 = 30
t,1 = 14, 48
i,2 = 14, 48
r,2 = 14, 48
t,2 = 30
b)
m = 1 d = 6.25 103 m
m = 2 d = 12.5 103 m
c)
i) The resulting wave is perpendicular polarized. The incident angle of this wave is 15
degrees.
ii) Elliptical polarized, direction of propagation: ~k1 + ~k2 .

iii) See lecture notes and additional literature. Note the reflection and transmission coefficients of perpendicular and parallel polarized waves.

41
Electrodynamics
3.2
a)
Solution 2
i)
i,1 = 45
r,1 = 45
t,1 = 20.7
ii)
~k2 = k ~ez
b)
i)
i = 63.4
ii)
f1 = 3 GHz
f2 = 6 GHz
f3 = 9 GHz
For an incident angle i 6= 0 we get:
f
m c0
p
2d r sin2 i
c) Incident, reflection and refraction angles:

i,1 = 45
r,1 = 45
t,1 = 20.7
r,2 = 20.7
t,2 = 45

42
Electrodynamics
3.3
Solution 3
a) Incident, reflected and refracted angles:
i,1 = r,1 = 45
t,1 22.2
i,2 = t,1 22.2
r,2 = i,2 22.2
t,2 = 45
1
b) The second wave has the direction of the wave number of ~k2 = k2 0 . The incident
1
angle is again 45 .
c)
d)
m=1
f1 = 3.2 GHz
m=2
f1 = 6.4 GHz
i. The sum wave is linear polarized. The plane of polarization is a plane parallel to the
yz-plane tilted by 4 .
ii. The sum wave is right-handed circular polarized.

43
Electrodynamics
3.4
Solution 4

b)
r = 4
c)
m=1
f1 = 2.5 GHz
m=2
f2 = 5 GHz
m=3
f3 = 7.5 GHz
d)

44
Electrodynamics
3.5
Solution 5
a)
i = r = 60
t,1 = 28.47
t,2 = i = 60
(3.1)
b)
d = 3.76 cm
c) Parallel polarized
total = 61.17
The slab should be slanted by the angle = 1.17 .

45
Electrodynamics
d)

46
Electrodynamics
3.6
Solution 6

b) Polarization of incident waves:

d) Parallel polarized wave: Pref l = 0.
Perpendicular polarized wave: Pref l = 69%.
e)
r,1 < r,2
f)
r,1 = 2
r,2 = 10
g)
Parallel polarization :
Perpendicular polarization :
3.7
r = 0.2
r||
= 0.141
Solution 7
a) See Manuscript.
b) The wave propagates in x-direction.

47
Electrodynamics
= 20 108
1
s
20 1
3
m
8 m
= 3 10
s
8 m
= 3 10
s
k =
vph
vg
c)

20
V
20
8
8
~
E = 24 sin 20 10 t
x ~ey + 48 sin 20 10 t
x + ~ez
3
3
m
The wave is linearly polarized. The electric field components are out of phase by .
d)
~ = 12 ~ex
S
W
m2
e) r = 2.
f) It is from 0.98 GHz to 1.55 GHz
d) d = 10.6 cm.
f) Nothing changes.
3.8
Solution 8
a)

100 z
9 t
~
E = 5 cos 10 10
~ey
s
3 m
V
m
b)
~ 33.2 ~ez mW/m2
S
c) See manuscript.
d)
d = 10.6 mm
e) The operational frequency is 5 GHz.
The operational wavelength is 2.12 cm.
f)
3.9
Solution 9
See manuscript.
3.10
Solution 10

48
Electrodynamics
Figure 3.1: Multilayer dielectric slab
Hertzian Dipole - Solution
4.1
Solution 1
a)
~ =
A
Ih
ejkr
r
sin cos
cos cos
sin
Magnetic field:
~ =
H
1
~
curlA
Hr = 0
H =
H =

1
jk
2
r
r

Ih
1
jk
jkr
cos cos e
2
4
r
r
Ih
sin ejkr
4
Electric field:
~ =
E
1
~
curlH
j

49
Electrodynamics
r
1
1
=
+
jr3 r2
r

Ih
1
jkr
=
cos cos e
2
j
j
4
r
r3
r
r

Ih
1
1
= sin ejkr 2
j
j
3
4
r
r
r

Ih
sin cos ejkr
2
Er
E
E
b) Far field means:
1
r
1
r2
1
r3
Er = 0
Hr = 0
4.2
H =
jk
Ih
sin ejkr
4
r
E =
H =
Ih
jk
cos cos ejkr
4
r
E =
Ih
j
cos cos ejkr
4
r
Ih
j
sin ejkr
4
r
Solution 2
a)
Ih
~ =
A
ejkr
r
sin sin
cos sin
cos
Magnetic field:
~ =
H
1
~
curlA
Hr = 0
H =
H =
Ih jkr
e
cos
4
jk
1
+ 2
r
r

Ih jkr
jk
1
e
cos sin 2
4
r
r
Electric field:
~ =
E
1
~
curl H
j

50
Electrodynamics
b) See lecture notes.

c) The Hertzian dipole has a directivity in xz-plane and no radiation in y-direction.

51
Electrodynamics
4.3
Solution 3

b) See lecture notes.
c) Linear polarized along the x-axis.
d) The best combination of the transmit and receive antennas:
e) The combination in figure below is also possible, though only a half of the power is received.
All other combinations does not receive any power.
4.4
Solution 4
Figure 4.2: Radiation characteristic of the dipole in the xy-plane and in the yz-plane
a)
b) The dipole is linear polarized along the z-axis.

52
Electrodynamics
c) Near field:
Hr = 0, H = 0, H 6= 0; Er 6= 0, E 6= 0, E = 0.
Far field:
Hr = 0, H = 0, H 6= 0; Er = 0, E 6= 0, E = 0.
d) The power depends on
the distance with the factor
1
r2
the amplitudes of the fields (|E| |H|)

the angle : sin2 (maximum for = 90 )
there is no dependency on .
4.5
Solution 5
a) See lecture notes or additional literature.

b) Radiation characteristic:
c) Magnetic vector field: Hr = 0, H 6= 0, H 6= 0.

Electric vector field: Er = 0, E 6= 0, E 6= 0.
~ 1 , |H|
~
d) |E|
r
~
|S|
1
r
1
r2

53
Electrodynamics
4.6
Solution 6
a) See lecture notes or additional literature.

b) Linearly polarized. Explanation see lecture notes or additional literature.
c) E and H .
d) The radiation characteristic of the Hertzian dipole:
e) See lecture notes.

54
Electrodynamics
4.7
Solution 7
a)
H =
k 2 ejkr
I R2 sin
4
r
E = ZF
k 2 ejkr
I R2 sin
4
r
b) Radiation characteristic of the loop antenna:
Figure 4.3: Radiation characteristic of the loop antenna

c) The Hertzian dipole should lay in the xy-plane (i. e. perpendicular to the z-axis). Explanation see lecture notes.
4.8
Solution 8
a)
"
#
j 2
j
kI
e
e
o
2
~ =
~e + L
~e e jkr sin A/m
H
R k
4
r
r
b)
"
~ = 30kIo
E
#
j 2
e j
e
L
~e + R2 k
~e e jkr sin V/m
r
r
c)
~ 2 1 sin2 ~er mW/m2
S
3 r2
d) See Fig.4.4
e) See manuscript.
4.9
Solution 9
See manuscript

55
Electrodynamics
(a) xy-plane Characteristic 1P
(b) xz-plane Characteristic 1P
Figure 4.4: Antenna System Radiation Characteristics
4.10
Solution 10
a) See manuscript.
b) The radiation characteristics are as in Fig.4.5.
3P
c) The three antenna systems radiate a linearly polarized wave.

d)
~ , ) = Eo e
E(r,
~ , ) =
H(r,
jkr
[cos cos ~e + (ZF sin sin ) ~e ]
Eo e jkr
[(sin ZF sin ) ~e + cos cos ~e ]
ZF r
d) The average power density is as follows:

Eo2 cos2 cos2 + (sin ZF sin )2
~
S=
~er W/m2
2ZF
r2

56
Electrodynamics
(a) Hertzian dipole and loop antenna (xy-plane)(b) Hertzian dipole and loop antenna (yz-plane)
(c) 2 loop antennas (xy-plane)
(d) 2 loop antennas (yz-plane)
(e) 2 Hertzian dipoles (xy-plane)
(f) 2 Hertzian dipoles (yz-plane)
Figure 4.5: Antenna systems radiation characteristics
4.11
Solution 11

57
Electrodynamics
(a) xy-plane radiation pattern
(b) yz-plane radiation pattern

58

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Electrodynamics Additional Problems

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Institute for Telecommunications and High-Frequency Techniques

RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Last update: July 25th , 2011

e) What is the physical meaning of the skin depth ?

~ in a nonmagnetic dielectric region of the space z < 0 is given as:

An antenna measurement chamber is isolated using an Aluminum plate of conductivity = 36 106

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

b) Calculate the characteristic wave impedance.

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Figure 2.1: Microwave Gun Fisherman

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Now, the given wave impinges on a nonmagnetic dielectric material of r = 5 with an

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Reflection and Transmission

Figure 3.3: Dielectric slab in Cartesian coordinate system

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

a) A slanted dielectric half space with infinite

Figure 3.5: Dielectric slab

Figure 3.6: Dielectric slab with a metal cover

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Figure 3.7: Dielectric slab in Cartesian coordinate system

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Figure 3.8: Dielectric half space

Figure 3.9: Dielectric slab

Figure 3.10: Dielectric slab with top metallization

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Figure 3.11: Dielectric slab of thickness d with relative dielectric permittivity r

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

a) Explain Snells law.

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Figure 3.14: Transmitted power (polarization 1)

Figure 3.15: Transmitted power (polarization 2)

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

a) Explain why this is a plane wave.

Figure 3.16: Radome for an airborne radar

e) Determine which of the dielectric materials shown in Fig.3.17 would be

Figure 3.19: Multilayer dielectric slab

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Figure 3.20: Dielectric half

Figure 3.21: Squared reflection coefficient at a dielectric half space.

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Figure 4.22: Orientation of the receive antenna is ~ex

Figure 4.23: Orientation of the receive antenna

Figure 4.24: Orientation of the receive antenna is ~ez

Figure 4.25: Orientation of the receive antenna

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Figure 4.26: Hertzian dipole in a Cartesian coordinate system

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

P = (0, 0, a) with a < 10

Figure 4.27: Hertzian dipole in a Cartesian coordinate system

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

Figure 4.28: Loop antenna in the Cartesian coordinate system

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory

The antenna system shown in Fig.4.29 consists

current IL = Io e j 2 while the Hertzian dipole

is fed with a phasor current IH = Io e j 2 . The

Figure 4.29: Antenna System

~ in the far field, for the complete antenna system in

c 2011, University of Bremen, RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory