Application Manual for Power Semiconductors

Application Manual
Power Semiconductors
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Switching Process Waveform Equivalent Circuit
passive OFF
active OFF
passive ON
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ON OFF
Hard Switching
Soft Switching
Resonant Switching
Neutral Switching
HS HS
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NS NS
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Galvanic
Isolation Driver
Power Semiconductor Devices
(e.g. MOSFETs; IGBTs; Diodes)
Control
Unit
Power
Supply
GI1
GI2
A
B
L
L
L
L
INT EXT
CC
External
Snubbers
or
Parasitics
Internal
Parasitics
EXT
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C_
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iv S S
current-unidirectional current-bidirectional
AGTO
DR
DR
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RC-IGBT
SGTO
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DR DR
DR DR
DR DR
SGTO
DR
DR
voltage-unidirectional
(forward blocking)
voltage-bidirectional
(forward and reverse blocking)
SGTO = Symmetrical GTO
AGTO = Asymmetrical GTO
DR = Driver
RC-IGBT = Reverse Conducting IGBT
DR
C_
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Series Resonant Converter

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_______
_)____
_______)___________)________________________ _________!____-)_______)_____!
_____)__/___+____
______)!_____!__F__*_!_____________!)___O___*_____F_____F______/_______F_____ _____
_!____
____!_____!)________
_C_
____:_<_<____*__!_-_!_!_________________________________________)_*_____!
___________
______!________________+___________)__________________________________)_*_____!
__________+_
___*_______)_*______________>__))___*_____!__________+_!______________________!
_______
________ )_*___ ____ ___ _______!__+_ _________ ____ _______ ___!_ ___ ____ __ ___ F
_______F_ ___!_
________)_________ ___
_
100
1000
10000
10 100 1000 10000
[V]
MOSFET
IGBT
GTO
Thyristor
3600 6000
Current [A]
Discrete devices Modules Discs

Voltage
C_
____:_<_<_ ______________________
____!___________________)_*_____!__________
_C_
____ :_<_:_2_ ___*__ __!!___ _*_____
_ ___>______ ___
___ ____ ________ )
_*___ __!____________
C_
____:_<_:_2__________________________))________/____________!____
_
:_._____
<7
__'.__0_#__________1________)_________________2__________!
____)_________!)____________F!____!___
___F____!_____)_*_________!_______>__)!___*_____!____!______
___*_____
_)_____!________
______ _______!_________________$_+________)___________________)____________)_*___!
_______
_
C_
____:_<_:_ _2_"*_____ ____>_________
_2_A_______))____________________!___S<T
_______________)_*_____!__________L_
_"________!_____
____+________________________*________)_*_____!
___________________)_*___
$&"C#__ 0_______ _+_-____ ____!___________/______ _0______
___________2+_'_&_0_1____ _______ _+____2_ _________
_____'A__0_#___
______1_____;__!!_______________2________!
_____!)______)__________________
________________________!!______))__________A_!)_____________*________)_*_____!_____
______+_____________________'_&_________+__#1_________+_/0___________!
________))________
______
__+_______________________________________________________+__)_______*_____________
+_
__!)_________+_______*_____
__!______+______>_____+_____________*__*_____
_____________)___
__________$&"C#_______'.______ ________
_______!____/________!
____________________!)____
________!)_________*_)_______
______+_!____))__________________________!__<;______)_*_____!
___________*______________)__
___
_____ ___ __ __
___'_____ _____ ________ ___ <34B+_ __ *___"#$_% &__*___
_________ __!_
__!!________________/_____!_________!
______________________________________)_________________
___________!)______0__
___'.__________*______
______+_________________________/_________2+_____
!______!)______0__
___!)_________________________2_______________)________________0F_____
__
___)_*___!______FO__$2+______>______
____)_______________
____________________
_____+______)_____ __)_*______
__+_)____________)_*_
___!___________
_____ _!____ ____________________+_________
__________________________)___
_____6;U_!________________________________________________
_____________________________
______________!___!__________)__________*________________!___________!
____)_)______________
______ ___ __+_ _)___ ___!_ _____ ____!___+_ ____ _____ F___ ____F+_ *____)______
__________ _________
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__________
____________*___________________)_________
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>________0B;VB;;__(H2+_*_________________)_*___!______________________*__!)________
__________*__
____)____*__________________+________+____________________))______________________
/
_______________________+_)_*___$&"C#_______'._+__________________>_____________*__
____ _
______+__________________)!________________________._____________>____!
________________
_____ _____ ___________)__+_____________!____________________________________)!
______)_*___
__!____________________!!_______________*_?
:_._____
<B
____________________
______"___________________*_?
__ __________ _____*_____ _)_____!_____0______+_____
_2
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_
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______________O________
__ _A___________
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______ ____________________*__________*_?_
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_____________
__ ___*___!__________!________0__ __*________ _)_!_______2
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__ _(_ ____)__!___________)__!)___________________________0_______________)_____2
__ _C______________0_______________)_____2
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__ ___*_!___________!)___________!_____ __________0 A__'._+_#"._2
__ __!)____________________)_________________________________!_____________
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_
__ ________________!_______)_*_________ ___)_______
__ __!)____!_______________)_____0________________+______)___+_________2
__ __________)______))_____________
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____________ _____
)___ _!_____________*_)____
__
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__ _&)_!____________________________________________________
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__ _ ________ ___ )____
__
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_C_
____:_<_6____*___________)_*___!_________
____________
_
Module concept:
Power semiconductor soldered and bonded
Sub-
IPM +
Controller +
bus interfaces
Standard
modules
Switching,
Insulation
Modules +
Driver +
Protection
Solder
Chip
Bond wire
systems
IPM +
Controller +
Switches,
Insulation
IPM
Protection
Solder
Chip
Bond wire
C_
:_._____
<8
____:_<_6__ __*___!_________ ____________
_$____ __!)__-_ _______

___+_ _!______ __!__________ _________ ____ )_______ )_______
_______ ____
________________
____)__)_________!______)_*_____!____________*________)__________!
______
_________C_____________+__________________________!__________!_______+_*_______
____________
______<3B;_+_*___)_________________________________________________/____!
____)_______
______+____F________________
_______F_________________0"_A2_____
_____!
________0'__2________!____
_______________________A_!)______________+________)____________ ________
____
_)___*_______
________________________+________
______!)___________*______*_______________________*_____
_
______+___ ____)__!___________)__!)_______+______________________________________
_______:_<_<_________>_______________________!_______)___!_____S:T+_C_
____:_<_7____*_____
_!)_______________!_______)__)______
_______
____ ____ _26'__;_ _1___
_.___ _)_____
__ _#_ _ __1_ _<_<:_ _6_:8_ _6_63_
_________________ _____ __!__6_ _<_7W<;__<;_ _5_:W<;__3_ _<_3W<;__<;_
_.______*__/_____________ _#___ _$1O_!_ _;_:6_ _:_:_ _6_6_
_#_______!_______ _____ __!XO1__ _<+7;;_ _3B;_ _<+B;;_
______________ ______ __!O__ _<;_4_ _:_4W<;_4_ _:_BW<;_4_
__________________ _____ ___ _<<_5_ _3_4_ _3_;_
_(______________ ___ __O_!%_ _<_B_ _6_5_ _<_6_
______:_<_<__ __________
_______)__)_____
_)___!__________!______________________?_____!)__________!
Dielectric
Constant
Breakdown
Electric Field
Bandgap
Thermal
Conductivity
Saturation
Velocity
Determines
temperature limit for
device operation
Determines BV vs.
Specific Ron trade-of
GaN for devices design
4H-SiC Si
Relates to devices
carrier transported
switching speed
Determines heat
dissipation characteristic
in power design
100.0
10.0
1.0
0.1
C_
____:_<_7_ _!)_______________)________)___!__________!__________!________S6T
______+__________!
____*____)____________"_A+___*____+______________________/______)_________
___________!_________________)____________/_______________>___________!______________
_____
____0!____)_)__2+__________________________)_!_!
_*_______H__________)_*_______________________
______"______________)___________5Y_*______________________________Z_;_<;O_!
X+_________________
____"_A_*______*________!_______7Y_________________!_
________
___+_!
___)____
___________!)____
______"___'__+_*________)________
____)______)__)__________"_A+_______________!
__________)__
____________!)__________________________!________!)________________))______"_________!
_______
:_._____
<4
________________+_'_____!)______!________)____________________!_____!!____)___________
______!________________"_A_"_____________
_&*__ _____________________)!_____
_____"__)_*_____!
__________+__________________________
__________________!__________!____________$&"C#_______'.____________
_____
__[_<;;;_1__
___________ _____ _+_*________ _)___!__________!____________!
__________________!)_________
,_______
__________)_*_____!___________________GC#__0,_______
___/____________________2+_
__)___________________________+_*_______$&"____________________________)____________
__!)__
_____*______ ________
________))______
_&*__ _____ __!___________+_)_*_____!___________!_______F*________
_)_!
_______F__________
/____________!_______))_________*_______)_____________
____/________________!___!
_!_________
_____________>_____+____*___________))_________*_______>____!____M___
___!)______+_____ _____
___>______M__________!__*___"__)_*_____!____________
________________________/_____!____!__________ ______)_*_____!___________!
_______"_A____
'___________________________!)_____+________
__ ___*________________*_____
_______
__ ___ ___________ _____ __
__ ___ ____)________)_*___________
__ ___ ____)__!_________)_____
__!)_______
__ _________*_____ __!__+___
_____*_____ ____>_______+
_______________)____
__
___________________)________!)_________________
___
,&,_ _@_______ _ ____

,&,&*_ _.__ _ _________
_
_A________!____
Anode
Cathode
_
,&,&*&*_ _1_______
____
_/___________ __
____________________D__*_*____________/___________________*______________
_._"__________
__
____________________D__*_*____________/___________________ ______________
______ ________
____!_________*___________*___________0_____________2_D__*__
_;_
____ ________
____!___________*___________*___________0_____________2_D__*___
_+_'_ _
_______
_=____________
>_
_A______D__*__
_______*______________
_+_'_ _
__"_ ____=_______"_
___>
_1___ ___))_______*_________!__________________________*____________
:_._____
<5
_._"__________
_A______D__*__
____ ________ _________ ___ __ ______ ___ _______
_ ____ __
0________ ____
_2__ ___ ___ ____
_________________)__________
___)____+______________)_________!_____!_______
______!___*_____
______+__A_____
_____________________!______!_______)____________!______!
________________
__
_A_____
_+_______!)___________________)______________)__,_________________)_________
______________________)_____
____________ __________
_____
_+______*_________)____________ _____
___)____!
__________*______)________________________*________________)__________)__________
!______!_______
_____________________)_________D_______________*________________________
0C_ ____:_:_<2__
_
measured voltage v
reverse
current i
reverse current i at v r r
capacitive hysteresis
vr
C_
____
____:_:_<_ .______
______________*_____)________)____
_______________A_!______!
_________"_ ____=__"_____"_
___>_
_1___ ___))_______*_________!__________________________
,&,&*&,_ __ __
__________
______________
_ ___/_________________!)______*___*____!____________________________________
__________
________________!!__________________
_______________0C_ ____:_:_:2_
_
Conducting area
Threshold voltage
Forward direction
Reverse
direction
Break through Blocking area
Equivalent slope
resistance
V
I
C_
____:_:_:_ A__________ ________________________/__________*_______ ___________+_
______O____ _____________>______________________
______+______!________________________________________
_______)________!
_____________________
!_____________________________________!______*___________*_____________
____________________
_______________!__________ ______________!________)_______)___)________________!
__________
0___'______2_________
_________+_*_______!______!
__________,_______)___________________ _
_______
:_._____
<3
_
Anode (metallised)
p+-Si
n-- Si
n+-Si
Glass passivation
pn-junction Cathode (metallised)
wp
Anode (metallised)
n--Si
n+-Si
Guard ring
SchottkyContact
Cathode (metallised)
p-Si
Oxid
p-Si
a) b)
C_
____:_:_6_ "___!_______________)________0_2_______"____________0_2L
____
__________________
________
_*____-__________)_______)___________!________!
_____
_!)______________H__________________
___'______=___'_____>
__)_____________________________)___)___)_\________*___!_________!____
______+_______________)___
__\________ *___ !____ _____!____ _ _________ ____ __ *______ ____)___ ___________ 0_____
_______ _______+_ __
!_____ _________2______*___+_*_____*____*__)________)__
_____!_______!_-_!_!
________
_____
_
__________________________)__________________________)__,___________!
_____*____________+_
*________*_________________
____________________________!
____________+____________ ___________
*___________!____ _____ ___________ ___ _____________ ___ _______ ____)________
____ ___+_ ________
)
____________________*____)___)___________)____________________)______________________
_____
!__________ ________________)__ ___!__________))____*______-__________ ______
__))_____
________
_________
______))__________)_______________)___________
________________+__________________
_________________________*_____________+____________________)__________*____________
__&*__
___
_________+____________
__)________ ____
_______*______________________/______________________________
___)__,_______________________________)_____________________________________0__!
__2___________D__*__
#__________________)________________________+____!
___________*____D__*_________________________ __
______________________________!____________________ __________)_________
_______________)____
____ ____ _____________________!_______
___________________________
__________)___________)______
______/____________)________
____ _________________*_________!_______
____ __ )_______ ____
__ ___ _))_____ __ ___ )_________ ____ __ __
_____ ____
__ __ ___ _________+_ ___ _____
____________________________________________)_____________)______________)________
____ _____
_____)________
____ _______D__________!__________
___________________))______________D__*______
!________
_________________))________!
______________________________)___________*_____________
0C_ ____:_:_:2__
____
________
____"____________+____!______!
________________0"___________2__________________________
)__,______________
________________*____)_____________"______________________)_________
____ _________ ____ ______ ______ ___ _______ ____!_______ 0___ )________ ___ __ __)_____
__!)____2+_
*_________________)_________
________________)_______________________!
__________"_____________
0___)_______!)____2_____________ )___________ ____
_ ________________!
_____________0_________
___)___:_:_<_7_____:_6_<_<2_
_
:_._____
:;
,&,&*&-_ __ _
_______"__
_+_'_ _
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_________*________ ______))____+___________*________________)__________________
________"_
'
________________________))__-__;_4_12__________________0C_ ____:_:_:2__&_____________
__________
*______________________)__!
_________________________*_________________________________
_____
C___ __*_ ____ !____!_ _______+_ ___ _!)_______ ____/______ ___ ___ _______ ____ __ ___
__
____+_
*_____!_______+_ __ _______ ______+_ ___ __
____ ___ _!)______+_ ___ __*___ ___
_______ ____
_
______________
___________________________________________________________D__*_+________
__________________0R_______________W____________ _2+______
__)___________________________)_
__!_________*__________+________-____________!_____!_
___________
_____________"__
____ ____
__ ___ _))_____ __ __ ______ ___ ________ ________+_ ___ ________ _______
*____ _________ _____ _____ __
____________________,_______*________*_____*_____________________________________
________________
________________________
_____!)_________)________________)__)___________!)______+____
____________)_______________
_______________"_______________________!____)_____
__________+_
__*____+____________________0R________
_____ __W_______________2_________!
__________________
__
______*_____________
___________________0_-__)___?
_"____________2____________
___))_____
__________________________________________________________*____ ____0C_
____:_:_:2+____________
_______*_________!_______________)_____*__!_______!__!_________________?
____P_______________
____________________
_:__________
___________*____________ ______)_______!________
___+____/____________________)________ ____ ____
!_______!_______
___________________________*______!______________!
______+___________ _
_________
__________)_____0P__________2_______________________________________________)_______
_
P_________ __*________)______*________ _______________)_____
____!)______________________
P____________))_______________!________*____-__!______
__/______________________)________
__
__
_____"____/___________________________________________*_________________*________*___
___
___
______!_____B_4_1__________________
___________*______
__+_________________*__________________
______
__"_____________
___________)________
____ ___+__________
___________0_________________2_____
________________
__________!_______)_________
________________________+__________
__________________________
______________/_____________)________ ________)________ ____ ____________________+_______
________________
_+_____!_________!________
__________)__________!)__
______________________
0______________________2________!________________
______________________________________+_*_____
_____________________________________________________
__*________)______*_______________)_
)
___________)________!)___________/_____+__________________)__)______________!)________
___
_______*______
___
__________B_4_1_______________________________________________________
_____*___
__________P_____________&)_____
_____________________________*__________)__!_______
_-)________)___/___________________
,&,&*&2_ _____________"__
____'______"___
________________*_____________________+________
__*___________________________!__!_!_
___________ __1_C $___&____*______________
_______________!)______D______________
___________*____
______________
_____)_________________1_C__ _ 0C_
____:_:_72__C__*______________!_______ _ _________
___
_____<;;____________)_____________________________________*___)__________
_______________+_
_____ ____1_C $__*___________________)________ __!______6;;_1____________
:_._____
:<
_ tfr
static value of forward

voltage
IF
0.1 IF
v
VF
0.1F VF
1.1 VF
t
V maximum turn-on voltage
C_
FRM
____:_:_7__ ______________________
____'_______"__
___'_____
_________________+______________!
_________________D_______*______________________________ __
)______________________+__________*___________________________________+_!_____
_____________
__
_____ _______________)__&*__
________________________________!
________________________
_____+__-_________ _______)_________________________________-_________
_________________)_____
__H_________)__,______+___________________)________ _____ ___
___+____)_____________________
_________ $____________+________!_____)_________________________*_____________
____0C_
____:_:_B2_
_
C_
____:_:_B_ ________________________)_______?___/________0_2_________________+_____
_______*_____ _
_______0_2
________________Q________________
_____________________________)______________________________ $__
____)_____+_____
_____)______________________________D__*______
_____________________*____
__
_______+_*_____!_____________________________*______
_______>_____________))_________!___
_____________________________________ _________________!______+_____
__Q_____ _ ____)____
__________________________ $_______________
_______
_____!)________________*__________________
__________!______+__!________
______ __Q_____
_______*_)______________________________ $_____________
___________0_______)___:_62__C________________________________
________________+______-_!)___
:_._____
::
______
____
________
_"____________________)_______!)_____L___________)_________
________________)________________
____ ____!________ ______ ___ _______ _______ ___ D__*__
+_ ___ _-_____ ____ __
*_____ ______ _))____
___ ____
__ ____
__*_______ ______ ___ ______ ____ 0_________ )______2_ ___
_____ _)_______!________
"______________________________________ $_+__)______!__________*__________________
__
____,____
______)____________________________!__________/______
_&*__ ________!___!____*_____
_______+_"___________________
_________________________ ______
>______ _))__________ ______ _______
_ ____ __+_ __*____+_ ____ __!____ ____ __ ___
________ ________
*_____________)___*________!)_______________________)______________________"__________
___
"____________________________________*____________ _____
______)__________:;;_1L______!____
___
_____!__________0'__2__________________)___6;;_1+_*_____"_____________!
___________________
_____0"_A2____________________)___<:;;_1___________________"_A_______ _________
_"________________
__*_______!______E_________*__/____________+_*______________!_____
________________
,&,&,_ _______
__
_
_A________!____
Anode
Cathode
Gate
_
,&,&,&*_ _1_______
____
_/___________ __(____
___________ __
______________ ___ _______D__*_____
_____!______!______ ___*________
________________!__*__
_______)_____ _____+__________________________
_._"__________
__
_______________))________*_____ ___________
_+_'_ _
_
_&)_____
_________________)_____
_)________)_____
_)_______
__*_________A______________
_!____0__!)______________________________2__
_+__'_ _
_
_&)_____
_____*_________A________________ __0__!)_____________________________2__
______ _______
_$______!_____*___________*_____________________________
_;_
____ _______
_$______!_____*___________*______________________________
_1_
_
____!_________
__*__________
__________D__*_______________________________________________
___
___________________!______C_______)__)___+____
_________________>__))___*____________
_________!______
_/___________
____________D__*__ _______*_________________ _____!______!_______
:_._____
:6
_._"__________
____________D__*__ _________________________ _____!______!_______
_+_'_ _
_______
____________D__*__ _____ _____!______!_________________
_+__'_ _
_______
____________D__*__ _____ _____!______!
_____________________________________________)_________
__
___)____+______________)_________!_____!_______
______!
___*___________+__A_____ _________
____________!______!_______)____________!______!_________________ _A_____
_+_______!)_____
______________)______________)__,_________________)_______________________________)___
_
__
____________ __________
_____ _+______*_________)____________
________)____!__________*_____
_)________________________*________________)__________)__________!______!_______
________
_____________)_________D_______________*________________________0____C_____:_:_<2__
_/______"_
___
_1___ ___))__________!______!____________*______________
_._"_____"_ ____
_1___ ___))__________!______!___________________________
_+_'_ _
__"_ ____
_1___ ___))__________!______!_________________
_._"_____"_ ___
_1___ ___))__________!______!__________________
______"___"_ ____
_.______
_____
________*____________+_*___________________________________________*_____
__________D__*__
_
_1_
_______
____________D__*__ _____ _____ ___________________)_______*______D__*_________
___
_1_
__"_ ___
_1___ ____*____
________________!_________________*_____)_____________
____________ ____
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,&,&,&,_ __ __
__________
______________
_________________!____________!)_____*_____!___!_!
____6_)__,________*_____________*______
___!___________________&___+_F_______F__)___/___________ _______________________
__________
______*_______________*_____________________________________________________*____!
_________
________)_______+_________________
___*_______________*___________________________0C_ ____
:_:_82_
:_._____
:7
_
Forward
blocking
Forward break
over
Forward direction
Conducting
Reverse
blocking
Break through
voltage Holding
current
I
V
C_
____:_:_8_ A__________
_________________)_____
_
p-Si
n--Si
____________________________*_______
______
n+ -Si
Glass passivation
Cathode (metallised)
p+-Si
Gate (metallised)
High blocking pn-junction
Anode (metallised)
C_
____:_:_4_ ___ __!______________0
______!)_____________
__H__________________2_
__________________)___________!________!
______________________________________)_______)___)_____
_____0C_
____:_:_42____
_____*___
_____,_____)___)_____
____+____!_____________
_______!_______
_________
_)__,______________*____
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_____*____0_'._2____________!!___________________;__ _
_____________________H___________
__
__*__ _________________)_____)__________________+____)__,_______________________!
________
_______
_________________________________
_)_________________D__*______!
____________________
___________!_-_!_!_________!__
________)___+_________________________________________________
___________________)_____________________________)___________________________________
____))__
________________________*____________________________________________________________
_____O_____
__!________________ __)_________________+_*________*_______________________________!
______
_________________!_______ ______/___________)________*_____;__ ________!_!
___*_______________
_____________:;U_______!_-_!_!___ $___
:_._____
68
___
____"________"__________ ______"__"_ ___
______*_____C_
____:_6_5+_____________ ___*________ _________ __________ _
___)______/______F_________F______
>____________________________________________?
_"_________
s
f
t
t
s
_
_________________________ __________<____________!___!_____*_____
___________/____
___+___*____+_____!)________C__+_________
____+___________________________*_____C_
____:_6_3__
*__________ ____________))_+_*____________________________________C_
____:_6_3__*____________
________________)_____d_<+______________)___
_______)________________________D__*_____/_______
_______________!_-_!_!______O_______
__________!______ _
*______________C_______________________+_
_____O_____*___________
_______O__________ _
_
0.2 IRRM
ts
_________
a) b)
tf ts tf
0.2 IRRM
C_
____:_6_3_ A_______________________*___________)__________________))__
___________________________
_")_______
______________________________!______)_____
_)________________*__________/________
!_____ ______________________________________________)___!_____
__ _A_____?_$______!
______________________________D__*_____________<;U_______:;;U_______
_)___/__________________))______ _____)__)_____________________________!
________________
)_____________________________________________________
__ ___!)______?_(_ ___!)_________________!____)_____!
_______________________________C_______
______________+___*____+_______________________*___________________!
__!)______________*__
__ _1___
___))____?_(_ ________
____________)__________________________________
__ _ _________________O_?_______)_____________O_________ ________________!
________________!____
__________&____)__ ___ ______ *________!__F_____F_*_______ __O__ _________+_ *_____
_______ *____
____!__F___))___F_
_________*____________________________________________!__________________________
________
__________)_____
___________0__C_+___,_+_1_AA_+___O_2_________)______))_______+_*___________))_______
____
__!__________!_____+____)__________________9__
________________
_______!
__<;__(_______________
___________ __
________________________________*_____+________
___))___________'.__*____
___)______________ _________
_____________________)______________
__!
____________!___
_
V (t)
dt
di
V(t) V L CE
R
_*_____1_A#_02___________ _____________'._______
_____!_!_______!
________<;;_______________
_______*___!________________________)___<B;;_O_______!___!_!
_)__________________+_102_*____
______________!__________1_AA_________!_____________ ___)_____*__________
ges
:_._____
64
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1 10 I [A] 100 F
Conditions:
V = 800 V AK
di /dt = 1200 A/s F
T= 150C j
Platinum-difused Diode
CAL-Diode
V [V]max
C_
____:_6_<;_ _________ __________!!___________)_________________*________________)___!
________
_______*_____ __________
_C_
____:_6_<;___!)________________ _______A9_________________)_____!
________________*___
________________________*__
___________)__!
______/______________________04B_2+____)____
__!
___________________,________________A9________C_____*__________+___*____+_________
___
_____________))___*_____ ___________*_______)_______________________!_-_!_!_________
___
__<;U_____________*_______________<;;_1_______'._______*_____*___________*__________
_!____
___*__+________________
__*______________.__*____________+_A9___________E____)______
__/_____
________
_______________________A_____________!____)__________*______!
__________)______+_
C_
____:_6_<<____*________________________
______________________________________!__________
!____________ _________________))____________C_
____:_6_<:___)_________!
_____________________
______
_ 100 200 w [m]
1E+14
1E+16
1E+18
t2 t3
t2
t3
t4
t5
p
Charge Carrier Hill n+

Hole Current
Electron Current
N,N,p
nt0
AD
C_
____:_6_<<_ __________)__/__________!____________________________
___________0___________2_________))__
_____
__________________+___________ ___________________D__________d_<;_<8__!
__6______________________L____
________________________0_2___________0)2_!__________!_________>__________
_____*_____ _
_)______+_______
_____________________!_____*_____:__ _ _____7__ _ _____________
___L________!___!____e_
)__A___
________________________*_______________________________________D__*______*_______
_______*__
___________D__*+_*______))________________________________________________________
______))________0____C_ ____:_6_<<2+________
_______________*___________________!_______________
_7__________)_____._*_____7________B_+__________*____________________!________*_______
_______________
________*_________ ______________L___________________*_______)______
:_._____
65
_____)_____________________________________*_____C_ ____:_6_<:_______
_____________)______+___
____
_______________*____________________________________________B_+__________*___________
______
)_______)________
___))______________!
_____________________________________________+_______*__
______!______!______C_
____:_6_<4__
_ 100 200 w [m]
1E+14
1E+16
1E+18
t0
t2 t3 t4
t5 t6
t5 t6
p
n+
Charge Carrier Hill

Hole Current
Electron Current
n-
N,N,p
C_
_____
AD
____:_6_<:_ __________)__/__________!_____________________
___________0___________2___________________
_______________________________*__________________)__________*______________________
__________
____________!___
_____________*__
_!
________*_____________________________________?
__ _____*____*_.__ ______________ ____________ __+_______!________________+_________

________________
__________________*____________________________/_________!_________
_______+___*____+_*____
_______________________________________ ___________1_C_OQ_ ___________
__ __________ __ _______ ___ _________ ___*_.__ _ __!_*__+___*____
_________
________________S<6T_ *___
____________)__
________________\__,________C_
____:_6_<<_____C_
____:_6_<:___!_________*_
____!____________________________D___ ___________________\__,_____________!
____________+___*____+_
*______________
____________________________________
__ _A___
_______________________________________*___/________)__!____0_____F#!
_________)F2__
__ _ ___-________
_______________!__)__/____________
______A9______)+_)_______
_________*_____
__
__________________)__,______+_________________
___________________________\__,_______
_____________________________________________________+_________________!___________!
__________
_________________!___!___________+___________!____!______________)___!_____*_______
_________*________*_______-_____*_________
_______________
_________
____Q_ _________)____
________
__'__ ___
_____________________F___F__*_____
______________________________+________
___________!______
_________/_______!____________________>______________
____________________________________
______________________________!___
:_._____
63
_
C_
____:_6_<6_ _2______________
____________________0)___2___1_AA_R<:;;_1_01_
%________*2_______C_R7;;__0
____2_
___)_R;_5____0:;;___O___2L__2____________F___!__F___________________0)___2____)_R:____
0B;;___O___2
_C_
____ :_6_<6_ ___*__ _*_____
_ _)________ _____ _ _____ _____ ______
_______ _!___ *___ _________
__________________________________________________________!
____________________________
_____<___+______________________)_______))______________0___2__________'._______________
___!__)0___2__ _
_'.___C_______________________!_+_____________*_______
___!)_____________________________
_____________0
____2________________________0)___2___________________!______!
__+______*_____
____________)__________!_______________ _____>__________________!_____D_________
_________
__
________________!)_______________________)________C_____________+_*______!!
______))______
_
_*_____
___
__________________6________<:;;_1__'.______[_B________<4;;_1__
_
Tj = +125 C
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
12345
tp(off)-IGBT [s]
Relative disturbance level
50A
100A
200A
400A
600A
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
12345
Relative disturbance level
a) b)
Tj = - 40 C
0
tp(off)-IGBT [s]
50A
100A
200A
400A
600A
C_
____:_6_<7_ _____________________________________!_-_!_!
_________:;;______<:BaA______'.______
______ ______________________________________________________!)_______0_2___,_R<:BaA+__2_
__,_R_7;aA2
_&*__ ________*___!______________
__________+______________)_______________
_____ ___!)____
_______ _7;aA+_ ___ ____________ _______ _____ *____ _____ _______B;U____ ___ _______!
__________
<:BaA________
____________________________
__*_______________________________0:;;_2_0C_ ____
:_6_<72__C_____*_________________________
______________:___+_______________*_____
__!___*____
_____ ______________*_________ _____)___________________ _____
_
:_._____
7;
____ ___________
____________*__________________________________________________________)___*_________
______
__________*_____C_ ____:_6_<B__
_
T1
D1
LL
RGof
IL
RGon
L1
Driver
VCC
+
L2
L3
Sensor I
V
RL
C_
____:_6_<B_ _________________________
______'.____<_______________________*_______!
_________________)___________________________!!______
_________O______________ __________________ _'_____1_AA_________A__________
_______________________
9__<V6______ ___________________________*______)______+__'._____________C_
____:_6_<8____*__
____'.___________
_____0F______F2_______________D__*________'._________________
________)_____
_)________._______ _________'._+________________________________9_9__ _
*_____________)_______
____*______ ______________________'.________________-__!_+__________*_________!!
____+_____
__________!_!
_________________________*______________________________+_____'.____________
____________________________*______
____________
______________)____________)___________ ____
_!_______________C_ ____:_6_<4___________________________
_
I(t)
I(t)
IGBT
FWD
t
V(t)
Driver
t
t
Reverse-Recovery-Current
C_
____:_6_<8_ ________________ ___+__'.__________*______

______________D__*__________________
________
)______)______
__________'._____________)__________________+_____'.______
__
______________A__________
______ 0C_ ____ :_6_<4_2__ _____ ___ ___ !_!___ ___!_-_!_!________ _______ ___
____'._______ ______
______________________________!__________________*__)_____?
_____)__________________)______
________)_______________________>_______)___________________*________O___
:_._____
7<
_
Won
Err
IGBT turn-on
Diode turn-off
I
150A
V
1200V
IRRM Diode
P=V*I
P=V*I
0
150A
IRRM
0
0
-1200V
P:10 W/div 5
200ns/div
200ns/div
0
0
IV
T = 125C
T = 125C
Eon
tail current
b)
a)
P:10 W/div 5
C_
____:_6_<4_ A_____+_____
______)_*_______________
_____________<B;__O_<4;;_1__'.__0_2___________
________0_2______
____________________!______!____
____________)_____________)_____*__________________________*______________H___________
_______
___
___________________/______________)_______________
________________________+___________ __
____________))_____________________))________*________________
______________*_____
________
______________________
__________
________
__________________)________________!__________'._+_
__________))_________
_______________________________!__
________*_____
___________C_
____:_6_<4________)________________!
___________________'._____
C_
____ :_6_<4___ ___ _))_______+_ ____ ____ __*___!)_______ ___ _*_____
_
_______ ___ ____'.___C___
___________)_*__________________'.___________+_______!)__________)____)_______________
____
__*_______________!____)_____________ ______ _________
________
________)_______________
_*______________
__________*_____
______________
_____*_____
_______________'.______________
______________
________________________)_____ ________)______))_______+___!
_____________*___
__
_______________________*____!_______*___________!!________________________
__
_"*_____
___________ ______)_______7_)___!____?
__ ______________________!!_______________O________ ____________________*_____
__'.__0C_
____
:_6_<5__2?__*_____
______________________)__)________________________________L_*__________
_!____ ____________+_____-____ ________________*______!____O__________
_____*________)_____
____ _____________________;_B____)___5_:___
__ ____________
_____ __0_A__________
__1_AA_L_C_
____:_6_<5__2+_*_____________)_________!)_____
____________________)________________))__-_!___________________
_____-)________;_8?
__
0,6
ref
CC
V
V
) V ( E ) V ( E
rr CC rr ref
:_._____
7:
__ _C__*_____________C__ _ 0C_
____:_6_<3__2?_______
_________________(_*____+_
______)_________________________________))__-_!________
_____-)_______*____;_B_____;_8?_
__
0,6
ref
F
rr F rr ref
I
) I ( E ) I ( E
_____________+____

__ _G________!)_________,__ 0C_
____:_6_<3__2?_"*_____
___________________________________!)________
&____ ______ <:BaA_ _____ ___ _________ ____!__ ___ ____ ___)__)_________ ____ _ __
_!)_______
____/_________;_;;BBV;_;;8B+_____*__________________________________________________!
_
)_______
__
E (T ) E (T ) (1 TC (T T )) rr j rr ref Err j ref
_
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1500 2000 2500 3000
di/dt [kA/s]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
200 400 600 800 1000
VCC[V]
E [mJ] rr
E [mJ] rr
a) b)
C_
____:_6_<5_ __)_____________<;;_O<:;;_1_A9________*____________L_
_2______O__0f<;;_+_8;;_1+_<B;_aA2L_
_2________A__________
__0f<;;_+_ _'_R<___g_:4;;_O__+_<B;_aA2
_
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 50 100 150 200 250
I [A] F
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
T [C] j
E [mJ] rr
E [mJ] rr
a) b)
C_
____:_6_<3_ __)______________*_____ _____________<;;_O<:;;_1_A9______L_
_2______C__0 _'_R<__+_8;;_1+_<B;_aA2L_
_2____,________!)_______0<;;_+_8;;_1+_ _'_R<__2
:_._____
76
,&-&-&-_ __________________
_)______!______*_____
__________+_____>_______!)_______>____!___________*______
____________
______ _____<;;;_1__________________!_____
________C_
____:_6_<4_____*_______!_________
_____A__________
___________)_____________*_______________________
____________________________
____'.______*______________)___0__*_
_____________
_'_2____________)__________________________
*________+________!___!________ _____________________1_A#__
_______'._+_*____________)_________
_________*___________)_____
_____
______O_______________/_______________)_____*__________)_____
_____0_:__M__7______C_
____:_6_<<_____C_ ____:_6_<:2L_____+__-__!
__/___________________________________
_______*__________!________________
___________*_____________ ________0____!
____________2_
___________________!_____
_________________________________!___ ____
____________________!_
!_______________O__________
___A__________
_________!___!
_____________________!_____
_
_______*____________!_______O______'._________!_____!_-_!_!
_)____________________________
___________+_*______!____________!________*_________________________
_____*_____
_________
___________)________
____ _____)_____+_____!)__)_______________
____*____________________ ___D__*__
_
____ _____#______________________
_____________)__,______________!
________________________
!________
_______
______)___)___
_________________+___*____+_!_______
__________
___+____
_____ ____________*__
____________)__
?
_ ef D av N N p
n
_(___+___________________________________
_______________!____________+_!____
____!____)__
,___________ ______)________
____
__________________)_______!)____________________+_____
__________
__________________________!
_______*___________+___________________*____________
________________>_____________________)__(_*____+___________*_____
___!)_____________
__
______O______*________+________________________!_____________!________
___+___)________
_____!____________
,&2_ _______+_/0______#1___
,&2&*_ __ __
__________
______________
___*___$&"C#__ _____'.__ ___)__ _____ _)_ __ :B;+;;;_ ______ )___!!_:_ 0B;_
1_)_*___$&"C#_2____
B;+;;;_______)___!!_:_0<:;;_1__'._2_*________)____________;_<___<_B__!_:_0C_
____:_7_<2_
_
C_
____:_7_<_ _A____________0_!____!__________2______________'._6
:_._____
77
_C___________________________!___________________)_+_____________
________$&"C#______
_'.__________________!__________________________*_____C_
____:_7_:_____C_
____:_7_6+_)_____ ___
*__________!____________________ ____*________________)_____)________
____
_________
__________
________)__ ______*_________
________0)___2_______
______________0)_\_2________*___________________
!_________\_________*__________________________!____!_!
________________0$&"C#_2_____!____
0_'._2_____________________
____0 __2_____!________________"_&_:__
____________________________\_
__
____+_________
______\_)__________+______-_!)___
____ )_*___ __________+_ ___ ________ _________ __)_____ ___ C_
____ :_7_:_ ____ C_
____ :_7_6_ ____
______ (___+_ ___ _____ _______ ___ _____ _____ ___ _________ __________ ____
__ ___
___)_ _______ ___
_________ _____ !______ _____ __________ __________ ___ ___ _ ____
___ _ __
____ __ _____ _____ ___
!___ _-_________2+_ *_____ __ ___ ____ __ ___
___ _____ ______
__ ___ ______
______ 0!_,___
___ _______2_ ___ ___!___ ___ __ _____
____ __ ______
_ ________ *____ __
__________ __ ____ ________ _ ___ _)_
)_________________________ _+________!)______*___________0____________
__________2___
&_____________)_*___$&"C#____________
____ __
____ ________0__
________________
_____)_
__________D_______ ___________________ _)___________ ___________O____________
2______
____
____ _
_____
__________
_______________
___
________*___________________*____________________
__
0_____________
2___________________+_______________ __
___________)________
__H___________
_________________________)_____!___________D__*_________)_________________!
___))________L_
_____*______+___*____+_________________!_________________!______
_
Source
B
A Gate Source
SiO Al 2
p- pp+
n+
nn+
p+
d
nn+
BA
Drain
A-B: wide of elementary cell
d: length of channel
a) b)
Source
Source
Drain
Drain
Gate
Gate
D
D
S
S
G
G
-
C_
____:_7_:_ __*___$&"C#__*_______________________)______ __L__2_A___

__________D__*__________L__2_
A________!____
:_._____
7B
_
-
BA
p+
B
A Gate Emitter
SiO2
p+
Al
n+
pEmitter
p+
np+
n--
Collector
-
pd
A-B: wide of elementary cell

d: length of channel
+
+++
+
+
231132
C
GE
Gate
Collector
Emitter
a) b)
C
E
G
Gate
Collector
Emitter
C_
____:_7_6_ _'.__*_______________________)______
_2_A___
__________D__*__________L_
_2_A________!____
__L_
_______
_________________)__)_______________)_*___$&"C#_______'.___________!
_____________
______________*_____
_______________________0$&"C#_?_______O__'._?
_________2+________
____
___________________)_____)_______________/__________ __)__________________
______))_______*____
______________0$&"C#_2+_____!____0_'._2+______________ _______________!
___*________)_
__
________*_________!_______________________________________!_______________!
________
__
___ __________ _____ __ ______!___!____+_*_________ __)____ _______ __________ __ _____
___)_*___
$&"C#_+_______________________________!___________0____________2__"_____________!
_,_____
____________________________+______
___________________
____*__________D____________)_________ ________
___L_$&"C#_________)_______!)______
_________________________'._____
__________)_______________)_*___$&"C#___)_____________
___+_
____________________'._______________)_\__________
____________________________!
__________
_________________________\_/_______)______________0___!
____'._______)_2___*_________________)_\_
__
____*____________________!________________
____________________________)_\_______________________
___+_)___________
___________0_____2_*____
_____,________!____)_\___________________________,___________*____D__*____________!
______________
______!____)______+____*____________________*_____________________\_*__________!
_________+_
_____________________D_______*_________0!_______________2L_________
_________________!___________
_____
___)_________!___________0_______________2______!
_____________)____________ ______
_______
___+_*___________________________________!________ ________!
_______+________$&"C#_+_
_'.________)_______!)______
_____D________!________________________
__________________
_______________*______________ _____
____'._______________________)_*___$&"C#___C_____________+__'._____________
________!____
__
________
_______________*_____________!
________)_________$&"C#___&______________+____
!________________!___________)_______!___________________
________+_______________
____!__________0_*_____
_______2_
_
:_._____
78
_________
,&2&,_ _#1__
_____)_____ ______ ___Q___+_*_________!__________ ______________________
___+___________!__________
_____________________*___________
______________)__)______________*__________________________
______________________
________________*______>_________________S<7T_
_Q__h___;_5___<__ _ ________*____________________
_
_Q__h___;_B_ _ _____________________________ _
_Q__h1_0. 2A#_
:___:_4__
_"___ ______ _________!_________)______)________________*_____
_ ______+_ ____
__ _______
0____ ___!_2________________F__________F______
_____________)______+__'.__)__)______________ ___
__D______________)___________!
________________'.__________________________________)__)___
________)________________!_______!
_+____________________)_____________________>_______________
___
__!________'.__0C_ ____:_7_72__
_
E
(Emitter)
(Collector)
C
G
(Gate)
RW
CCE CGC
RG
CGE
RD
p+
Emitter
SiO2
p+
Al
n+
pEmitter
p+
np+
nCollector
pGate
RW
RD
RG
CGC
CGE
CCE
a) b)
C_
____:_7_7_ _'._______0___________+_)______ __2_________
_2_____________!__________________________L_
_2_#>__________________
__!_*___)___________!___
________)___________!___L_
_____ )________ _______ ____ ____ _______ ___ ___ )________ __)_________ ____
___________ ___*__ ___
C_
____:_7_7_____________________:_7_<_
_
:_._____
74
_______ ________
___ _________________
___
_A_'#_
_'____!______)____
_____
_&_____))__ _
______________!__________L___)_________
____!________ _L_____)___________________!________
_
__
_A_A#_
_A_________!___
__)________
_G_________)__________*______________________)_*___L____
)_____________________+________*______ _______________
_!________
__
_'_'A_
_'____________
__)________
_$________)_______L_
_________________))__
____ _______
_______________
_ _'_ ______________________
_________________________L_______________________________
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Forward Blocking
Characteristic
V < V GE GE(th)
I (-I ) F C
V(BR)CES
-VCE
Avalanche-Breakdown
Saturation Region
Active Region
IC
VGE
IGBT with hybride
Antiparallel-Diode
IGBT without hybride
Antiparallel-Diode
IC
VGE VGE(th)
g = fs
IC
VGE
VCE
a)
b)
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_
n- - Basis (substrate) n- - Basis (substrate)

Collector
Emitter Gate
IGBT3
Trench + Field stop
n+ - Field stop
Advantage
Implanted back-emitter,
better adjustable
Performance
Lower switching losses
Higher switching
robustness
Advantage
Optimised charge
carrier Modulation
Performance
Improved softness
Robustness like NPT
n- - Basis (epi)
Collector
n+
p+ - Emitter (substrate)
Emitter Gate
Punch Through
n- - Basis (substrate)
Collector
Emitter Gate
IGBT (1/2)
Punch Through
Collector
Emitter Gate
IGBT4
Trench + Field stop
n+ - Field stop
Advantage
Implanted back-emitter
Implanted field stop
enables thinner base
region
Performance
Lower VCE(sat)
Robustness like NPT
- bufer (epi)
C_
____:_7_<;_
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Thermal grease
Chip
Heat sink
Pressure
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Base plate
Solder
Heatsink Heatsink
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__________
*________
___!!______________________________
_
6 kV
7 kV 7 kV
13 kV
Al O
23
AlN Epoxyd Polyimid
d [mm] 0.38 0.63 0.12 0.025

Isolation voltage
C_
____:_B_<:________________
________________________
_________
:_._____
5:
,&3&,&,_ _6__
________
_______
____________ ____
____ ______ __ _______ ___ __________ _______
__)_________________)_______+_)_*____________________
_)_!__________________
________________________________!________________
_______________
____________________________>______________)_____________________________
_________________*____
__________________ ______________
__*_____
_____-)______________!)__________________
____,____R___,_______ _
___*_______)_0___)__!)_________,_2______________0__________!)___________2_*____________
_*____
)______________>____/__________0________2____!_____________ __0,__2_____0_______2____!
____!)___
_____P__0,__2__
_v
js
th( j s)
TT
R
_______)__+___F_F_____F______F_)______________________,________!)_______0___,_2+_______F__F_,____
_____!)________________-__+____!__________>________!______!________!)___________
_C___!_______*________)___+_________________________!
_________________!)___________)___/____
___ __0___2__ ____P__0___2__ _0_____)______________2_____________ __________!
________________ __0,__2__ ____P__0,__2__ _
0___)________)___2?
_ __0,__2__R_ __0,__2__\_ __0___2__ _
_P__0,__2__R_P__0,__2__\_P__0___2__ _
_C___!_______*__________)___+_________)__________!
_____________________)_______*__________
_______________
_*_________!_______!
__C_____________+_________________________*_______)_
_________________)___/_______________!)_______9_*_)_*_____!)________________)___/____*
___
________________!______!)________C_
____:_B_<6____*________!_________!
______*________
)_____________
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_A
d
Rth
_0__R_!_______________+___R_______________+__R_____D__*_____2_
______________________*_____________!
______>__________D___________________)_______)_______
___ __0,__2______P__0,__2___
__ _A__)_0____+_________+_
__!_____________2
__ __.A_____________
__0!______+_________+________________________))__2
__ _$___________>_______________)O__________________0______+_________+____2
__ ____________________)____0!______+_ __!___2
__ _ ____________
_________________________)____0!______+_>_____2
__ _$__________!____0________>________O____!
___________________+______________>_____________
!___)__________!_______2
_______,_______*_______>_____________!_____)_______?
_A____R___c_1
_______!_____________!____>___________________________________!____
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___________________0__
R_________ ______________+_1_R_____!_2__(____)______
_!
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_________________D_____ _________________________________!________)______
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2_____________________________!
___________________*______________*___
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_)______
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+____*________!)__________________________*__________________
_________________!_______ __C_____________+______)_____!_______
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____
____________ ____*_______________*__
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56
___
______ _6__ _____ _"_
____
JH%=_K9>L_
_6__ __
___________'
____ ____J_H%=_MK9>L__
_________
_)__________ _____ _
_J*7__8_%9L_
_"_______ _<75_ _<8B;_ _7_<_
_A_))___ _637_ _67;;_ _<4_B_

___!____!_ _:6;_ _:75;_ _::_B_
_"______ _7;4_ _:7B;_ _<3_
_$________!_ _<7B_ _:B4B_ _B_
_"_______ _h4;_ _<84;_ _<B_M_6;_
___:_&_6___.A_ _:7_ _6;:B_ _5_6_
_____.A+____$._ _<5;_ _:76B_ _B_4_
__"_A_04BU_"_A2_ _<5;_ _:::6__ _4_
______:_B_7_ (_____________+_ ____ ____
____ !________
__________>_______________)____
__
Silicon Chip 70400 m

Solder 80 m
Chip 1 . . . Chip n Aluminium oxideIsolation 380 m
Upper & lower copper
layer 300 m
Solder 80 m
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ptot
ZthSi
Tj
ZthSo1
ZthCu1
ZthIso
ZthSo2
ZthBP
ZthTIM
Zth(s-a)
ZthCu2
Silicon
Chip
Solder
Chip-Cu
Upper
Copper
Layer
Isolator
(Al O or
AlN)
23
Lower
Copper
Layer
Solder
CopperBase plate
Base plate
Thermal
Compound
__ ____________________!____-)___________/______
Heatsink &
Heatsink
Ambient
Base plate
(Copper) 3 mm
Thermal Interface
Material 75 m
Heatsink
Tc
RthSi
RthSo1
RthCu1
RthIso
RthCu2
RthSo2
RthBP
RthTIM
Ts
Rth(s-a)
Ta
R = R + R + R + R + R + R + R + R th(j-s) thSi thSo1 thCu1 thIso thCu2 thSo2 thBP thTIM

Z = Z + Z + Z + Z + Z + Z + Z + Z th(j-s) thSi thSo1 thCu1 thIso thCu2 thSo2 thBP thTIM
C_
____:_B_<6_ .__________________)_*_____!__________!__________)________!_______
__________!_____
______________
:_._____
57
______!________*____________
______!______________+_ __0,__2______!________!_-_!_!_!
______
____ _________!_____________________)!______)_*_____!__________!
_____________________*____
__________*_______________________!
_____________+_______________________________0;_86_!!_g_
;_65_!!_________!___2_______________!________*____!)_________!______________0__+_
__)___2__
___________)!__+___*____+______!_____________________
______!______________
____>____!_____
_ 5th generation new 6th generation
C_
____:_B_<7_ ______)!______"_!_)________/________
____________________________!__________
_______
__?____!
_6__ __________
_C_
____ :_B_<B_ ___*__ __ __!)____ ______ ____ ___ _!)_______ ______ ___ ___
___________ _______ ___ __
!______*__________)____*___________________)______
__(___+_______!
____________________
___________ _______ ____ ___ ____ D__*______ ____ _____ _____ ____
________A____>_____+_ _____
__
_
_____________!)___________)_____*__________________!
________________________>___________
____ _____________))_________*________________*______!________________________!
_________
!____+___________________!__________)____ ____
_*_______________________________________________
_)______
__________!__________________.A_________)__________!_________
__L___*____+_____
_________________!_________*_________________
_(____)______ ___)___________________!_______)__)____________
__________+_________________
___________>_______________/__________ __)_______0_!)_________________2_!
__________)_______
_______D__*___________!____)______________
_____________*_____________________________________
______________0_____)______
2____________*___ _______!
____________________________
:_._____
5B
C_
____:_B_<B__9_____________*________)______
_0_2______)______!)_______)__/____0_2_______!______*___
________)____0;_65_!!___:_&_6_____!__+_:B__!____!___)___+___$2
_________________!__________________________________ _!________*___)___________
_________
______ ___!___ __________+_*________________________ F"_______ ______!
____"&_F_*____)________
________________________________!______S67T_
_____ _____ ____________ ______________
_________
_
C_
____:_B_<8_ __D_________________________!__________________<:;;_1_)_*___!
_____+____)_________
3_!!_W_3_!!?__2______.A__________0__:_&_6_2____A_______)___+_<;;__!___$L_
_2______A.__________0__:_&_6_2_*_____A_______)___+_:B__!___$
_C_
____:_B_<8_________________________________!_________________________
__0,__2_________!___
__!!___!_____________________________)___:_B_7_____
___:_&_6________.______A_))___0_.A2_____
______*______*_______))________)____
:_._____
58
_____________+______
__________________!_____________0_))__-__B;U2____!
____)_______________
________________!___)____0__$_M__
____!_______________________2__________!
______ ____/___+_______
________)____)__!_______________)______ _____________*_____D__________!_______!
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_______(_*____+______)_____________!
_________________*___________________________________
______*__
___________________ ______________!___________
___________________*__________!____
_________________*____*__!________*________________/_____________!
____-)___________,______
___________ _______________!)________________*___)____________)______._____
___________
____________________!_+_________________D__*_+_____________
___!
_______________._____
______
____
_______________________))_________!)______+____________________)________)____*_____
_______________________________!)_______)_____
_.____)_______________________*____________)__________________________!
__________*_______
)____________*__)___________________0C_
____:_B_<52__________*___!
__________________0_)_______
<;;__!V:;;__!2_______)______________
____!___)________________S6BT_______)_____!
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_____!_________________
______!_____________C_
____:_B_<4+______________________________.A_
_____________________________"_!__!_____!)______!_______________________ _____
__)________
)____+_*___________.A___ !___________________)__________)______ !___S68T_
__
C_
____:_B_<4_ $______!_________!_____CC8B; <4_#7______)_________/______
____)________ _____!____________________!_______0A_?___R_636__O0!W
%22_________)_________
_______________________________________!_________!
_______________________________0:_B___B_
!!2_______________)_____*________________________________!_______+_________________________
__
______)___________________________)______
________!)_______/___________________________
____________ __*____________)__________________)___$______________))___)_____!________
__
0dR_<;;;_2______"_A______)___________,_______*__________!
__________________________________
!__________!____-)___________/_________________!____________)____0 ?____B_4_))!
+__"_A_
4_))!+_A__<4_))!_g_____________)___:_4_ _________2______)_________!
__________________"_A_
0__R_<5;__O0!W%22___!)_________))___________________!____________+________
______)______ _
___!____________!________!_________+__!___
_________)________)______________!
_________
____*______ ___!_____
_ ______!__!__________________*_________)____________!__+_
___ *____
_________
___________________)______ _________))___!
__________)__________!)_________________
___!_________________________)_____________________ __$____!
_____!)____+___*____+_______
____________!_______
_________________)________________)______________)__!
_______________
________________!___)____________:;V6;__!____________+_)___________!____)_________.A_
_____________________________!____)____+_______________)__
_
:_._____
54
Module
Base plate
Base plate Module
DCB substrate
pressure pressure
DCB
pressure
Thermal
Compound
Heatsink
a)
b)
c)
Thermal
Compound (Thin!)
Heatsink
C_
____:_B_<5_ ______!________ _____ ___________)_*___!________________
_2_$______*________)____)___________!____0_____)____*________-_______
2
_2_$______*________)_____________!____0__ _____-_
_____m2
_2__.A_!______*__________)____0__ __"#$__&_+_"%___+_$___"%___2
_$_________________________________
___)____________________!
___________________________+_
__*____________-_!)____-___________________!
_______________*_____________*______A_!)_______
____E___________)____:_&_6__ _*_____)________38U_0___!________________R_:7__O0!W
%22+__!)_____
!___________________________
___
____)______:_&_6__0__R_:5__O0!W%22_______!
____!________0__+___R_
<5;V:;;__O0!W%22+______-_!)____________________!_______________________________!
______
___!___ __________ ____________+_ !______ ____!)___ ______ __ ____ __
_____
___________+_ ____
______________________*________________!_______*____!)_________!
__________________________
)______*____________________C_____________+__________
____)_____________!
_______*______________
________
___0_______________ _____!___2+_______________________________
__)____________!___
_________________________________!___!__
_"___________________*_______)___________________0____))_______2__________________)__
____
_____________________________!______________&!___
_________)_________)_____
_____________
___________+____________________________
_________!
_________________________________________
_______!_______________________!____________________)_____!__________________________
_))_____))_______+_*___________________)_____________________________________________
!________
!
___________________________D__*_________))__________________________________________
_______
_____+______)____________!__________ __!_______!
________________))______________________)___
C____-_!)__+____S64T___*_______!______________7:_!!X____)_________:_&_6____.A_____!
__________+_
_________
__0,__2______________________<BU+_________))_________>___________)_____+______!)_____
*__________*______!)___________)______ __
________!
___________________________________________)_______________)__)____________________
_________)_+_*____________!______________*___________
_____
____________)________
_______
__H___________)________________!_________________
__*____________)________*_______)_____
_____)________________
_;______N_______
_
_______________*_______>_____________!____________+_
______________________________________)__)___
____________)_____________________+___*____+______________________)_____________!
_____________
*_______________________!)________)______________)___H___3_!!_-_3_!!
________________3___
_
!___+____________ !___*________ _____ _____6_!!_-_6_!!_*_______________!
__________)_____
__
____________________________)_________________!_____________
__0,__2___________)_______A__)_____
___*_____C_ ____:_B_<3__
:_._____
55
0.01
0.1
1
10
10 100
IMS ; K=0.65
DCB (Al2O3) ; K=0.76
DCB (AlN) ; K=0.96
Rth/j-c [K/W]
Achip [mm2] 1000
C_
____:_B_<3_ __)______________!_____________ __0,__2________)_______A__)__S64T
_C_____
_____________!______________0__ ______.A2___________________!
___________)_________
_________________________!__________+____!____!____________________________
__0,__2____)____
_____*________!_________________________))____________D__________!__________!
______________
____+_*_________________ ____!___)__________!__________________________*____!
_________________
__R_;_5__O!W%_0_-_!)__?_________<:2___________________________!
_____________________ __0___2__ _
__*____!___________)__________________.______________________________!
___)_________+____
_________________ __0___2__ __________!_____________
__0,__2____*_______)______________*_________________
___)______________ ___
_
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
AChip [mm2]
Rth(c-s) [K/W]
150m
100m
75m
50m
C_
____:_B_:;_ __0___2____________)____!________________________
______)_______________________)__________
__________________!___)______________________________)______
_
_______________)______
______+_______!
_____________*_______________________:BU__________)_
________________0<;;__!?_<:;_!!X_R_;_:6B_%O_L_8;_!!X_R_;_6<B_%O_2L_________
________!___
______ __>__________ ___+___B;U__________*_________-)______C_
____:_B_:;___!
_______________
__D___________)_!_!_!_____ ________
____________!___)__)______0_______!
___)_________2__
_____ /_
____ ________*_____ ___!___ __!___ )______ ___ ____ ___ __
___
___)__ _____________)_*___
__)___C_____________+____!_-_!_!____)___H____________________)_*___!
_____________*____6;_
!!_:_0_$"2_____<B;_!!_:_0__:_&_6__ _ _.A2__(_
____)_*_____)_____________________________
_____
________0)________________________!_______)_____)_______2_
:_._____
53
_______________
_C_______________!____!______
__!___+_!________________________)____!______)___
__________
____)____________________________)___________)____________________________________
_______
____________S64T+______________________)__!)____________________!______)___
________D__*+___ __
_____:_&_6___.A+_______*________-)___________________________)___>____
_a 0,6 ACh
_C_______-_!)_______
_68_!!X____)_____C_
____:_B_:<_____*_____________________________6_8_!!_
___________________!______________
________+______)________________)______
______________
!__________________________
_
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0123456
Distance between chips [mm]
Rht(j-s) [K/W]
Base plate
Without
Base plate
80 C
71 C
57 C
C_
____:_B_:<_ ____!_____________ __0,__2__________68_!!
X____)________________________)________L_0___!___
)____________?_*________)____<;;__!+_*_____:B__!2+___
_?___!_____________)__!)____
_________!__ ___!__)_*_______________)__________________ _________
0;_!!+_<_!!+_8_!!2
___)_____
__________________________)_+____!______)___ _
__ _*_____))___________))_______________.A_!___________0__ _________>__))___!
_______*___!_-__
!_!__________________________2_
__ ______________)____0__ ___'.__\___________________________'.__!______2
__ __________________
__________________
___________!_____________+___________________________________)_*___!______+________!
___
___!________________)_*___!______+_*_____________________________!
____!)_______P___+_________
___!_,____!)________C_
____:_B_::____*___________)!_________!
____!)________P__0,__2_________!__
______!______________
______:_&_6___.A_________________________)_______
:_._____
3;
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01
56 mm2 81 mm2 121 mm2
t [s]
Zth(j-c)[K/W]
C_
____:_B_::_ __!______________!____!)________P__0,__2_______!
______*_____:_&_6___.A______________________
___)________S64T
_C______
_____!_____________+____P____ ________________________)_______!
______________
_________
______+________________________*________
_____)__)______________)_____+___*_____*________
D_______
_____!_________________-)__________________A____>_____+____!
____!)____________
____________)______+_________!_____________+_!_____________________
_____________*__________
___________*__
__>_____?
_ th( j c)1
th( j c)2
th( j c)2 th( j c)1
R
ZZ
_____!____!)___________!_______*______*____________)__________!___________
______________
_)______)__________________)_________.A_________0C_ ____:_B_:62__C____!___d_<;;_!
______
____________________!_________________)____!_____________!_________
__________!
_____ ___)_
__<V:____*__ ______________
____)_______________))___)___+____!
______*__________)____
__________
__________
___)________*__
______________ __________
_
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t [s]
SEMiX
SKiiP
R [K/W] th(j-s)
C_
____:_B_:6_ A_!)_____________!____!)_____________8;;__O_<:;;_1_!
______*________)_____0"#$_k72_
____*__________)____0"%___72L___________)___?___________________________:_!!_____*____
________
:_._____
3<
,&3&,&-_ _______________________
___*_________+___)_____________________)______+___
___________+_____________)______))________+_
*_______,______________________________!___________!_________
+_____________________
?
__ _.________________
__ _ _______)_________
__ __.A_O______)____________
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_________________ ___-)___________/_____________________________!______________
_)_________
_____)______+_*_____*_____________________!__________
_______*___________L_!
___________0__!____
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__!)_______________)__!)____
____D___________________________
_C_______!_______!_+____>______________________*____!___________!
_______!)______+_____
___________ ___)__________!_+____*_______!________________________!___________!
_________
______________)___:_4_
,&3&,&2_ _;____ _____ ___
_
________
________
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______)_*_
_____________________!__!__________________!________________________'.__)____
__+____)___
______+_______*________ ______!_________________________
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__!___ _________!__________
_0_)___/_______________0 $"2__ _ R_!_-_!_!________D__*__
_____ _____
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________l___l_________
_________________________)___________________!__________
__
_______"#$__ _"_6_!
______0____l_
__l_R;_B_!_2_+____________+_*_____)_________!________________))__-__5;_____7;;__
_ P I r 400A 0,5m 80W 2
cc' ee'
2
___________________ ___)________)_____________*_______
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__________________
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_+___*____+____________!
__________________________
___________!__________!______!_________________________-_________________!_!____0_____
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rms
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F___________________
_*___)____________)___>____!_______
__
________________)______2________*______________
_________)_________!
_________________!__
!_________________#-_!)___________________________'.__!__________86_!!_____67_!!_)____
_
__
_0"#$__ _"2_______"#$_k___!____
_____)___
_______+______
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_______!)___ _L___ ____
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__$___"%____*_______:;__)____)___
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__
_____ _______!__________________________________>________!_______________!______!
____
_______
9__
_______)______________+__________________________________+_________________________
____ ___
_________+___*____+_ _____ )_______ _-_______ ___!_________________ ______ ______ ____!
______
)_________)_________________*_____
______ ________!__!___________________________
_____
__________________!__________________________________________)____
________!
__________
!______!)__-_____
___________+__________________"%_______"%_$86O36_
_
:_._____
3:
,&3&,&3_ _@_'____
_______
_______
__
__
________-_!)________________
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____:_B_:7____*_________________)______________
___________!_____________ ____!___________________________*_______)___________!______
__!______0_____*____+___________________*____+___ ________
____________2_
_
LEC1
LE1
TOP
BOTTOM
LC
LEC2
LE2
LG
LG
LCE = LC + LEC1 + LEC2+ LE1 + LE2
C_
____:_B_:7_ _______________________________'.__!_____
9__'_?_)________
_____________
9__A_?_)_________&____________________
9__#A_?_)______________________________*_____&___!________.&__&$_________
9__#_?_)________.&__&$__!_____________
9_A#_?_____)____________________*_____&_______________.&__&$__!___
_$___!_________________________+_*____________________
________
________________________*_
__*_______O___________________ _______+____*___________________)___
_______________)_*_______
___+_*_____________________)_____!________)_*___!________C_____!
___+_)______________________
!_______*_____________)______________)__!____________________!
______________________)______
______________*__________)___A__)___B_7_*________________!)_________________________
_______
!__________
_
C_
____:_B_:B_ ___________________!______"%_$36_0____?\_A+_____?_M_A+_ ___?_A2_
______________
__!_______________________________________)____________________
_______\_A_
______A___!_________)_____________
________________)________-_!)_________________
________*__
___C_ ____:_B_:B_________________________!_________!_
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:_._____
36
___9___A__ _ ____9___#:________
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Chip in middle position
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Terminal screws
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20
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60
80
100
120
140
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bus bars
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sensor
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Terminals
3x paralled DBC substrates with IGBT and
diode chips in half-bridge configuration
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First compensating coil
Second compensating coil
Sensor coil
Primary current
Output
Load resistor
IS
PWM
A
A
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IS
C_
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0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
Temperature [C]
Resistance [Ohm]
C_
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Temperature [C]
Resistance [ ]
C_
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VCE Monitoring
DC Link Voltage
Sensor
Double output
stage
TOP
PLD
Logic
TOP
PLD
Logic
BOT
Double output
stage
BOT
VCE Monitoring
Temperature
Sensor
Current sensor
ASICs
PLD
Logic
Power
Supply
Under Voltage
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SKIFACE
Current
Signal
processing
Over Current
Protection
Switching
signal
processing
&
Failure
management
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DC Link Voltage
Sensor
Double output
TOP
PLD
Logic
TOP
PLD
Logic
BOT
Monitoring
Temperature
Sensor
Current sensor
ASICs
PLD
Logic
Power
Supply
Under Voltage
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Current
Signal
Processing
Over Current
Protection
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signal
processing
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Double output
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Safety margin at the beginning
Minimum application requirements
Parameter change by aging
End of life
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Maximum
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______________________O________________________ __O_____?_ \_<;;U___________))_____!_
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_________________ __1______?_ _)___/______!_
__ ________ __________ __ )______ __ ___ )____ ___ ___))__
_ __ ___ ____!____ A___
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____ _______)___________!______________________________________________D________!
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!____________!___________________#A_8;474_*_______>______0______!___!
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)___!______!______!______________!)__________________________
,&5&-&*_ _6____ _______ ___ ._"_____ _____ ___
_ =6_._>(_ 6____ _______ ___ 1_
__ _____ ___ _
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____________________)__!_______________>________
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__)______+____)______________
____-____>________________)_____!_________!_______!
_____*___
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________)____________________________!_____________ _____
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__!)_____+___________________)___!_________>__________________________
,&5&-&,_ _6___________ ______ ____ _____=6__(_@__>
_"___ _____-__!___!)__________________________________>______*_____-)_________ _____!
___
_______________________+__________!_________*_______
________!_
__0__
________2_
,&5&-&-_ ________ ___________ __
_=_;>
__________+___!)__________)____________!______)_______*____*____________ ____!
__________
_____ ____!____*_____________________ __0C_
____:_4_:2________!)________)________________)__
_____!____________________ ___________)____________!)___*____________)_________!_____!_
)___________________________________!
_______________________________________*___________*___
____________!____-)___________/___________)____________
_________________*_____.A_______)_
)________)______________________________!______)____________
__)_____________________ __
____ _______________________________ _!____!__<;;_____
_____*____!___!_!_____!_-_!
_!_
____
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__!_
)______*______________)______*__________)____*_________<+B;;____________!____
:_._____
<<3
_
Climatic chamber
DUT
Test conditions:
- Data sheet storage
Temperature, e.g.:
- Tmin/Tmax = -40/+125C
- duration depends on
device size and weight
Tmax
Tmin
T [C]
T(max)
T(min)
0 60 120 180
t [min]
C_
____:_4_:_ __!)_____________ ___?________)_____!______!___!____
,&5&-&2_ ______________ __
_=_;>
______ ____)_*_________
___+___!)_________________________)___________________!
__________
_____________*___ ____*___________________ __>__)!___0C_
____:_4_62
____ ____ ___ __!)_____ _)+_ __ _______ _A_ _______ _>______ _ ___ _____ _______ ___
__,_____ ____
___ __!)__________ ______ _!__ ___ __*______!__________ ______!__<;_ ______________ ____
__
_ )________ __ _!)_______ _______ ___!_ ___ ___)_ __ ___ _____ ____ ___ ______
_ !____!__
0 10 20 30 t [s] 40 50 60
T [C]
Ts(max)
Ts(min)
Tj
Tj(min)
Tj(max)
cooling
cooling
SEMIKRON-Standard:
Ts
Heating and cooling
times are controlled by
case- Tc or heatsink
temperature Ts
Tj(min) = 40C
Tj(max) = 150C
1 Cycle ~ 10...60 s
DUT
C_
____:_4_6_ __*_________
___?________)_____!______!___!____
_______________________!__!__________________*___________*_______________!
____-)_______
____/________A____________*_______)______.A____*____________*___________________)____
_______
___,____________________________)_!_____________!_________________ __)_________!_____
______________*_________-)____________ ____!
____)__________________________________________
_________)______________!_______________________________!_-_!_!___!
___________________________
____!)_________________________________________________!)__/________!)_____________!
_________
!_______!_________________!)__________ _______________)_____)_____
+_________)_____!___
:_._____
<:;
*_____ ____________0__
_________R_5;_%________R_<<;_%2______-__)_________!
_____!)___________
______________!________!)__________!___________))_________
,&5&-&3_ _<____ ___

__
_1________________)_____!___________>_________
____*____<;_(H____________<;;;_(H_____ ____
_____________________B_ ___________________________)___________)_____
___________>__)!__+_
_____!________!_________ _____ ____!___!_!____>_____________________________*_____
_____
__________________)__)_________/____*____)___________!____________________+_______!)__?
__ _$___________
__
_____)___
_______
__ _"__________________________________________
_!_____
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____*___________!___________________________-___________!______!___________
_____
________
_______________
_!
______0______+__A________)______2___________/___________!)___+______*_____
______________________________))__________A_!)_______________
________)_______/______))_____
____________!!__________!_____________________!_-_!_!_______________
_
C_
____:_4_7_ "%________!_____________ _)___
,&5&2_ _____
_____ __
______________
__
__
_______________________________________________-__!________________)_____!
_____>________)___ _
_______S77T_
,&5&2&*_ _____'"____
___=___
__________>_
_A______________!_________________________________________D__________!
________________$_______
___________________*_____!
____________________________________,_________________*______
____
___________________________________)___/_____!____________)___
_!_______________!!
__________
__________________A._______________________________________!____________________
____)__H__
_______0C_ ____:_4_B2_0___>_____?_<_(H+__!)_____?_B;__!2_________________!
______________
____ __ ___ ______ ____))_____F____________ F_ ___ ___ _______ 0_____ _____________
_
_________2+_
______________!______:;_!_________
_____:;_!1_
:_._____
<:<
_
C_
____:_4_B_ "___!_______*__
_!)___________$___"%____
_)___ _
_____)___
__)________!________________+__-
________
___S7BT+____)___ _____________________F
___F____________________________<;;+;;;_
!___!_______[_<;_!________)___
________:___ _________$___"%____*____________!
________7_B_
!_______!___!____
,&5&2&,_ _;____"___
________=___ _______
__
>_
____ __ __________!___+___!)__________ _-)_____ __ _

________________
____________________________
____*_____________!
__________________________________!______!_
)___*______________-__!___!_______________
_
C_
____:_4_8__ _________ _________$___"%_____)___
(+_:+;;;__+_<B_12
________ _!__)_____ ____
________A._06_))!_(_:_"+_7;aA+_5;U_
_C_
____:_4_8____*_________________________$___"%_____A._____________________
_____________
_____!___________*___________________H_____________!_
________________!
___________!_____
0_A._O__)___ ______2+_____
______))____________!)___________________
____________!_
______
________0____!_
_______*________________/____2_____________________
_____)____________O_
____D_____
_______A.__________________________!__)_________________________)_______________)___
_
____________________-_____________________
______!!
_______________________)_________!____
O_!______________________!_____________________________*_____&*__
________
__)______________
_)___ ___
______________
_)___+____________!______!________________
______________!___
)______ ______________*_______________________________S78T__
,&5&2&-_ _;_
__
'
'_;__ ______ __________
____ ____ __+_ ___ ______ ___ __ )_*___ __!__________ !______ ___ _-)_____ __ _-__!__
_!)_______
D__________*____!______________________________________________________
__________________
________________)_____+____D__-______)___
_________________________:
+;;;__!)______________
___!__7;aA___\<:BaA_
:_._____
<::
Temperature cycling -40C / 125C, 30 min/30 min

-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
T [C]
Cycle 1 Cycle 100 Cycle 500 Cycle 1000 Cycle 1500 Cycle 2000
Failure of solder pin
C_
____:_4_4_ A__________________!)_________________)________)___
_______0(9_"___A.+_
__)___ _)__+_
___O___D______.A2______!_____
_______A.____,______!)_____________ _
,&5&3_ _/___________________________________
________!__!__________________*____!
________*_____________-)___________/_______A_#_______
___
__
_______________*________ _____-)________!)___________ _____________ ___!
_____
___!__*______________________!)_______________)__________________________
________________
________________________*______!_______)+_______
___________________)___!)___________*_____
___)_*_____!___________________+____!
________________________________!)___________________
___)_____________________________________________)_*_________
___)_________!
_____!)____!______
___!____-________________________0R_____________________2____!_
_______*______________________
________________________________________!___________*_______________)!______!
_______*_____
_____)_______!
______F_____)__________F_______________________________________________________
________________
______)________)________)___________________!
___________)______________________
_)_____!_____________________________*_____________________________!)____!
______________
______________________________________*____________ __/_________ ____)_*_________
_/_
_________
____________________<;___<B________ ___C_
____:_4_5__-)______________________________________
____________'.___
_C_
____:_4_5__-)_______________________________________'.__!___________
_
Substrate
Base Plate
IGBT
Diode
Chip Solder
Base Plate Solder
Thermal Grease
Heatsink
Bond Bondwire Bond

Bond
C_
____:_4_5_ "______________________'.__!______0____________________________!___________!
______
!_________2
:_._____
<:6
_C_
____:_4_3_____C_
____:_4_5____*_____________________________________________))________
)__________!____________________+____________________________
________0
__________
_________
_______________!____-)___________/_______________,_____!_______2__C_____________+___
__>______
______________)_________________ _)_____________________))___________________________!
_____
____________________!______)_______________________ ___!)_____________
__!)________________
___+__.A____________________________)______)______________________________-)_________
__/__
_________!_______)__________________
__________________&____!____________)!
__________)_____
_
__))___________)____!____________!_______*______!
_______-)___________/______0_________"_A2_
______!_________!)______
_C_
____:_4_3____*_______________________-)___________________________*________
_____ _____<_
_!______________*_____________________________(_
____________________
______________________
____________________&________+_____!)___________________)______))___________________
_____
__!___*_____A_R5;aA_______,_R_<:BaA_______!)_______ _____________!
______________________
_____))________)____*__________-________________________
___________)____)______7______A_#__
________)____________
__)+___
__________________
_*_____________+___________________-)________
_________)_________A_#______+_______*__________
___________________!
_________________
____!______________________)____________________+____________*___________!
__________)_
)________)_____________________________!
____________________*__________________+_________
____________!_________"_A______)_____________________!___________________)______!
______
________________:_&_6_______!____________*__________!
____-)__________"______A_______________!_____
_____________!________________!
_______*_______))________)_____.____*_________________________
___
_______,__________________-)__________*_________________*__________
________!)________!____
________+___*____+_______,_____)________________________
_____________________A_#____________
___)________!____!______*____
_
C_
____:_4_3_ 9_______-)___________________!___________________)_*_____!__________!
______*_________
__!_____
_____ _____<__!__9__?________!)_______
_____________!________________)_____
)_*________L___
_?__________ __)__________!______________!)_____________ _*____________
___
_________
______ ___________ _
_9__ _______________
______!
___________)__________________)_______________*_)________________
__________
__)___/___+_____________________*_______________
________________________+____
___!___________________!______*___________________!____________)__________
______)_____)_
_____________!_______!
________________*________)______________________>______________)________
_____ ________
___________!)_____________ _____
:_._____
<:7
_
Solder fatigue
C_
____:_4_<;_ 67_!!_!______*____________.A_0__
__2
____________________*___________
___________!____________________________!_______________*______________________!
_________
____ _ *_____ __ _____ )____ ____ ___ __________ ________
+_ ___ ___
_ ___ ___ ____
________ ___!_ ___
________ __ ___ ____ _____ ____ ___ ___/________ ________ ___ _____ !_____ ____ ___
_________
___
________________)______
__________!)_______________________________*___"%___+_$___"%___+_
"#$__&______"%_$________
____0_______)___:_B2_
_________
____________________
_"______ ___ ___ ___ ___)__ !_____ _))_____ _
_____ *_____!_
_____
________*__________!_______
*_____!____________)+_ ___!_______ ____________________ _________ "______ ___
___
______ _____
____________ ____ ___________)__!)______+_*____________*____________
_______________________
____
_!)____________________________'.____________+_____ __
_)_____________________
_
C_
____:_4_<<_ A__)___________ _____________)_*_________

__)_+__2____________!_
_
___+__2_____
___________'._____)__0C_ ____:_4_<<2_________
_________.A______________*___)_*_________
+_
_________'._____)______A9__________)_____________________________________!_
__0"$_R_
_________
_____________________)_2+_____!____________)_*_________
_______________________)_______+_
,____________________
__'.__________________)_____________________________________________
!______________
____________________________C______
______)_+_____!)_______
_______________
___)______!_ _____________!_
_____________*_________!)_______________
___+___________
_______
__+_______________________S74T_____________*________!__!________!
_____!)___________
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____<4BaA2_______________
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____
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_______"____________
_____*_____:_&_6_
:_._____
<:B
__ _________ ____________ _*_____*__!)_______,_____

______>____________________*_______)__
_______________!______________ ________)_*________!)_________*__!)_____________
__)____
____+_*_____*____________!___!_______!___________*_______!_____________ _)_________
_____________'_____________
______!)_______*_____))______________+____!____!___________________
_____!
____-)____________
/______________!_
______*_______________________________0F_______F2____+___________
_________
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_____________*____+________________________________!_____!_
___0F__________F2__C______
!___!_________________!)____________________ _______!
___________)______________________
___!___!___!___________!________________0__
___*__ _____ ____________
__2__________!_____
__
_*_____________))___________)_*___!_______*________________!
____________________
_"_____)_*___!_______*________________d_<;__)______)______!
_________________*____)_________
___)_______+________________*__________*________!!
___________________!)______________A_____
_______ *________!____________ ___ __ __________ ___ ___ ___*____ ____
__ ___
___)_*_________
_ ____
______)_______+___________________________*_____!
_____*_______________________+_____________
*______________)______!________________ __
_)____________________________________________*____
___+__________________*________________
________!___________*________!____
+________________
*______________________________)_*__________________)_________________)____0F_)_____!
_____F2+_
__*____+_________________)_______
_
C_
____:_4_<:_ .____*______!_
_L__2_._____
_2_C__________________*____________S75T
___________________!__________L_
_____ !____ *____ )_____ ___ _____ ___________ ____ ___ ___!____!_ _____ *____ _____ __
__ ______ ___
_______________+_*____________________________!)_______________
_____________*_*__________+_
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___________)_!________________________ _)_______________!
_+______________
_!
_______________________________________+_S73T_____)______________________*_________
___
_________________________*___________!_-_!_!___!_______)________)_*_________________
______
______________)__)________________)____ ____*_________
:_._____
<:8
__
C_
____:_4_<6_ C_______________*_______)____ ____*______________________)_*_________

___)_______S73T
_F.____*___________F___________!_________________________________
______________)_____________+_
_________________________+_______!)____.___________________'._________________________________
__)_________)_______________*________________ _____!)________________)_______SB;T_
_.____ __
____________ ______ __
_________________ __
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_______)________________________
__
__________!)________A___ ____________)_!___________
________________________)___________
______ _________________+___
_____________*__________________________*____+_______________
_
___________)________9_!___ ______)__________________0__A $_2_______________________
_
C_
____:_4_<7_ __________________)_!__________+__2_____________2______)_*_________
_SB<T
,&5&4_ _0"___
_____ ______ _____"______________________
___
___!_______________________)___:_B_0_____
__
2+___________________________)_*___!___________
___,______
__
____________!)_______D__________________
______!
__________*_______*________
____________________!____________________________-)___________/______________________!
__
________$___________!________)_______+______!
_______)_________!)_____________+_______________
___________________ ____,___
_____________)_*____________*______>___________!__<;;_(H_*__________
_______!
____________
___________!____!)________________)______*_____________!___!
____!)_______D_______________
!______0___)___B_:_.__________)_*_________2__________>_____+___*____+___________!
__________*_
____ ________________________________________!_____+________
__
_____________*____________
___!)______________!___________________ ____!
____)____________>_____________*_(H_______)__
____________________)______+_________)________
__________+_________)______))________+____________
________________!______*________-)________!)_____________
+_____________________
?
:_._____
<:4
__
__
__
__
_.________________
_ _______)_________
__.A_O______)____________
_ _____________!_______0A_______:_&_6_______2
__________+_______!)____________!_____!________
_________*_________,__ _ ________
________)___
,_______!
_______)_*__________*______________________________+_____!)_____________________,_R_
__,0!_-2_____,0!__2_______
____)_*_________________________________________
_________________)_*___
!________________!_-_!_!_)__!___________)__!)_________,0!_-2__
__________________*_______)__________!_______)_*____________________!)_____________
__!_
)________,__________!________!____)___!______A_____)_____
_!______!
______>______________!__
_______________/_____-______________*__________)____________!)_____________
_______!____
_!)_________,!
__*_______/____*____)_______________9#"___"______________<33;__SB:T_________
_______)___!______,__!_______+_ _____________________
__#____________________*______)_____
_____!___________________________________________
_________*__ __>_____?
_
b jm
a
kT
E
fj
NATe
___,_____)___!____________)________C_
____:_4_<B?_R6_;:Bc<;_B_+_
_R__B+;63+_#___R3_53<c<;__:;_G+_
_____M_.__H!__________+____,_o___,!__S%T
_
LESIT results
Power cycling lifetime as a funktion of Tj and Tjm

1E+4
1E+5
1E+6
1E+7
1E+8
1E+9
10 100
1000 j
[K]
cycles to failure
Tjm=333K (60C)
Tjm=353K (80C)
Tjm=373K (100C)
C_
____:_4_<B_ __*_________
__________________________)_*___!
____________)____________________!____
_!)______________9#"___"____SB:T
___C_ ____:_4_<B___!_______+______!_______)________)_*_________________,_d_6;_
%_______________
)_*________________________________!)_____________
__!)_________:;___6;_
%_____________)_*___
______ _*________________!____________>_______!)_____________
__!)___________*_6;_
%________
_______*_______________*___!__________!_________!__________________)_________)_______
___ ___ _________

__
______!)_____+____ ___)__________)_*_____!__________!
_______*____ __
______ ____)_*_________
__________________________________!!____________'.__!
__________*__
___)_____________*__
_____________
:_._____
<:5
Lifetime industrial standard

Power cycling lifetime as a function of Tj and Tjm
1E+4
1E+5
1E+6
1E+7
1E+8
1E+9
Tj [K]
cycles to failure
10 100 1000
Tjm=77,5C
Tjm=90C
Tjm=102,5C
Tj,max=const.=125C
C_
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Lifetime IGBT4 modules

Power cycling lifetime as a function of Tj and Tjm
1E+4
1E+5
1E+6
1E+7
1E+8
1E+9
Tj [K] 1000
cycles to failure
10 100
test time @ 30s per cycle

Tjm=77,5C
Tjm=90C
Tjm=102,5C
Tj,max=const.=150C
1
month
1
year
10
years
100
years
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150 C 25 C
V (3) V (1)
V (2) V (1)
T 25 C
CE CE
CE CE
j(X)
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25 x 150
(1)
(2)
(3)
Forward Voltage VCE

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 500 1000 1500 2000
VCE [mV]
25C
75C
150C
positive
temperature
coefficient
negative
temperature
coefficient
I[A]
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0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
Rth (j -c)
K/W
rec.
sin.
Rth (j -c)(cont.) = 0.25 K/W
SKT 100.xls-05
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sin. rec.
360 - 0
180 0.04
120 0.06
90
60 0.10
30 0.13
15
Z(th)z (K/W)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 s 100
Zth
K/W
t
Zth(j-s)
Zth(j-c)
Z(th)p= Z(th)t + Z(th)z
ddisiskcrreeteter 1T0h0yrAis-ttohryristor
0.075
0.145
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.11
0.05
0.145
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95,5 A
1,57
150 A
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I
I FRMS
FAV
_
0
25
50
75
100
125
Tc C
IFAV
A
cont.
rec. 180
sin. 180
rec. 120
rec. 60
0 50 100 150 200
__!_
__+2+%__ _
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0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1,8
2
t ms
IF(OV)
IFSM
IFSM(25C) = 1150 A
IFSM(180C) = 1000 A
RRM
RRM
RRM
1V
0.5 V
0V
______________________________
________________
1 10 100 1000
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2
t
i dt I2 hw
FSM
t
0
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hw
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0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
______________________________
________________
0.000001 0.0001 0.01 1 100

0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
t [s]
PRRM
W
PRRM
PRSM
W
PRSM
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________________
0
100
200
300
0 VF 0.5 1 1.5 V 2
IF
A
typ. max.
__ Tvj = 25C
- -Tvj = 160C
__!_
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F (T0) f f F
P V i r i
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2
FAV (T0) FAV f FRMS
P V I r I
360
I
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2
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0
50
100
150
200
0
sin.
180
rec.
180
cont.
IFAV A
W
PFAV
rec.
120
rec.
60
25 50
__!_
__
___
0_
75 100 125
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dt
di
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trr= ts+ t
ts tf
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dt
______________________________
________________
IRRM
IF
0.9 IRRM
0.2 IRRM
Qs Qf
Qrr= Qs+ Qf
i
v
Qrr reverse recovery charge

Qs storage charge
trr reverse recovery time
ts storage time
Qf fall time charge
tf fall time
IRRM reverse recovery peak current
VF
I,V
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0 Tc C
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rec. 180
sin. 180
rec. 120
rec. 30
rec. 15
rec. 90
rec. 60
sin. 120
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Thy-ristor
VT0
100
A max typ.
Tvj = 25C
Tvj= 130100 A- Thyristor
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_
0
50
100
150
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
rec. 15
rec. 30
rec. 60
rec. 90
rec. 120
sin. 180
rec. 180
cont.
ITAV A
W
PTAV
100A-Thyristor
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Reverse Current vs. chip temperature
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
20 40 60 80 100 T [C] 120 140
Reverse Current [mA]
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__
__
__
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_______*
____ ____________ _"___ __
_______
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_______+
_
0
150
300
450
600
012345
[V]
IC
Tj = 25 C
VGE = 15 V
Tj = 150 C
VGE = 17 V
VGE = 15 V
VGE = 11 V
[A]
VCE
__!_
__+_+_5________ __!__!_________
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__
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0
150
300
450
600
0 50 100 150 [ C ] 200
[A]
Tj = 175 C
VGE 15 V
T
I
C
C
__!_
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600 [A]
[mJ]
Eon
Eof
Err
Tj = 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE = 15 V
RG = 1,9
I
E
C
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0
20
40
60
80
0 2 4 6 [8
[mJ]
Eon
Eof
Err
Tj = 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE = 15 V
IC = 300 A
E
RG
__!_
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 5 10 [ V ] 15
[A]
Tj = 150 C
Tj = 25 C
tp = 80 s
VCE = 20 V
_"__
6_
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V
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-8
-4
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
[nC]
[V] ICpuls = 300 A
Vcc = 600 V
V
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10
100
1000
0 200 400 600 [A]
[ns]
td of
td on
tr
tf
Tj = 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE = 15 V
t RG = 1.9
IC
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10
100
1000
02468
tr
t
[ns]
tdof
tdon
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Tj = 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE = 15 V
IC = 300 A
RG []
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0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
[K/W] single pulse
[s]
Z
t
th(j-c)
P
diode
IGBT
__!_
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_
0
150
300
450
600
0V1234F
Tj = 150 C
[A]
[V]
IF
Tj = 25 C
__!_
__+_+2(_____6___________
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_
0
100
200
300
0 2000 4000 6000
[A]
3.4
2.4
6.4
1.9
RG [] = 1.4
VCC = 600 V
Tj = 150 C
VGE = 15 V
IF = 300 A
diF/dt [A/s]
IRRM
__!_
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_+
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0
20
40
60
80
0 2000 4000 [ A / s ] 6000

[C]
= IF [A]
450
150
75
3.4
2.4
6.4
1.9
RG [] = 1.4
600
VCC = 600 V
Tj = 150 C
VGE = 15 V
300
diF/dt
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_____________ _/_>______ 6__0"___"!"_____"_>_"!"_*_ !
_1_
___%________A%
__2__________ __
_"___ __0"___"!"_____"_>_"!"_*_ ! _1__
___%! _;
____6+
__*___ ________
___ _6_____ __
,!
__
______ _______
______________
_____*__
_______"___________ ______"_____
_______"__! _______
____6________"_ ____
_______
_______
.____________
6_
_______
+_
__"
______"____ _
__
___
_
___
________6______ ______
_______
_______ _"__!
___"_ _
______
__"
___
___
__/_______
______"__!
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_+_______
__6_ _
___
______"_____ __
______ ___
_____
___
_______
_________6_ _#
__
_
__
____+
_H_____I___ __'_; _______'______<__________%_(________(__
__
_'
___%_
___(__
_
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 T c 50 100 C 150
P
W
D
Tj 150 C
__!_
__+(+(__ __>_"!"__
"_
___!_ ______
_"____#
___6
______________8____*
__!_____
__
____
_____ __
_"_>_"!"__ _"____#
_ ___ ____6 ______________ _
__________8___025H$1_ D_ 0__E0"_>1__b_
25?1G___0E._1__________ _ D_25H$____
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__+(+(__
____# ____ ___6 _______________
.
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_
__
_________
____ __
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_4_
______________________________
_H____"I___)__%__' ______ !
_______+__7,
_
1
10
100
1000
1 10 100 V
I
A
D
100 s
1 ms
10 ms
TC = 25 C
DS
V 1000
____
__'
________________
________
___%_______!:'%!_ __'
Tj 150 C
Not for
linear use
__!_
__+(+5_ ___
___
___
________
___!_______
._! _
___
_______0_$__@1
___________________ *
_____ "_____ ____! __________
________D__0*1_#
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__=___________<___!.
__________6______+___
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_1______"_________
____6____
>_
________"___#
_
_
_ __ ___!________ _
_____ __________
__6____!_____:_____ ___!
_____+___
______"______ _"_________
___*__ __________
___+_+(____ ___
_
_#_____ __+________"__! __"_____
____!_____
_ __ ______.
____ _________
___!_____6_________ ______+_@__ __!____
________*
____
__
___
__________" ________
_
_"___ _______
____"" ___
___! ____*__________"_____
___________6
_____ ___* __
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___!_ _
__
_/___ _________
____ ___ __*_ __ __"______!_ ___
_"_ ______#_ ___+
_H_____I___'_(_!____;____(____(_ _____(_______E__+3____,_
___!_ __+(+%____6____ __!__!_________
_______0______ _*_ ! _1_#__
_______
_____" _
__=______0_ ____
_
_____ __2+(+_1+_
_
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 VCC 2 4 6 8 V 1 0
7V
6.5 V
6V
5.5 V
5V
4.5 V
4V
VGS = 20 V 10 V 8 V
tp = 80 s
Tj = 25 C
A
ID
__!_
__+(+%__ ______ ____6___________
________
_42
_____________D__0=____1
______________________________
________________
_H____*I___'_(_!_______
__(____(_
_____(______E__+3____,
___
_______
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________
____ _______!_
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_____=_____ _D_25_=_0 __ _____ ______1+___ ________!__
________!_
__6______
___
.
__!__ _*_ __ _*________D______g_0=_____._=___0__1_1+
_
0
100
200
300
400
0 VGS 2 4 6 8 V 1 0
A
tp = 80 s
VDS = 25 V
ID
__!_
__+(+'__ ______ _______
_H____?I___'_(_!_(____(_
___%_ _
___!_ __+(+3____6____
___!_ +
_
_________
____________D__0=____1
_____(_____9:_
______(
_/
__%__(__'__ _'
_____ ______9._
_______
____0__1__*
__!___ "_
__!________
"_
0
10
20
30
0 50 100 C 150
98%
typ.
T
R
j
DS(on)
__!_
__+(+3_ ______ ________
___________9._ ________*
______ ___
_______
"_
___!_ ____
____!#
_+______
____ ________
__
_______*
__
"_
___!_ ___
____ _____*____
___!________"_ _/_
____
_______#_ _____________! __
__+
_
____25+++_5&H$____
________
_4_
________________
______________________________
_/___ ________
__
____6____*_ __
_H____BI_______(%__
____ ______/
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__
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___!_ __+(+4____6____ ________!__ ____ ______06____!___________
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___!_ ______ _____"___
__
_
__
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___!_ ______D_25H$____3&H$________ _____
__
_______
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_ th( j c) DS(on)
j(max) C
th( j c) DS(on)
j(max) C
RR
TT
RV
TT
I
___!_
____0__1____!_
___%_ _
__6_______ ___
_
___!_
__
+
________
__
_"__ _______
____________+_
_
"_
___!_ _______ _U_25H$____ _"_>_"!"____ _________!__ ______
_______
____.
0
40
80
120
160
0 50 100 T C C 150
Tj 150 C
VGS = 10 V
A
T
I
C
D
__!_
__+(+4__ _______!__ ____
______*__!_____
_H____JI___'_(_!______:__%_(
__
_0__;__/_!__
_@_____6_______!_ __+(+_&____ ______.__!__ _#_
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__
__
________
__
"_
___!_ +_@____
_______
_______
____ _
_
_________ _6_______ "_
___!_ _________#
_
__
"_
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_/
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_:__6__*_ __
_'
___%_
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____ __
_+
180
190
200
210
220
230
-50 0 50 100 150
V
T C
V
j
(BR)DSS
__!_
__+(+_&________ ______.__!___#_
________
_4(
_:__6__*_ __
______________________________
_*
__!___ "_
________________
___!_
_H____KI__ ___________ _'

______ !
______:__%_( _/_!__ _/
__%_____
______!!______
_______
(%__ __
__*
_*_ __ __ _____ ___!__ ___ __
_ ___ ___ _"__!
____!_____
__ 0_ _"___
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__+1_ 6_ _ __.
__
__
______ __!__.______" _________
_
__0______.____G__1___+
+___
______.__!__ __!__ __*_ __ _=________
6_______
________"____6______
__
__
__0_ ____
______
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__
________ !_____
__
_____!_
__+(+__7_=_____D___0._____G___T_____G____1+_
_
0
100
200
300
0 -di/dt 1 2 3 4
V
kA/s
VDS
__!_
__+(+___ _____.__!__ _*_ __ __
______*__!_________!__
______ ______
_H____LI___'_(_!_(____(_ _____(______ ____ ___!_(_'_(____(

__/
__
%_______:__%_(
_/_!__
___
_ __!_ __ ____
__
____ ___ ___ ___ _ __________
__ ___ __6
_________ __* _ #
__ _____!_ __ ___.
_!__ __________
__2+(+___ _________*
_______
________
________0_
____
_____" _
__G_" __!_ "
___
__________1__________!_
__+(+_2____6___ __
_
__
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___
___ _____"______"_______
_______
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________6
___6____
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_____#
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_
____ _______!_
__+(+__+
_
1
10
100
1000
0V
nF
C
C
C
iss
oss
rss
VGS = 0 V
f = 1 MHz
C
VDS 10 20 30 40
__!_
__+(+_2________ ________
_______________.__!__ _*_ __
________
_45
_____________ ___ ___________
______________________________
________!
________________
_H_____2I___'_(_!___
_(___ _(____(_
_____(_3_____E__+>___,
___!_ __+(+______6____ ________
____________ __________
.__!__ _*_ __
_=____________!____________ _
__
_____ _X_____6______
_____" _
_______.__!__ __!__ __*_ __ _=____+___
___
_____ ________
_______
_ !_____
____ ___!__ ____=______# _6
_____.____
_6_
_
_=______D_&_=_______.____ ____"_>_"!"_=____+______
_____"_"___# _!_
______ _
_"__ ___
___
_____ _ ____X____ _ _ ,!__
___________!_ ___
________
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_
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 200 400 600 n C 800
V
VDS = 160 V
VDS = 40 V
VGS
QG
__!_
__+(+__________ ___ _____
________
_______=_____D__0X___1
_H_____*I____
:__%_(
____ ___!__/_!__ _/
__%___
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___
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_"___*_ !
_________
________
_
_
__________# _6
____ .__!__ ____ ___ __*_ __
_=___0__1___________________"_
___!_ ___E_+
_
0
1
2
3
4
5
-50 0 50 100 150
V
98 %
typ.
2%
V=V
I = 1 mA
DS GS
D
C
V
T
GS
j
__!_
__+(+_(_ ___ .__!__ ____
___ __*_ __
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______
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__
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c)
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6_
_______
____
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_
_____ ______ ____________"_$___"__!
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__
*__________
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_
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___
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__
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_____ ____+_+++_+(+_
_
________
_43
__B_ __%''!
>_
______ __________________ __ ____*

___________"_+_
___* _"_>_"!"________________
____ !________
_
______________________________
____6____"_>_"!"___________________
_______
________________
______________________<___
__________________ ___6 ___

"_____!________8___0_____ _
____<__6
_______!
_1__ ____
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.
___
_____* _____ _0__"_
_
_______
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______0_____?__8__8_1+__?__8__8__________.__6
_____ __________ ______ !_
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"__
_+
+______"__! ________*
____ _E___ _______
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__________
_____:+___________ _.
______8________
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________
____6 __"__! _______
__A_
________#
__!_ _!_
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_
_______"
_
__+
__B___ __N__<_
_C__.__6
___?__8__8_____
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_____* __
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#__: ______ ____* __
__"__! _+___!_
__+%+_____6____ ________
_ ___!
________?__8__8___6__
___.
!_
__+%+2____6____# __:______"__________
_6_______* __________
___*
__!_______+
_
V Sensor
I Sensor
T Sensor
Liquid or Air Cooling
Gate Driver
Controller Interface
Power Supply Protection Circuit
SKiiP
Power Section
Driver
Heatsink
__!_
__+%+___ 8______
_ ___!________?__8__8__0
__1
_
under voltage
lockout, power
ON reset
TOP
fast turn of
BOT
pulse
transformer
BOT
+15V stabilised
TOP
-8V
DC / DC
converter
primary side +15V stabilised
BOT
-8V
pulse shaper
+
interlock
deadtime
analogue
temperature
outout
+
DCB > max
error latch,
reset via
TOP=BOT=LOW
input
bufer
BOT
input
bufer
TOP
option V:
24 V supply input
X1
14
1
power
driver
TOP
power
driver
BOT
-UZK
load side
VGE
VGE
+UZK
U~
I~
DCB
X10
X11
X12
driver side
high side
flip flop
TOP
__7_)__)_____ ________7_)__)_____
high side
flip flop
BOT
short pulse
suspression
BOT
primary
side secondary side
I > Imax
analogue current
sense output
normalised :
10V=125% INom
TOP
BOT
4 kVAC
option U :
analog DC link voltage monitoring

UDC_analog
option F:
fiber optic
link (TOP, ERR,
BOT)
pulse
transformer
TOP
short pulse
suspression
TOP
__!_
__+%+2_ _?__8_____ _# __:______"_6_______*
________
_44
______________________________
__________
________________
____
_ _?__8_
_
________ __ _ _*__ _#
_?__82_ 6____ 98_.______ _?__8__ 6____ __
____
___________?__8(_6______ ________(+_@ __?__8_"__!
__8(_ *
__%1___
___.
__ ___ __#_____0)__ __)1_"_!__
_______ __
_______
______ ___
___2&&_=_
____'&&_=__ *
__
_*_ __ +___!___+%+_____6____
_7_)__)_0__ __#___ 1__
)_C)_02.____ _C.#___
1__)__)_0_.____
___* __
___* __
__6____#__: _____.
_
_1+
_
Driver
SKiiP: 2-fold "GB" (Case S2; S23)

Driver

+
Driver
SKiiP: 3-fold "GD" (Case S3; S33)

Driver
U
VW
__________!____
_ ___ __
__7_
__________2____(_0_____?
_____:_6_________________
____
________!_______ __
_1_____)__<)_0_.____
only SKiiP2: 4-fold "GH" (Case S5GH) only SKiiP2: 4-fold "GDL" (Case S5GDL)
+
U
V
Driver Driver
UVW
BR
Driver
Driver
Driver
only SKiiP4: 6-fold "GB"

__!_
__+%+__ _?__8_____ __
________
2&&
______________________________
________________
_@ ___!____ ___ __#___

__#___
____ ,!___
_
_____ ___6 ___
___" _-_____
_0_
__!_ __+%+(1+_
_
____ _______
__#______""______* ___
______
__6____
_"___ __0_$M__@$___$.1_________
___________ __!
_
>_"_ ____
__!_
__+%+(__ 8_6___
_"___ ________?__8_
__!_
__+%+5_ ______
____!_____
_____"_ __
____"___
_____?__8_"__!
_____ _)_
__>_ ________)____*__
_______ _
_?__8_"__!
__!__ __666+_
"_:___+__"_"!___# ____ _
______________________
____ .__
__/________
_____ _______
__+___!_
__+%+5__* _____ >_"_ ______
_#___________
__ ___!______?__8_"__!
_+
_ __
__ ___!_______?__8_"__!
______
_;_ _: ___
_______
__________* ______ ___6 __"__! ____?__8_______
_______________________"_+_
___ _________ ___ __ _ _
_______________ ______ ___ __
_"__! ____ ___ _________
__ _ __________ ___ __
_
__6
___
__________6
______
__
__
___*
_"_>_"!"___________________
_________________"______#
_+_
__
________
__________
___*__ _______"___"!"________ _____"_>_"!"_*_ ! _+__
_
__ ______"______
_____ _______
____ ___!_
________
____ ___
____"___
________*
_______
_____ ____ _______
_
___
________
2&_
______________________________
________________
_____ _"_>_"!"___________________
_______+__!___
_"__ ________
_________*__ _______"__________ _.
"__
__ ___ ___;<_ _______
>_ ___________________
_____________!
________"______
__?__8_"__! +___ _
______
_____ _______!
_____* ______ ___ _______
_____ ______ _+_8_
_2__ __!_ ____ _"_>_"!"_
__________________ _________________* ______!__+___

__
_
_._!___
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__
____ ___
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___
(____
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______ _"_>_"!"__________ ___
__/_ ___
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________
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__ _ _
__ ___ __
_ _6_____
0__"1__ ___ __
___* _ ___ __
__!"# _____
____
______________
________
___6_____0__"1______
____________"__!
+___ _"_>_"!"________
_______
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___+_____ __________________
_+
__$_!__0__%''!__/_!__
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_7__ _____:__
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___!_ _______D_25H$A_"_>_"!"__$__!__ __*_ __
____ _ __# _6
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+______"_>_"!"_______6_ _#
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__ __"___"_ _ _6.___!_____ __
_______
__?__8_"_.
_!
_6_ _#
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__*_ __
____ _6____!_______
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fsw(max)
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Chip (junction)
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850
900
950
1000
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1100
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1200
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VCEmax [V]
12T4 RGof = 2.4
12E4 RGof = 2.4
12E4 RGof = 6
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[V]
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dVCE[V]
VCC=800V
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IGBT 1200 V / 50 A; V = 540 V; I = 25 A; T = 125C
Forward Losses [W]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
m*cos phi
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
Switching Losses [W]
Switching Frequency (kHz)
IGBT
d Lef j
Diode
IGBT
Diode
__"_____%*%__ _!__ __"_

____$____'____(
1____
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_
P (1 kW / Div) on
v (40 V / Div) DS
i (40 A / Div) D
reverse-recovery-current and
capacitive (dvdt) current overshoot
0.1 s / Div Turn-on

i (10 A / Div) D
0.2 s / Div Turn-off
P (2 kW / Div) of
v (50 V / Div) DS
Avalanche
Breakdown
0.2 s / Div Turn-on

v (200 V / Div) CE
P (20 kW / Div) on
i (20 A / Div) C
0.2 s / Div Turn-off
v (200 V / Div) CE
_________________
i (20 A / Div) C
P (20 kW / Div)
of
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b)
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10
100
1000
0246810
tdon
tdof
tr
tf
RG []
t [ns]
SKiiP 39 AC 12T4 V1
Tj= 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE,on = 15 V
VGE,of = -15 V
IC = 150 A
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_ Blocking Losses
Switching Losses
Total Power Losses
Static Losses
Turn-on Losses Turn-of Losses
Driving Losses
On-state Losses
__"_____%_%*_ ____1___
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CE(25 C) r j (T)
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(1 TC (T T ))
V
V
I
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P f E Esw j ref
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V
V
I
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P f E Err j ref
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ref
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V
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Case rated devices
(with base plate like Semitrans)
Heatsink rated devices
(without base plate like SKiiP)

6P (circuit elements
per device)
6P (devices per
heatsink)
Ts
Tc
Tj
Zth(s-a)
Zth(c-s)
Zth(j-c)
Ta
Zth(s-a)
Zth(j-s)
6P (circuit elements
per heatsink)
Power
source
Ptot(T) Ptot(D) Ptot(T) Ptot(D)
__"_____%_%__ __#___,____ __#
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Tj Tc Ts
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Zth(s-a)
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_ 0C
Ta
Ts
Tc
Tj
Rth(j-c)
Rth(c-s)
Rth(s-a)
P P =200 W
Example
Ta = 40C
Rth(j-c)=0,15 K/W
Rth(c-s)=0,05 K/W
Rth(s-a)=0,1 K/W
Ts = Rth(s-a) P+ T a = 60C
Tc = Rth(c-s) P + Ts = 70C
Tj = Rth(j-c) P + Tc = 100C
j a v th T T P R
__"_____%_%>_ __#___
_____
____
___________
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rotor position
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t [s]
cos(alpha)
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2
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2
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P
SemiSel result:
average losses
Transformation to equivalent
sinusoidal half wave
P(peak) = * P(av)
P(peak)
P(av)
Applying of P(t) to the
thermal impedance
Tj
dT Tj(av) j
Tj(max)
2
Calculation and display of
Tj(max) value
__"_____%_%*__ &
____
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_
1
-1
current
voltage
cos()
acceleration deceleration
0 4 8 12 16 t/s 25
t [s]
fout
[Hz]
fsw
[kHz]
000006
0.1 2 0,1 1 5 4
4 2 1 0.85 50 4
4.1 0.7 1 0.85 50 6
12 0.7 1 0.85 50 6
12.1 1 -0.85 50 4
16 1.5 0.1 -1 5 4
16.1 0 0 0 5 6
25 0 0 0 0 6
I/Iout
V/
Vout cos ()
1.5
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1
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_
E (R )
E (R )
K
on+of g _ref
on+of g
Esw
KE _IGBT 1,72
KE _D 0,69 sw
sw
Correction factor:
transistor
diode
Data sheet value at Rg_ref= 7 :
Eon+of= 33 mJ
Err = 8mJ
Switching losses at Rg= 20 :
Eon+of= 57 mJ
Err= 5,5mJ
=
=
=
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Pressure drop characteristic for Px16/200 ; Px16/280 ; Px16/360

500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Volume per time [m/h]
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Px16/200
Px16/360
p [Pa]
Fan SKF16B (230V)
Fan SKF16B (207V)
Px16/280
__"_____%7%__ &_____"_
_
___/____" __
____
______
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4_
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_
K
2
1
th(s a)2 th(s a)1
V
RR
_
_
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_
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
th(s-a) [K/W]
Px16/200
Px16/360
Px16/280
R
Volume per time [m /h] 3
__"_____%7%>_ &
_
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_
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0 20 40 Tfluid [C] 60 80
Rth(r-a) [K/W]
__"_____%7%*7_ :________'____ __ _ ___/______
____3G&*___A__9__(
)_?_:*__)__#___
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_________
___%
_
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Volume per time ( l/min)
p(bar)
NWK 40/390
NWK 40/270
__"_____%7%*)_ B_____________
______ _____9J__!
__________3_9__B7_I_+9);4___________________" __
3____%_?;_##___________4_____________ __1___#_____R__!__
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____
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_____
_________________
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
volume per time [l/min]
Rth(s-a) [K/W]
NWK40/270
NWK40/390
NWK40/330
__"_____%7%*__ _ __#
__+9);_!_ __9__B7_____
1
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K
2
1
th(s a)2 th(s a)1
V
RR
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Improvement Rth(s-a) with 10% Glycol instead of 50%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
0 5 10 l/min 15 20 25
Rth(s-a) [K/W]
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Best solution OK Risk of air bubbles in
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Heatsink
Water channels
Inlet
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Heat source
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Wick (capillary structure)
12
1 Evaporation
of liquid
2 Condensation
zone
Vapor flow
Liquid flow Cooling fins
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5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
average air flow(m3/h)
temperature increase (K)
500 W
1000 W
1500 W
2000 W
2500 W
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30 0,2873669 0,431003670,57460934 0,7181839 0,861727381,005239781,148721111,292171381,43559061
0
5
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2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
average liquid flow (l/min)
temperature increase (K)
500 W
1000 W
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Driver
V
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C12
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Process in the Converter

Noise Propagation
(parasitic)
Power Conversion
(Main Function)
Information Processing
(necessary)
Reactions to
Mains and Load EMC
Energy Transmission
between Mains and Load
Noise Source of
_________________
Power Conversion
Noise Source of
Information Processing
Control of
Power Conversion
- High Power - Middle Power - Small Power - Small Power
- DC-Parameters,
Fundamental Harmonics - Higher Harmonics - Higher Frequencies - Higher Frequencies
High-Energy-Processes Low-Energy-Processes
__"_____%)%__ ____"'_________________1______P_;Q
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Network 2
Baseplate
VK
Network 1
iL
icm
idm
icm1
idm
icm2
ZN1 ZN1 ZN2 ZN2
S1
_________________
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S2
LK
CK
Module
2
LK
2
2
CK
2
Zch
Zhg
Heatsink
GROUND
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Module Wire Load DC-Link Wire LISN
VS
IS
GROUND
GROUND
GROUND
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EMI-Spectrum OP 450 V / 20 A / 5 kHz
Frequency
+VZ -VZ
Switch Current Switch Voltage
Fourier-Analysis of Current Fourier-Analysis of Voltage
Frequency Frequency
Diferential Mode Spectrum Common Mode Spectrum
Frequency Frequency
VS
+VZ -VZ -VZ +VZ
100 mV
1.0 mV
10 V
10 kHZ 100 kHZ 1.0 MHZ 10 MHZ 30 MHZ
20dBV
60dBV
100dBV
48
20
14
I /A S
/__%
a)
b)
20 ns
iD
iT
i
d)
e)
V /V S
450 V
150 ns 130 ns
10 A
100 mA
1.0 mA
10 A
10 kHz 100 kHz 1.0 MHz 10 MHz 30 MHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1.0 MHz 10 MHz 30 MHz
10 V
100 mV
1.0 mV
10 V
fg
100 mV
1.0 mV
10 V
10 kHz 100 kHz 1.0 MHz 10 MHz 30 MHz
100 mV
1.0 mV
10 V
10 kHz 100 kHz 1.0 MHz 10 MHz 30 MHz
20dBV
60dBV
100dBV
20dBV
60dBV
100dBV
c) f)
__"_____%)%__ __#__ _______________

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230mm
315mm
275mm
315mm
185mm
BOX
3 SEMiX modules 2 SEMiX modules
CELL3 230mm CELL2
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output
I
I
V
T
Heatsink
Power supply Driver Protection
DSP-Controller
CAN bus, external I/O
Temperature
Voltage
Current
Auxiliary power
Power
input
IP67-Case
DC-link
capacitor
(Water inlet) (Water outlet)

I
Power part
3-Phase IGBT-Inverter Single/Dual
3-Phase MOSFET-Inverter Single/Dual
DC/DC-Converter
Battery Charger
I/T-Sensors
EMI-Filter
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MOSFETSystem
IGBT System
MultiConverter Box
Application Fork lifts, Electric vehicle
Full electric cars,
Hybrid cars
Auxiliary drives for
Industrial trucks
Typical output
power
< 55kVA < 250kVA < 40kVA
DC-link voltage 24V - 160V 150V - 850V 450V - 850V
Topology
3-Phase Single/DualInverter
3-Phase-Inverter
Active Front End,
Inverter and DC/DCConverter
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i (0.4 A / Div) G
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v (5 V / Div) GE
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10.11
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____ ___#___#_#__
_
__________
_______
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.___'
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_
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____ _
_______(
___
____%
________
7_?
_________________
_________________
DC+, DC-, AC IGBT module terminals

L C, L E IGBT module parasitic inductance
LDC+, LDC Bus bar parasitic inductance
CSnubber Snubber capacitor capacitance
LSnubber Snubber capacitor series inductance
CDC-link DC-link capacitor capacitance
LESR, RESR DC-link capacitor parasitics
DC+
DCAC
Load
IGBT Module
IGBT
Driver
LC
LE
LSnubber
LDC+
LDCCDC-
link
LESR
RESR
CSnubber
TOP
BOT
__"_____%_%*7_ __#___,_____$__1
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____
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%
_
VCE = 200V/dev 400ns/dev
Vcc
V3
V1
Black line : Without snubber
Brown line : With snubber
V L di / dt 1 c
V (L L L ) di / dt 2 C E Snubber c
Snubber
2
DC-Link c
C
Li
V
3
DC Link Snubber
2LC
1
T
1
f

L L L L L L
DC Link DC DC ESR L L L L
C E DC DC ESR
V 1 T/2
V2
__"_____%_%*)_ ________(___________0_'___ __1__ "___

______..__C___#___,____
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7_;
_________________
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_________!_ _ ___6 #_______
______(_!__ %
_
iZ
Ds
vCE
vGE
VRGof
LK
iC
BZA
Variant A Variant C Variant D Variant E
Z
iZ
RGn
A
B
RG1
_/_ ___
Tn
T1
iZ
A
B
RGA
TA
iZ
Zn
A
B
Z1
iTA
iZ
Zn
Z1
iZ
A
B
RGA
TA
iTA
iZ
Zn
Z1
iZ
Dn
A
B
D1
b)
a)
Variant B
__"_____%_%*__ _
______________ ___'_______
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_/_
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1
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_
___
_
________%
_
________3rr_
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'____
+
+
-
Vdc_link
LS
VCE_clamped
iC
Load
VLS
S
dc _ link CE _ clamped
S
C LS
L
VV
L
V
dt
di
iZ
DS
vCE
vGE
VDriverRGof
LK
iC
BZA
collector current iC [A]
collector-emitter-voltage vCE [V]
t = 200 ns / RE
30.88
19.991
9.1022
-1.7864
702.93
468.62
234.31
current iZ [A]
collector-emitter-voltage vCE [V]
1.8263
1.2029
0.57954
-0.043831
692.21
459.65
227.1
-5.4504
t = 200 ns / RE
current iZ [A]
gate-emitter-voltage vGE [V]
t = 500 ns / RE
1.7929
1.1809
0.56895
-0.04303
14.385
5.8105
-2.7637
-11.338
-5.5511e-17
|V | > |V |
CE_clamped DC_link
__"_____%_%*__ __#___,_____$__1 ___________

______________"_
__1__
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_______31
__
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#___0_<___p___/__M_);;_<-_<_&_p__
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________!__ ______"_ __1____
#___"__
2 CE _ clamped
C0
S
clamp
VV
V
i
2
L
E
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________
7__
ACD
iZ
vCl
B
A
B
C
D
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
_________________
_________________
20
0
200 400 600 800 1000
JZ [A/cm ] 2
VCl [V]
__"_____%_%*__ _
____
_
____________________a________#___
__0___________________ __0_____________"_ 1
_
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1
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_________3____________________4%_3__"_____%_%*>4%
_
_____3_
VGG+
RG
ON
OFF
ERROR
RG/ERROR
RG/ERROR RG >>
a)
RG
ON
OFF
ERROR
b)
IG/ERROR
VGGV
GG+
VGG-
__"_____%_%*>_ B____._______________(_________________ ___1______#

_________3_6__#__'___#___,____
__
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#4
4______
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___________1__'__1________"_
_
__
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_/__'_ #__ __'___ __"
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_
"__3__"_____%_%*?4%
_
gate current
s
gate current
s
+
+
+
__"_____%_%*?_ :______'_
#4
________
7_)
#____1F__
_________________
_____F______. _/_3_6__#__'___#___,______
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7__
_________________
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_
_________________
vDriver
RG
RG
vDriver
RG
vDriver
V+
Passive Gate Clamping
Zener-Diode Schottky-Diode MOSFET

__"_____%_%_*_ __#_____
___1__"__1__ "____#_
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#___"4
__4_8_8_ __!___ ______________

_:_____#_
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_
__________!_
________________
_(
________%
_
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
10
20
30
40
00.0 E+0
t [s]
IC [A]
Idyn.
Istat. IC1
IC2
VCE [V]
IC [A] IC1
IC2
Iload= IC1+ IC2
VGE1=VGE2=15V
TJ=125C
Istat
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 05.0 E-6 10.0 E-6 15.0 E-6
__"_____%>%*__ _
___
_
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_
Collector Current iC [A]
Collector-Emitter-Voltage vCE [V]
50.4
33.6
16.8
0
10.5
7
3.5
0
t=500 ns/div
54
36
18
-0.3
54
36
18
0
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di/dt [A/s]
PT-high-speed
PT-low-v
NPT
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E O N d y n [J]
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____!______!___ __
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___ _______ 1 ____3__#_
_
._____ _ _
_
___1__ _______
__1_____._!_________
______..___
_
_
____4%___ ___
#___#_-_ __ __________!____.________"__-__#_ ____"_
_________________(____
______%_____B___________!_ ____"__
_"___ ___________#_-_ ___!______ _______
___
___'__!__ (
__"_______________3__"_____%?%**
-___"_____%?%*_4%________
_-_
_________"_ #______"_____%?%**._
_ _!__ _!_ _B___________ ____________# '_
___
_'_
1____________V____.______
_____(
_____(_#____1__
"__
____ _ ___ ____1______ _________##_ ____1__
"_%__
_______________
____"_*_;;_<_F__;___B_______#________ _!___ _____ ___##_
_____ _
__
____&_9___M_7;___-_ __
___(_____!__ __"________# '_.__________.'__;_X___#_ ______
____!__
__"_3__"_____%?%*_4%_
+_ ___#_
_
.___B______-_ ___!__ __"________!____________.'____'_ _______;_X%
_
33
21.4
9.8
-1.8
540
360
180
0
Eof =1.94 mJ t=500 ns/div
30
19.5
9
-1.5
561
374
187
0
Eof=0.83 mJ t=200 ns/div
a) b)
__"_____%?%**_
4________(_______
.4________(_______*_;;_<_F__;___B_______
________
);)
_________________
_*_;;_<_F__;___B_______
_&_9__M_7;___
_&_9__M_)____
_________________
__"_____%?%*__
4_____(______________*_;;_<_F__;________
__
_____ _
__
____&_9__
31_9__M__;;_<C___@__M__;__4
.4_____(_________________
______ ____!__ __"____*_;;_<_F__;________
__
____________ ____##_
__
____________
__##_ _____
__
____&_9__31_9__M__;;_<C___@__M__;__4
_
Eoff=f(CK) @ VDC=600V; IC=300A; RGoff=3Ohm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
CZVS
Eoff [mJ]
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
[nF]
__"_____%?%*7_ &_#_
____________(___________
____"'_ 1
__
.___
___ __#
_/____ '_3*_;;_<_F_7;;___#______4C_____
___&_M7;;_________
__#_ _
.______1____________
_____!____________________ _________
__"______<_:&_M_;;_<-
___"_____%?%*7___#____ ___ _____

____________________
.___'_____6____"________ ____"____________
___(____
__a<__
_ _" __!__ __"____$_______%___ _______-___
_______
_____#___.__#
_______ __
____1___
__
_____ ____!_ _
_1__!______#____"___,______'%
_P__Q__ _!__ ____a<__
_____ ____-__
_(__( _(
__,____(______ ____"____
___
._______#____
!_ __ __B__ ___B____ ____"___%
_P#__-_.________A44B
________
_________
____1_____ _#______.___ _"__________ _"___!_ _
_'____
"___ _"_%_
_ _____________ _______!__"______,_______________a<__
_____ ____0
(_ __ ___________'_ #______!
____1__1__ "_______"_V___(1__ "_____(___!_
__#__________F_%
(_ _+_ ___ __ _
#____1____ _ __"_ __
__-_ __ __#_ ______!_ _ _____ _ _!__
_ ___(____ _!__ __"_
_________________!_ ___##_
_____ _
__
__________#_____ ___1___
__'____(_6____%__ __
___
_1__'_ _" _______
_
__
______________________ _____(_________________
%
(_ __ __________! ____ _____(_
___
____________.2_____ _" __1_:__F__________
____________C____a<__
________
);_
_________________
_________________
#____ ____________________6___3__%__ _____%_4%__

________#
'_.__
____! '-_____________-
___1___.'___" _1__" _(_______1__ "_____ ____ __%

__
____________P#_
____a<______ ___-________!_______________!_ ___1____(____1__'___F__
___
/_______1_____.___/__"_
1__
"__
_ ___ #___#_%__ ____1____(____1__'_._
1_________ ____________
__________"__"_.___
__#_ ______
____!__ __"%
_G
1__"__ ___
-____#_#__'_ #______(_____________$_________a<__ _____ ____
%_______
______ __-_
&_@____________________ __
_1
_
"__%
_P'__-_._9__ ___9_______A4_B(_A45B(_A4OB
____1_-________(___3__%_*%*%______ ____*4
___"_____%?%*)__ _!__ _________"_
#___________(_______*_;;_<_F__;___B______-_
__!____
__ __
_________________(_____________________________ ____"_______ ____##_
_________
____@_9__ %
_ ____!______________________"____(______1__'_"___%_B_!_____________ _________#_
____ ____
_________
______ __________##_
_________
____"__
___
__7_lG
%_________-_ _________
#____
__
_______
__
______*__X____ ________
____!__ __"%_
5___/_____(_______a<__#___-_ _____(_____________________B__
___B___________$_
__'_"___%
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__ _________!__ _
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_B_!__________
____________"_________(______a&__#________ _____.'_
____________ _
/__
__
________"__'_ #____ __
___%
_
collector current i [A]
collector-emitter-voltage v [V]
C
CE
505
335
166
-4
72.1
48.1
24
0
t=250ns/div
EON [mJ]
LK [H]
NPT-IGBT
PT-IGBT
a) b)
__"_____%?%*)_
4_@_!(________(______
__B_______3@_9__M_7%__lG4
.4_____(_____________a&__
__
____________ ____##_ _________
____@_9__31_9__M__;;_<-_
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____a&__________!_ _ _" ____$_______-__%_%__ ____!__ __"____

___-_ _________#_"
_.____#__
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#____ __
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!
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_#___________"
_____________________#_____.'_ ___
_____ ___________
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_#__ _____!___
________+_ __P'__-_.___ _!
___________ __________
____.
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___"_____%?%*___ _!__ ______________1__1_______
___1_____(____________a&__3_____!_ ________ ___
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_
__________4_!_ ___.__$_____!__ _1__
"_____ __'___1___
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+
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___.___/__"_1__
"__
____ __
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#__________%
________
);_
_________________
_________________
switch current iS [A]

26.7
14.3
1.9
-10.4
522
138
-246
-630
switch voltage vS [V]
t=1 s/div
27.1
14.4
1.7
-11
571
172
-228
-627
t=1 s/div
switch current i S [A]
switch voltage vS [V]
NPT - IGBT PT - IGBT

V
iS
S
QS QS
__"_____%?%*__ ____(_____ _
#______
__"______
3_G__M_*%7_l_-_@_9__M_*;_lG4
____________*_;;_<_F__;___B__
___B_______
_ ___
__ ______________________ _____ "___ _"_____ __ ___(_____#______ _!_______"_____%?

%*_ %_G___-_
__
_1
_
"______B___________ _________
___1__'____ __'%__'_!
'________
_-____ "___ _"_____
B______________#_____#___
___(________-_! __ _________ __#
6_#_#____#____.____!__ __"_
___$____'_______ _____/____ __# _____ .___'_3 __# _____ !
'4-_______
__'______ ___ ___(_____#___
3__"_____%?%*_.4%
_
Qs [C]
NPTIGBT
High-Speed-PTIGBT
Low-VCEsat-PTIGBT
tH[s]
Qs [C]
Tj [C]
NPT-IGBT (0,02C/K)
LowVCEsat-PT-IGBT
(0,07 C/K)
High-Speed-PT-IGBT
(0,04 C/K)
a) b)
__"_____%?%*__
4_J_____
_____ "___
_"_____B__
___B_______a&__
__
____________ ___(_____#__
31_9__M_);;_<-___@__M_7;__-_@_9__M_*;_lG4
.4____ "___
_"_____B__
___B_______a&__
__
____________ __2________#___ _______
__
_
_______31_9__M_);;_<-___@__M_7;__-_@_9__M_*;_lG-__G__M_*%7_l_4
____P_>Q_ _______a&_____1____
"______________
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______
__________________.___"_
______ _______.'_ _____1________"_ ___(_____#_______________#_1__ _____ "___ _"_
%__ _______
__
.____ ____
________________ ______________"_.___/__"_1__ "____ /________
__'_____ ___(____
_#____G__L___l_%
_P'__-_._______
______________________
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#____ __
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_#___.______'______1_________(_________%
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_____________________________________a&__#_____
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1________ _________3___! _______1__'4%
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1__________!_____#________________"_ ____!__ __"_______ _____
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*+___ ___! ___

_________________ 8___!___
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-___ ____ ____________ _________
_____ __!__.__&_____+), ____
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_______________________________
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____________!______ __________________>;&_______!____?
___________________ __________
+), ____
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_____________________________
___ __________!____________*__
____ 1____ _____
____________ ____!__________
1____ __$+;____3@_________534_______!
_________________/_ _____
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______________________________ _________________A__________
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___
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____ _____ ___ ____ _____ 1____ ___ ____ ____ __
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_________ ____
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__
___+2_5_3@:_____+2___@63 4_-$+;_@63 4._ _____ ______________
____+2___@63 4 3_-_____.__
+2___@63 4 6_-_________ __._____+2___@63 4 4_-____
__________________
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____ ______ _______
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____ -+2_ __@63 4 _.__ _____ ___ ____ ________
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__
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__
___________________________________
_____/ __
________
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_____ ________
____ 1______________ ____
1____ _
___________________!____
________________________$%&__
_
Stress
Mechanical Climatic Chemical Biological Others
Stacker pressure
Falling
Tilting
Overturning
Rebounding
Periodic vibrations
Stochastic vibrations
Sunrays
Temperature
Humidity
Air pressure
Wind
Rain
Hair-frost
Ice
Snow
Hail
Fog
Waste gases
Saline fog
Industrial
atmosphere
Pollutants
Mould
Fungus
Bacteria
Birds
Snakes
Rodents
Insects
Fire
Splash water
Sousing /
submerging
Overflowing
Sand
Dust
Electromagnetic
radiation
_____6_3_ +__ ________________________

_________,$2 +2_
__@63 4
___________
___________________
_+2_ __@63 4__ ___

_________ ____
_
____ ___ _____
____ _____
__ ___ ____ B_#0CB_ ___ _________
_____ 1____ _______D_
_____1_____
__-_._ ____ 1___________________
___
_______________
_________1_____!________!________
_
____________
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_
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_____!
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_____!_______F_GD_(______ ___
______ _
___
_______
___
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_
_____________
______________
________#
_0D_ 2__!_ __________
______!______________
__.
_CD_ #__
_
________
_______________________
1____ __
_$_______________ ________________
______________
_____________________________$_____
_
_________!______
________________
_____ _
__________!____/___
____________________________
____ /__________ ___________________________
______ _
_____*_________@________ 8______
!
___
______________
______________
_____!____-___
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____ _____+2_____________
_
________________
1____ _______
__
_________________________
___
______________
_____ _________
_______
___
____0________
_;____ ______ ___________ 1_______
____________ _______
________!__ ______
___________ _____
_____________________
___________ ______________
________________________________!?______
______ ________________________________ ______$+;_____: 0 0_____$
+;___@_______________________
__
__!_____________________________________
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_______________
_
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______________$+;___@63 0___________
__________________$+;_____:B_
-_____ ________ ,$2_ _____ @63 0__ ________ __________
___ ___ ______ - 3.__
_________
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____ __________________ __________________- 4.______._____!___________

___________ ______ _____ ______ ________________
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_33
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_ _4E3D_ *_____ _ ____ _
_____ _____ _____ 9____ _____ ___ _________ _
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0_#________+2___@63 4 4___________________
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___________________ ___________ _____
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____ ________________+2___@63 4 4_
_______ __
_36
______
___________
_____________
Mechanical stress
Static loads Dynamic stress
Stacker compressive
pressure (2 dim.)
Stacker compressive
pressure (partial)
Avoidable stress Unavoidable stress

Shock Vibration Shock
Tilting
Falling
Rebounding
Stacker hit
Impact
Sharp or sudden
placement
Centrifugal forces
Poor protection
Engine
Spring system,
chassis
Gear
Road conditions
Coupling
Shunting
Landing
Docking
Waves (pitching)
Potholes
Railway junctions
Container handling
____
Bending stored on
shelves
Binding forces
Rope /Lashing forces
Tread forces
Vibration
Defect vibration
dampers
Defect means of
transport
Poor protection
_____6_6_ _______________
_____ _____ __
+2___@63 4 4_
_______________
____________
_____________ _
_'_____
_______
______________
___________ 1____!________
______________________
____ _!___D
_ _= !__
___D_, _____________________
_______
_________ _________ ____
___ _ ____ ____ _ !_
_
____________________________
_______ _________________________!__
_____
___
_ _)___/_D___________/_____________________/_________
____ __________
_____
___
_______
______
_______!_____ ___________ ___
___
_'_____
_______
______________
____________ 1____!__:______
_________
________
_______
___
______________
_______________
____ _____D
_ _4'3D_9____
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_
Start
Results
Circuit topology Selection of a circuit topology: rectifier, AC
controller, Inverter, DC/DC Converter
Circuit parameter Input of circuit parameter: current, voltage,
frequency und overload conditions
Device selection Device selection supported by case type,
device type and voltage filter
Cooling Specification of cooling conditions and
temperatures
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PIGBT
TjI
0
10
20
30
0 200ms 400ms 500ms

TjI
TjD
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RthD3 CthD3
PFWD
TjD
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CthD2
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CGC
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ECGC
LE1
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log CGC
VGC
Miller capacitance
IC
VCE
Saturation char.
VGE
IC
Transfer char.
Auxiliary Emitter
D2
D1
Gate
Emitter
Collector
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Application Manual Power Semiconductors

Today, IGBT and power MOSFET modules are instrumental in
power electronic systems and are increasingly gaining ground
in new fields. This goes hand in hand with the ever increasing
need for rectifier diodes and thyristors as cost-efficient means
of connecting to the power supply grid. This application
manual is intended to assist users with component selection
and application. This manual contains basic explanations and
background information on semiconductor physics where
needed to provide a better understanding of the application
possibilities and limits. A larger section of the manual contains
descriptions of diferent packaging technologies, examining

the diferent impacts on module properties and ratings in field
applications. This section is rounded of with statements on
component reliability and service life, as well as the relevant
test procedures.
The manual also explains the structure of data sheets and
provides useful tips on how to interpret data sheet specifications.
An important focus of the manual is the examination of
application-specific aspects which must be taken into account
in component selection and application. This includes, for
example, electric circuits for the most important operating
scenarios, driver technology and component protection,
thermal dimensioning and heat sink solutions, notes on
parallel and series circuits, notes on optimum power layouts
with regard to parasitic elements, as well as requirements
associated with certain ambient conditions.
Power Electronics eCommerce Portal,
Telephone Hotline and TechChat
www.sindopower.com www.sindopower.cn
SEMIKRON INTERNATIONAL GmbH

Application Manual for Power Semiconductors

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Application Manual

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