Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Outline
Outline (continued)
Evolving services
Business models
Slide 3
Crossover
has happened
May 2002 !
1000
600
Landline Subs
400
200
Mobile Subs
0
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
(millions)
800
Frequency modulation
Antenna diversity
Cellular concept
Frequency reuse
Modified CO switch
2
5
3
1
2
1
7
2
5
1
6
4
7
5
3
2
2
3
6
4
6
1
4
7
5
First Generation
Second Generation 2G
Digital systems
Leverage technology to increase capacity
iDEN
Used by Nextel
Motorola proprietary system
cdmaOne IS-95
GSM
PDC
7%
US TDMA
10%
GSM
71%
1G Separate Frequencies
Frequency
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
2G TDMA
Frequency
200 KHz
200 KHz
200 KHz
200 KHz
Time
2G & 3G CDMA
3G Vision
International Standardization
IMT-2000
Suburban
Macrocell
Urban
Microcell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
In-Building
Picocell
* Paired spectrum;
** Unpaired spectrum
Wideband CDMA
TD-SCDMA
Migration To 3G
3G
2.75G
Intermediate
Multimedia
2.5G
Multimedia
Packet Data
2G
Digital Voice
1G
Analog Voice
GPRS
GSM
EDGE
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
384 Kbps
Up to 2 Mbps
115 Kbps
NMT
9.6 Kbps
GSM/
GPRS
TD-SCDMA
(Overlay)
115 Kbps
2 Mbps?
TDMA
TACS
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
PDC
(Overlay)
9.6 Kbps
AMPS
CDMA 1xRTT
CDMA
14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps
PHS
1984 - 1996+
1992 - 2000+
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
PHS
(IP-Based)
144 Kbps
64 Kbps
2001+
2003+
2003 - 2004+
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
Frequencies
(MHz)
450
480
800
900
1500
1700
1800
1900
450-467
478-496
824-894
880-960
2100
2500
1750-1870
1710-1880
1850-1990
1885-2025 &
2100-2200
2500-2690
Regions
Europe
Europe
America
Europe/APAC
Japan PDC
Korea
Europe/APAC
America
Europe/APAC
ITU Proposal
GSM/
EDGE WCDMA CDMA2000
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Advanced silicon
Software defined radio
Improved batteries
Two cycles of Moores law? i.e. 3 yrs?
3G Tutorial
Evolving CN Architectures
Typical 2G Architecture
PSDN
BSC
BTS
BSC
HLR
SMS-SC
PLMN
MSC/VLR
BSC
MSC/VLR
BSC
Tandem
CO
PSTN
Tandem
CO
CO
Network Planes
HLR
MSC
MSC
SMS-SC
VLR MSC
Based on SS7
PSTN-to-Mobile Call
PLMN
PLMN
(Visitor)
(Home)
PSTN
(SCP) HLR
Signaling
over SS7
SCP
Where is the subscriber?
ISUP
4
Provide Roaming
2
3
5
Routing Info
VMSC
MS
BSS
(SSP)
6
IAM
GMSC
(SSP)
(STP)
IAM (SSP)
VLR
GSM 2G Architecture
NSS
BSS
E
Abis
PSTN
PSTN
B
BSC
MS
BTS
MSC
VLR
GMSC
SS7
H
HLR
AuC
MS Mobile Station
Enhancing GSM
Frequency hopping
Overcome fading
TFO Concepts
Limitations
C
D
GSM Coding
Abis
G.711 / 64 kb
D
C
Ater
PSTN*
TRAU
MS BTS
BSC
MSC
GSM Coding
Abis
BSC
D
C
TRAU
BSC
MSC
T
F
O
Ater
PSTN*
TRAU
MS BTS
GSM Coding
BTS MS
C
D
C
D
MSC
T
F
O
GSM Coding
TRAU
MSC
BSC
BTS MS
D
C
AMR 8 rates: 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.15 &
4.75bps, plus silence frames (near 0 bps)
SMV 4 rates: 8.5, 4, 2 & 0.8kbps
Enhancing GSM
Mobile Switching
Center
3G Network Layout
Internet
(TCP/IP)
IP Gateway
Mobile Switching
Center
Network
Management
(HLR)
Mobile Switching
Center
Network
Management
(HLR)
IP Gateway
Internet
(TCP/IP)
- Base Station
NSS
BSS
E
Abis
PSTN
PSTN
B
BSC
MS
MSC
BTS
Gs
VLR
GMSC
SS7
H
Gb
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Gr
HLR
AuC
Gc
Gn
SGSN
Gi
IP
PSDN
GGSN
384 kbps
115 kbps
EDGE
GPRS
9.6 kbps
GSM
1997
2000
GSM evolution
2003
2003+
3G
EDGE
3GPP Release 99
3GPP Release 5
Adds 3G radios
3GPP Release 4
3GPP Release 6
CN
BSS
E
Abis
PSTN
PSTN
B
BSC
Gb
BTS
MSC
Gs
GMSC
VLR
SS7
H
IuCS
RNS
Gr
HLR
ATM
Iub
IuPS
RNC
AuC
Gc
Gn
SGSN
Gi
IP
PSDN
GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS Base Station System
CN Core Network
CN
CS-MGW
Abis
Nc
Mc
BSC
Gb
BTS
CS-MGW
Nb
BSS
PSTN
B
C
MSC Server
Gs
PSTN
Mc
GMSC server
VLR
SS7
H
IuCS
RNS
Gr
HLR
ATM
Iub
IuPS
RNC
AuC
IP/ATM
Gc
Gn
SGSN
Gi
PSDN
GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS Base Station System
CN Core Network
Out-of-band negociation
TRAU
2G PLMN
MSC
Radio Access
Network
2G MS
CS-MGW
CS-MGW
3G UE
C
D
GMSC Server
Radio Access
Network
MSC Server
3G Packet
Core Network
T
F
O
T
F
O
GSM Coding
D
C
CN
CS-MGW
A/IuCS
Abis
Nc
Mc
BSC
Gb/IuPS
BTS
CS-MGW
Nb
BSS
IuCS
C
VLR
SS7
ATM
Gr
IuPS
RNC
GMSC server
D
H
RNS
Iub
PSTN
MSC Server
Gs
PSTN
Mc
HSS
AuC
IP/ATM
Gc
Gn
Gi
SGSN
GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
IM-MGW
IM
IM IP Multimedia sub-system
Gs
PSTN
IP
Mg
MRF
Mc
MGCF
IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW
CSCF
IP Network
Number portability
Other enhancements
IS-95
BTS
MS
BSC
Proprietary Interface
BTS
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or
IS-95
A Ref (A1, A2, A5)
STM over T1/T3
BTS
MS
PST N
MSC
BSC
Proprietary Interface
SMSSC
CDMA2000 1x Network
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or
IS-2000
PST N
MSC
BTS
MS
BSC
Proprietary Interface
SMSSC
IP over Ethernet/AAL5
Internet
BTS
IP
Router
IP
Firewall
Home
Agent
IP
Router
Privata
Data
Network
AAA server
IS-2000
Internet
IP
Firewall
IP BSC
IP
Router
IP
Router
IS-2000
RADIUS over UDP/IP
Privata
Data
Network
AAA
PDSN
Home
Agent
IS-2000
SIP
Proxy
SCTP/IP
SS7
SGW
MGCF
(Softswitch)
P ST N
MGW
Internet
IP
Firewall
IP BSC
PDSN +
Router
IP
Router
IS-2000
Privata
Data
Network
Nextgen MSC ?
AAA
Home
Agent
ANSI-41
L3
(UMTS)
L3
(cdma2000)
L3 (UMTS)
L2 (UMTS)
L1 (UMTS)
HOOKS
HOOKS
HOOKS
EXTENSIONS
EXTENSIONS
EXTENSIONS
GSM MAP
ANSI-41
Radio Access
Network
Home PLMN
GLR
Visiting MS
VLR
MSC/SGSN
Visited
PLMN
HLR
3G Tutorial
SMS-GMSC
E
PSDN
A
B
MS
SME
BTS
BSC
SC
C
MSC
VLR
SMS-IWMSC
PC
SMEs
HLR
SMS Principles
Basic services
SM MT (Mobile Terminated)
SM MO (Mobile Originated)
(3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled
(3GPP2) User can acknowledge
Delivery (MT)
Report
SMS Transport
MS
Alert-SC
Optional in 3GPP2
Messages-Waiting
Submission (MO)
Report
SC
EMS Principles
MMS Architecture
SMTP, POP/IMAP
SN SN
MMS Relay / Server
MAP
SMTP
MM4
MMS User
Databases
SN
MM3
MM6
MM5*
PLMN
UE
PDN
SN SN
MM7
HLR
SOAP/HTTP
WSP-HTTP
SN
Value-Added Services
Application
(*) Optional
Location
Location Technology
Location-Based Services
Emergency services
Network internal
Commercial services
Location Information
Accuracy of measurement
Response time
with timestamp
a QoS measure
authorized clients
secure info exchange
privacy control by user and/or operator
ESRK
& voice
ESRK
& voice
BSC
PDE
MSC
Public
Service
Answering
Point
Access
tandem
ESRK
Callback #,
Long., Lat.
ESRK
SN
PDE
PDE
Callback #,
SN Long., Lat.
SN
MPC
ALI DB
UE (User Entity)
over RR/BSSAP
over RR-RRC/BSSAP
LCS signaling over MAP
LMU
(Type A)
SMLC
LMU
(Type B) Abis
Lb
Ls
Lr
Lg
Abis
BTS
A
BSC
Gb
MSC
Lh
VLR
Gs
HLR
Iub
Lg
SMLC
RNC
Le
SN
Iu
UE
GMLC
SGSN
LMU
Node B
(LMU type B)
CN
GMLC
LCS Client
(LCS Server)
Location Request
MS to MS
MS to Internet or ISDN with gateways
RNC
3G-324M
Mobile
Iu-cs
MSC
UTRAN
3G-324M
UMTS
Core
Network
IP Network
Multi-Media GW
H.323
H.248 or RAS
Soft Switch
or Gate Keeper
RTP
H.323
terminal
Streaming/Mail
media
server
Gateway: 3G-324M to
MPEG4 over RTP
64 kbps circuit-switch data
over PSTN/ 2.5G/ 3G network
to 3G-324M video handset
PSTN
I/F
Audio/
video/
control
multiplex
H.223
Control stacks
ISDN call setup | H.323 or SIP
H.245 negotiation |
over TCP
Video repacking
of H.263 frames
Audio vocoder
AMR G.711
Slide 90
Packet
stream
jitter
buffering
RTP
RTSP
UDP/IP
stacks
IP
I/F
PSTN
I/F
Audio/
video/
control
multiplex
H.223
Video mail
application
script
Control stacks
ISDN call setup
H.245 negotiation
Audio/video
sync and
stream control
Slide 91
Video buffering
of H.263 frames
Audio buffering
of AMR frames
Push-toTalk
Short delays OK
Issues remain
All IP Services
Presence
Location
Instant Messaging (voice+video)
Conferencing
Media Streaming / Annoucements
Multi-player gaming with voice channel
3G QoS
Ability to specify
IMS Architecture
Media Server
Application Server
Internet
Mb
Gi
PS
SIP phone
HSS
ISC
Mb
Gi/Mb
IM-MGW
UE
GGSN
SGSN
Gm
Go
Cx
Mp
P-CSCF
Mg
CSCF
Signaling
Mb
TDM
ISUP
IMS
Mw
Mb
MRF
SIP
PSTN
Mn
MGCF
CPE
P-CSCF
Media Server
Home IMS
Mw
Application
Servers
Gm
Visited IMS
PS
UE
Internet
ISC
PS
UE
Application Server
ISC
P-CSCF
SIP
phone
MMD Architecture
AAA
Internet
Mobile IP
Home Agent
Packet Core
MS
SIP phone
Border
Router
Access
Gateway
Core QoS
Manager
Integrated in P-CSCF
MGW
MRF
MRFP
TDM
ISUP
MMD
Signaling
PSTN
MRFC
MGCF
Session
Control
Manager
CPE
IM-MGW + MGCF
P-SCM = P-CSCF
I-SCM = I-CSCF
3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping
S-SCM = S-CSCF
L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions
3G Tutorial
Killer Applications
Multi-application platform
Travel information
Directions
One-to-many messaging
Unified communications
Early Deployments
MSC
SS7
Application/
Document
Server
Profile
Mgmt
Speech
Server
OAM&P
Data
Base
Media
Server
Message
Gateway
Voice or Data
Wireless
Control
Presence
and
Location
BSC
SMSC
MMSC
IP Interface
Internet / Core
Network
(data)
SIP
Instant Messaging /
Presence
Packet
Interface
(voice/video)
Location
SGSN
CGSN
3G MSC Server
H.248
Core (Packet)
Network
RNC
3G MSC Gateway
3G Wireless Network
3G Tutorial
GSM
CDMA
TDMA
2.5G / 2.75G
Software/Hardware
GPRS
Software-based
CDMA 1x
Hardware-based
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Hardware and software
Cost
Incremental
Substantial
3G
W-CDMA
cdma2000
W-CDMA
Software/Hardware
Cost
Hardware-based
Substantial
Software-based
Incremental
Hardware-based
Middle of the road
3G Spectrum Expensive
Modem
GSM/TDMA
Analog Modem
GPRS
ISDN
CDMA 1x
EDGE
DSL
W-CDMA
Cable
Technology
2G Wireless
Fixed Line Dial-up
2.5G Wireless
Fixed Line Digital
2.75G Wireless
2.75G Wireless
Fixed Line DSL
3G Wireless
Fixed Line Cable
Throughput
<9.6 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
30-40 Kbps
128 Kbps
144 Kbps
150 - 200 Kbps
0.7 - 1.5 Mbps
1.0 Mbps
1.0 - 2.0 Mbps
1 MB File
Download Speed
~20 min
16 min
4.5 min
1.1 min
50 sec
36 to 47 sec
1 to 3 sec
1.5 sec
0.8 to 1.5 sec
Critical For 3G
Continued Growth In China
Likely 3G licensing outcomes:
China Unicom cdma2000
China Mobile W-CDMA
China Telecom W-CDMA/
TD-SCDMA?
China Netcom W-CDMA/
TD-SCDMA?
Risk:
Business Models
Faster than 3G
ITU Members
ITU
IS-95), IS-41, IS2000, IS-835
GSM, W-CDMA,
UMTS
Third Generation
Patnership Project
(3GPP)
CWTS
(China)
Third Generation
Partnership Project II
(3GPP2)
ARIB
(Japan)
TTC
(Japan)
TTA
(Korea)
ETSI
(Europe)
T1
(USA)
TIA
(USA)
3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org
3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org
3G All IP Forum: http://www.3gip.org
IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com
http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
http://www.cwts.org
http://www.t1.org
http://www.tiaonline.org
http://www.etsi.org
http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.html
http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htm
Location-Related Organizations
http://www.openmobilealliance.org/
Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, LIF,
SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless Village
http://www.locationforum.org/
Responsible for Mobile Location Protocol (MLP)
Now part of Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
http://www.opengis.org/
Focus on standards for spatial and location information
http://www.wliaonline.com