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An Algebra Refresher: Interactive Version - v4. September 2009
An Algebra Refresher: Interactive Version - v4. September 2009
c 2009 mathcentre
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
Contents
Foreword
Reminders
1. Arithmetic of fractions
11
16
5. Surds
22
24
7. Transposition of formulae
27
28
30
32
Answers
Acknowledgements
c mathcentre 2009
37
41
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Foreword
The material in this refresher course has been designed to enable you
to prepare for your university mathematics programme. When your
programme starts you will find that your ability to get the best from
lectures and tutorials, and to understand new material, depends crucially
upon having a good facility with algebraic manipulation. We think that
this is so important that we are making this course available for you to
work through before you come to university.
Level
This material has been prepared for students who have completed an
A-level course in mathematics.
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Reminders
Use this page to note topics and questions which you found difficult.
Remember - seek help with these as soon as you start your university course.
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1. Arithmetic of fractions
1. Express each of the following as a fraction in its simplest form. For example
can be written as 17 . Remember, no calculators!
a)
2.
20
45
b)
c) 42
21
d)
18
16
e)
30
30
f)
17
21
g) 49
35
h)
90
30
a) 12 + 13
3.
16
36
3
21
b) 21 13
c) 23 + 34
d) 65 23
e) 98 + 15 + 16
9
f) 45 + 73 10
Multiply the following fractions expressing each answer in its simplest form.
3
a) 45 16
b) 23 41
c mathcentre 2009
c) 43 34
d) 49 6
e)
15
45
16
15
f) 95 13 27
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Divide the following fractions as indicated.
4.
a) 3
1
2
b)
1
2
1
4
c)
6
7
16
21
d)
3
4
e) 5
10
9
f)
3
4
4
3
5. Express the following as mixed fractions A mixed fraction has a whole number
part and a fractional part. For example, 13
can be written as the mixed fraction 2 35 .
5
a)
5
2
b)
7
3
c) 11
4
d)
6
5
e)
12
5
f)
18
7
g)
16
3
h)
83
9
b) 3 21
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c) 5 23
d) 3 52
e) 11 46
f) 8 29
g) 16 43
h)
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b)
a a a2
f)
y2 y3 y5
t3 t4
z3 z2 z
c)
b6 b3 b
g)
d)
h)
t2 t10 t
z7z7
2.
a)
x6
x2
3.
a)
e)
y 14
y 10
b)
c)
t16
t12
d)
z 10
z9
e)
v7
v0
f)
x7 /x4
b)
f)
1019
1016
99 1010
109
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c)
g)
x7
x14
x9 y 8
,
y 7x6
d)
h)
x7
y4
(abc)3
(abc)2
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x4
Write the following expressions using only positive indices. For example 2 can
x
1
be written as 2 .
x
4.
a)
x2 x1
d)
(2a2 b3 )(6a3 b5 ) e)
5.
a)
d)
6.
b)
3x
x4
x3
52
t2
t3
(27)1 x1
y 2
c)
f)
b)
4 32
c)
31 92 (27)1
e)
(0.2)2
f)
(0.1)3
Simplify
a)
t6 t3
b)
(y 2 )(y 1 ) c)
e)
3t2
6t3
f)
(2t1 )3
6t2
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g)
3y 2
6y 3
(2t)3
(4t)2
d)
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7. Write the following expressions using a single index. For example (53 )4 can be
written as 512 .
a)
f)
8.
a)
e)
3 5
b)
t 3
)
t4
g)
(5 )
(
3 3
(k 2 )6
(3 )
c)
2 4
3 6
(17 )
d)
(y )
h)
((1)4 )3
i)
((1)4 )3
b)
(22 )1
2
52
f)
(2)
1
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c)
(32 )2
g)
d)
2
(62 )1
e)
y 1 3
( 2 )
y
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9.
a)
(4 5 )
b)
e)
(3xy 2z 3 )2
f)
i)
(2x)2
j)
10.
3ab
c3
6
ab2
!2
2
(2x2 )2
42 a3
b1
c)
g)
k)
!2
3 2
2
x
2 3
2
x
d)
(2a2 b)3
h)
2z 2
3t
a)
(61/2 )3
b)
e)
(2x2 )1/3
f)
(51/3 )6
(a a2 )1/2
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c)
(100.6 )4
g)
(ab2 )1/2
d)
(x2 )1/3
!3
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11.
a)
e)
12.
a)
(a b )
Simplify
a)
x1/2 x1/3
i)
(31/2 )1/2
f)
k 1.5
c)
(72/3 )4
(193/2 )1/3
d)
!2
13.
e)
b)
25y 2
a2 a6
x1/2
x1/3
b)
f)
j)
27
t3
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1/3
c)
g)
(x1/2 )1/3
(16y 4)1/4
a4
a1
10
d)
(8x3 )1/3
h)
x1/4 x1/2
4
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a)
2(mn)
b)
f)
(am)n
g)
k)
p)
5(p q)
8(2pq)
2(m + n)
(a + m)n
c)
h)
a(mn)
(a m)n
d)
a(m + n)
e)
a(m n)
i)
5(pq)
j)
5(p + q)
7(x y)
o)
8(2p + q)
t)
5(3pq)
l)
7(xy)
m)
7(x + y)
n)
q)
8(2p q)
r)
5(p 3q)
s)
5(p + 3q)
(2 + a)(3 + b)
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b)
(x + 1)(x + 2)
c)
11
(x + 3)(x + 3)
d)
(x + 5)(x 3)
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3.
a) (7 + x)(2 + x)
b) (9 + x)(2 + x)
c) (x + 9)(x 2)
e) (x + 2)x
f) (3x + 1)x
i) (3x + 5)(2x + 7)
4.
a)
5.
Factorise
a) 5x + 15y
b) 3x 9y
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c) 2x + 12y
d) 4x + 32z + 16y
12
d) (x + 11)(x 7)
l) (2 x)(1 x)
e) 21 x + 14 y
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6.
Factorise
a) 31 x + 61 xy
7.
b) 23 r 3 + 31 r 2 h c) a2 a +
1
4
d)
1
x2
2
x
+1
Factorise
a) x2 + 8x + 7 b) x2 + 6x 7 c) x2 + 7x + 10 d) x2 6x + 9
8.
a)
e)
e) x2 + 5x + 6.
Factorise
2x2 + 3x + 1
16x2 1
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b)
f)
2x2 + 4x + 2 c)
x2 + 1
g)
13
3x2 3x 6
2x2 + x + 3
d)
5x2 4x 1
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9.
Factorise
a) x2 + 9x + 14
e) x2 + 2x
b) x2 + 11x + 18 c) x2 + 7x 18
f) 3x2 + x,
g) 3x2 + 4x + 1
d) x2 + 4x 77
h) 6x2 + 5x + 1
k) 3x2 + 2x + 5 l) x2 3x + 2
10. Rewrite the following expressions without using brackets, simplifying where possible:
a)
15 (7 x)
b)
15 7(1 x)
c)
15 7(x 1)
d)
(2x y) x(1 + y)
e)
f)
g)
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h)
14
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11. Rewrite each of the following expressions without using brackets and simplify
where possible
a) 2x (3y + 8x),
3(x + 2y)
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b) 2x + 5(x y z),
15
c) (5x 3y),
d) 5(2x y)
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2.
a)
e)
x+y
3
b)
1
2(x + y) c)
3
2
(x + y)
3
Simplify
x+4
7
1 x2 + x
y
y+1
3.
Simplify
4.
Simplify
b)
f)
a)
1
3(x + 4) c)
7
d2
Q
2
g)
4
d
6/7
s+3
b)
3/4
x1
3
x
x + 2 2x + 4
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3
(x + 4)
7
Q
d2 /4
16
c)
d)
h)
x1
3/4
x x+1
y
y+1
1
x/y
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5.
6.
a)
e)
7.
Simplify
x
5
2x + 1 3x 1
Simplify
x x
+
4 7
3
x+1
+
x
x+2
f)
2x x
+
5
9
2x + 1 x
3
2
c)
g)
2x 3x
3
4
x+3
x
2x + 1 3
d)
h)
x
2
x+1 x+2
x x
4 5
Simplify
2
1
+
x+2 x+3
x+1 x+4
d)
+
x+3 x+2
a)
8.
b)
2
5
+
x+3 x+1
x1
x1
e)
+
x 3 (x 3)2
b)
c mathcentre 2009
11
1
s+
7
21
17
c)
2
3
2x + 1 3x + 2
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9.
Express
A
B
+
as a single fraction.
2x + 3 x + 1
10.
Express
B
C
A
+
+
as a single fraction.
2x + 5 (x 1) (x 1)2
11.
Express
A
B
+
as a single fraction.
x + 1 (x + 1)2
12.
13.
Express
C
Ax + B
+
as a single fraction.
+ x + 10 x 1
x2
Express Ax + B +
c mathcentre 2009
C
as a single fraction.
x+1
18
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14.
Show that
15.
Simplify
16.
17.
18.
Simplify
Simplify
1
x3
x1
x1 x2 x3
.
1 is equal to
x2
x2 x3
a)
3x x x
+ ,
4
5 3
b)
3x
x x
.
+
4
5 3
5x
.
25x + 10y
x2
x+2
.
+ 3x + 2
c mathcentre 2009
19
a + 2b
.
a 2b
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x+5
x+2
+ 9x + 20 x + 2
19.
Simplify
20.
Simplify
21.
22.
23.
a) Express
x2
5
2x
+ .
7y
3
3
2
.
x 4 (x 4)2
3
4
+
.
x 2x + 1
1 1
1 1
+ as a single fraction. b) Hence find the reciprocal of + .
u v
u v
c mathcentre 2009
20
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1
1
+ 2 as a single fraction.
s s
24.
Express
25.
Express
26.
4
3
6
+
+ 2 as a single fraction.
s+3 s+2 s+1
2x + 1 x
+
2x + 4 2
x+1 x
+
x+4 2
2x + 1 2x + 1 x
+
+
d)
2x
4
2
a)
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3x + 1
2x + 6
x2 + 4x + 1
e)
2(x + 2)
b)
21
x
3
2 2x + 4
1 x
f) 1 + +
4 2
c) 1 +
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5. Surds
Roots, for example 2, 5, 3 6 are also known as surds. A common
error
cause
of
ab
=
a
b but
is
misuse
of
expressions
involving
surds.
You
should
be
aware
that
a + b is NOT equal to a + b.
1.
It
is often possible
to
in equivalent forms. For example 48 can be
write surds
written 3 16 = 3 16 = 4 3.
Write the following in their simplest forms:
180
b)
63
a)
2.
3.
1
21
Simplify, if possible,
c mathcentre 2009
a)
is equivalent to
x2 y 2
b)
22
2 + 1 show that
2+1
x2 + y 2 .
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4.
a)
6
(x + y)4
b ) ( 3 x + y)
c)
x + y4
x + y = x + y + 2 xy
6. Write each of the following as an expression under a single square root sign. (For
parts c) and d) see Question 5 above.)
a) 2 p
b)
p q
c)
p + 2q
d)
3 2
7.
a)
Use indices (powers) to write the following expressions without the root sign.
4
a2
b) ( 3 5)3
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3y 8 = 12 y
2.
5. 3x + 7 = 7x + 2
2(x + 4) = 8
9.
11.
13.
15.
2(x 3) = 6
7t 5 = 4t + 7
6.
10.
3(3x 1) = 2 12.
5(m 3) = 8
2(y + 1) = 8
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14.
16.
3.
3x + 4 = 4x + 3
3(x + 7) = 7(x + 2)
2(x 3) = 6
2 (2t + 1) = 4(t + 2)
5m 3 = 5(m 3) + 2m
17(x 2) + 3(x 1) = x
24
7.
4.
4 3x = 4x + 3
2x 1 = x 3
8.
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17.
1
(x + 3) = 9
3
18.
3
=4
m
21.
3x + 10 = 31
22.
x+4=
24.
26.
x 5 2x 1
=6
2
3
x 4x
+
= 2x 7
2
3
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25.
27.
19.
5
2
=
m
m+1
23.
x4 =
x 3x x
+
=1
4
2
6
5
2
=
3m + 2
m+1
25
20.
23
3x + 3 = 18
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28.
5
2
=
3x 2
x1
32.
4x + 5 2x 1
=x
6
3
34.
1
1
+
= 10.
5x 4x
c mathcentre 2009
29.
x3
=4
x+1
33.
35.
30.
x+1
=4
x3
3
1
+
=0
2s 1 s + 1
3
2
=
.
s1
s5
26
31.
y3
2
=
y+3
3
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7. Transposition of formulae
1.
c
Make t the subject of the formula p = .
t
2.
3.
In each case make the specified variable the subjectof the formula:
a)
c)
4.
h = c + d + 2e,
Q=
c+d
,
cd
e
c
b)
S = 2r 2 + 2rh,
d)
x+y
xy
=
+ 2,
3
7
c mathcentre 2009
N 2 A
.
27
nE
.
nL + m
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2. x2 x2 = 0
5. x2 + 8x + 7 = 0
6. x2 7x + 12 = 0
9. x2 2x + 1 = 0
13. x2 3x = 0
3. x2 + x2 = 0
10. x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
14. x2 + 9x = 0
17. 5x2 + 6x 1 = 0
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7. x2 x 20 = 0
11. x2 + 11x = 0
15. 2x2 5x + 2 = 0
18. x2 + 4x 3 = 0
28
4. x2 + 3x+ 2 = 0
8. x2 1 = 0
12. 2x2 + 2x = 0
16. 6x2 x 1 = 0
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13.
14.
x2 + 8x + 1 = 0
4x2 + 3x 2 = 0
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
3.
2x2 + 3x 1 = 0
5.
2x2 3x + 1 = 0
8.
2s2 s + 3 = 0 11.
6.
9.
x2 + 6x 2 = 0
x2 + x 1 = 0
2x2 + 5x 3 = 0
x2 + 16x + 9 = 0
15.
x2 + 7x 2 = 0
2.
and
x=
(a + d) a2 + d2 2ad + 4bc
=
2
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29
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3.
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30
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4.
5.
6. Given that two of the roots of x4 + 3x3 7x2 27x 18 = 0 have the same
modulus but different sign, solve the equation.
(Hint - let two of the roots be and and use the technique of equating coefficients).
c mathcentre 2009
31
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2.
11x + 1
.
(x 1)(2x + 1)
3.
a)
3
(x + 1)(x + 2)
c mathcentre 2009
b)
5
x2 + 7x + 12
32
c)
3
(2x + 1)(x 3)
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4.
a)
3x
2x + 1
b)
d)
5x + 18
(x + 4)2
g)
6x2 30x + 25
(3x 2)2 (x + 7)
e)
c mathcentre 2009
7x 15
(x 1)2
2x2 x + 1
(x + 1)(x 1)2
h)
c)
f)
s+2
(s + 1)2
i)
33
x2
3x + 14
+ 8x + 16
5x2 + 23x + 24
(2x + 3)(x + 2)2
2s + 3
.
s2
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5.
a)
c)
b)
d)
27x2 4x + 5
(6x2 + x + 2)(x 3)
6x2 + 13x + 2
(x2 + 5x + 1)(x 1)
6.
a)
x+3
x+2
b)
c mathcentre 2009
3x 7
x3
c)
x2 + 2x + 2
x+1
34
d)
2x2 + 7x + 7
x+2
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e)
7.
a)
d)
f)
c)
x2 + 1
(2x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
c mathcentre 2009
b)
e)
1+x
(x + 3)2 (x + 1)
3s + 1
s(s 2)
35
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8.
9.
a)
2s + 1
5
s (s + 1)
10.
b)
2s3 + 6s2 + 6s + 3
s+1
c mathcentre 2009
2x + 1
(x 2)(x + 1)(x 3)
36
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Answers
Section 1. Arithmetic of fractions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a)
a)
a)
a)
a)
a)
4
, b) 49 , c) 2, d) 89 , e) 1, f) 17
, g) 75 , h) 3
9
21
17
23
5
, b) 16 , c) 12
, d) 16 , e) 113
, f) 70
6
90
3
9
, b) 32 , c) 16
, d) 83 , e) 43 , f) 13 .
20
3
9
, e) 29 , f) 16
6, b) 2, c) 89 , d) 16
2 21 , b) 2 13 , c) 2 43 , d) 1 15 , e) 2 25 , f) 2 74 , g) 5 13 , h)
9
, b) 72 , c) 17
, d) 17
, e) 35
, f) 74
, g) 67
, h) 625
4
3
5
3
9
4
7
9 92
a) x7 , b) y 10 , c) z 6 , d) t13 , e) a4 , f) t7 , g) b10 , h) z 14 .
a) x4 , b) y 4 , c) t4 , d) z, e) v 7 , f) x3
7
a) 10, b) 103 , c) x7 , d) xy4 , e) a2 b2 , f) 99 10, g) x3 y, h) abc
2
4.
5.
y
12
5
a) x13 , b) 3x5 , c) t, d) ab
2 , e) x3 , f) 27x
a) 48, b) 49 , c) 1, d) 4, e) 25, f) 1000
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
4 a6
2
9a2 b2
, c) 4 b2
= 44ba6 d) 8a6 b3 , e)
c6
6
8z 6
, (i) 4x2 , j) 4x14 , k) x8 .
27t3
2
2.4
2/3
1/3 2/3
a) 46 59 , b)
9x2 y 4 z 6 , f)
36
,
a2 b4
g) x94 , h)
a) 63/2 , b) 5 , c) 10 , d) x , e) 2 x , f) a3/2 , g) a1/2 b.
a) 43/2 , b) 31/4 , c) 78/3 , d) 191/2 , e) a3 b9/2 , f) k 4 .
a) 51/6 b1/6 , b) 27x3/2 , c) 3x3/2 , d) 33/2 x3/2
a) x5/6 , b) x1/6 , c) x1/6 , d) 2x, e) 5y, f) 3t , g) 2y, h) x3 , i) a4 , j) a3/2
2.
3.
4.
c mathcentre 2009
37
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5.
6.
a)
x
3
1+
y
2
, b)
r 2
(2r
3
+ h), c) a
1
2
2
, d)
1
x
2
1 .
2(x+y)
, b) 2(x+y)
, c) 2(x+y)
3
3
3
3(x+4)
3(x+4)
3(x+4)
a) 7 , b) 7 , c) 7 ,
a)
3.
a)
6
,
7(s+3)
4.
6
.
x
5.
6.
a)
11x
,
28
7.
a)
3x+7
,
(x+2)(x+3)
8.
9.
3s+11
.
21
A(x+1)+B(2x+3)
.
(2x+3)(x+1)
b)
3
,
4(x1)
b)
e)
x(x+1)
,
y(y+1)
f) Q/4, g)
4Q
,
d2
h) xy .
5(3x1)
x(2x+1)
23x
,
45
x
c) 12
, d)
7x+17
,
(x+3)(x+1)
b)
x2 2
,
(x+1)(x+2)
c)
11.
12.
(Ax+B)(x1)+C(x2 +x+10)
(x1)(x2 +x+10)
13.
15.
16.
(Ax+B)(x+1)+C
x+1
53x
a) 60 , b) 13x
.
60
1
x
, 17. x+1
,
5x+2y
21.
3x14
,
(x4)2
24.
s+1
.
s2
a+b
c
x(x+1)
,
y(y+1)
4(x1)
.
3
c)
A(x1)2 +B(x1)(2x+5)+C(2x+5)
(2x+5)(x1)2
A(x+1)+B
(x+1)2
10.
d)
22.
19.
4x3 +10x+4
.
2x2 +x
3
e)
x2 +6x+2
,
x(x+2)
1
,
(2x+1)(3x+2)
1
,
x+4
20.
23.
a)
d)
x+2
,
6
g)
2x2 +10x+14
,
(x+3)(x+2)
e)
f)
9+2x2x2
,
3(2x+1)
h)
x
.
20
x2 3x+2
(x3)2
15+14xy
,
21y
v+u
,
uv
b)
uv
.
v+u
+5s +3s+6
25. s2s3 +6s
26. c) and e) only. Note in particular that whilst
2 +11s+6 .
a
b
a
is equal to c + c , b+c is NOT equal to ab + ac , in general.
c mathcentre 2009
38
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
Section 5. Surds
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a) 180 = 36 5 = 6 5. b) 63 = 9 7 = 3 7.
x y = x + y 2 xy.
q
q
a) 4p, b) pq 3 , c) p + 2q + 2 2pq, d) 5 2 6.
a) a1/2 ,
b) 153/2
2. 4,
6. 7/4,
10. 6,
14. 6,
18. 3/4,
8 4,
22.
26. 42,
30. 13/3,
34. x = 9/200.
3. 1,
7. 2,
11. 1/9,
15. 5,
19.
5/3,
23.
23 + 4,
27. 1,
31. 15,
35. s = 13.
4. 1/7,
8. 0,
12. 7/6,
16. 37/19,
20. 5,
24. 49,
28.
8/13,
32. 7/6,
1.
t=
3.
a) e =
4.
n=
2.
hcd
,
2
mJ
ELJ
N=
L
,
A
b) h =
S2r 2
,
2r
c) c =
d(1+Q2 )
Q2 1
d) x =
215y
2
2. 1, 2,
6. 4, 3,
10. 1 twice
14. 0, 9,
18. 1, 3.
3. 2, 1,
4. 1, 2,
7. 4, 5,
8. 1, 1,
11. 11, 0, 12. 0, 1,
16. 21 , 13 ,
15. 2, 12 ,
1. 4 15.
5. 34 417 .
9. 12 , 3.
2. 72 257 .
6. 21 25 .
10. 3/2, 1.
c mathcentre 2009
3. 3 11. 4. 38 841 .
7. 32 213.
8. 43 417 .
39
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
4
x+3
4
3
3
3
5
5
6
3
+ 2x+1
,
3. a) x+1
x+2
, b) x+3
x+4
, c) 7(2x+1)
7(x3)
.
x1
1
2
7
8
3
2
a) x1 + (x1)2 , b) x1 + (x1)2 , c) x+4 + (x+4)2 .
5
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
(x+4)
e) x+1
+ x1
+ (x1)
f) 2x+3
+ x+2
+ (x+2)
2,
2,
2,
x+4
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3x2 + (3x2)2 + x+7 h) s+1 + (s+1)2
i) s + s2 .
a)
2
x+1
3
,
x2
c)
3
x+4
3
7(x3(x+3)
2 +x+1)
7(x2)
4
3x+1
+ x3
6x2 +x+2
1
1
+ (2x+3)
2
2x+3
3x+1
3
+ x1
.
x2 +5x+1
1
a) 1 + x+2
2
3 + x3
,
1
1 + x + x+1
1
,
2x + 3 + x+2
1
1
1
+ x+2 + x3
+ 3x2 + x + 2
(x+2)2
1
1
2x2 + x + 7 + 2x+1
+ x2 +x+1
4
1
1
1
a) 3x
+ x1
+ 3(x3)
. b) (x+3)
2.
5
7
1
2 2s+1
e) 2(s2)
2s
.
8.
9.
10.
a)
K( )
1+ s
1
1
a) s5 + s14 s13 + s12 1s + s+1
.
5
1
7
3(x2)
12(x+1)
+ 4(x3)
K
s
c)
5
21(2x+1)
1
3(x1)
c mathcentre 2009
b)
1
s+1
+ 2s2 + 4s + 2.
40
5
7(x3)
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
Acknowledgements
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
P K Armstrong
A Croft
A Kay
C M Linton
M McIver
A H Osbaldestin
c mathcentre 2009
41