What Is This Module About?

Around us are different forms of matter. There are houses, canteens, roads and bridges. In
bodies of water we see stones, sand and fishes. These are all examples of matter. Matter is
everywhere. In all parts of the earth, matter is present and exists in different states. This is the
subject of this module. Your understanding of what matter is will help you like chemistry more.
This module has four lessons: These are:
Lesson 1 – What Is Matter?
Lesson 2 – Elements: Building Blocks of Matter
Lesson 3 – Compounds: Elements in Combination
Lesson 4 – Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After reading this module, you should be able to:
♦ understand the meaning of matter;
♦ explain the difference between pure substances and mixtures;
♦ distinguish elements from compounds; and
♦ classify matter as elements, compounds and mixtures.

Let’s See What You Already Know

Before you study this module, try first to answer the following test.
Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer from among the four choices.
Encircle the letter of your choice.
1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Which of the following is not
matter?
a. water
b. stone
c. energy
d. empty box
2. Around us are different forms of matter. The air we breathe is an example of matter.
Which of these statements incorrectly describes air?
a. It has mass.
b. It occupies space.
c. It is a pure substance.
d. It is a mixture of several gases.

1
3. Elements and compounds are known as pure substances. Which of these statements
correctly describes a compound?
a. It is made up of one type of element.
b. It is the building block of all matter.
c. It can be broken down into simpler components.
d. It cannot be broken down into simpler components.
4. Silicon is a metalloid. Which of these statements does not describe it?
a. It occurs mostly in the elemental form.
b. It is used in the electronics industry.
c. It is one of the most abundant elements on earth.
d. It occurs widely in the form of sand and silicates.
5. Elements such as calcium, oxygen and germanium are pure substances. They are
classified as metals, nonmetals and metalloids. Which of these elements is a metal?
a. boron
b. copper
c. polonium
d. hydrogen
6. Matter can be grouped into three — elements, compounds and mixtures. Which of the
following is a mixture?
a. wine
b. sugar
c. carbon dioxide
d. 100% silver coin
7. Mixtures are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures have a
uniform composition. Heterogeneous mixtures have components which are different
from one another. All of these mixtures are heterogeneous except:
a. muddy water
b. bagoong isda
c. salt solution
d. newly milled rice
8. Mixtures can be grouped into homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Each of the
four choices given shows a pair consisting of a mixture and a classification. Which is
the correct pair?
a. concrete: heterogeneous mixture
b. soil: homogeneous mixture
c. soft drink: heterogeneous mixture
d. milk shake: homogeneous mixture

2
 9. In the absence of bleaching agents, rural folks use kamias extract for removing stains.
Why?
a. Kamias is acidic.
b. Kamias tastes sour.
c. Kamias is widely used in Filipino homes.
d. Kamias and bleaching agents have similar components.
10. Ammonium sulfate, a fertilizer, decomposes to form two substances. What can you say
about this information?
a. Both products of decomposition are elements.
b. Ammonia is not an element.
c. One of the products is an element.
d. Neither of the products can be an element.
Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those in the
Answer Key on page 39 to find out.
If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know much about
the topics in this module. You may still study the module to review what you already know. Who
knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It will help you
understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you study this module
carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more! Are you ready?
You may go now to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

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 LESSON 1

What Is Matter?

Chemistry deals with the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Therefore, matter is
the heart and soul of chemistry. Do you know anything about matter? This lesson will help you
uncover the meaning of the term matter as used in chemistry.

Let’s Try This

Let us try to describe matter by doing the following task.
Things you will need: pencil, 5 sheets of paper
1. Look around you. List five objects that you can see, touch and carry. Make sure that
the objects are small enough for you to trace their shapes on paper.
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Get each item on your list and trace its shape on paper with the pencil. Then look at
the outline of the object that you traced on paper. Does the object occupy space?

3. Now take each object and place it on your palm. Is it light or heavy?

4
 Let’s Think About This
Based on your observations, fill up the table below. Place a check (4) in the column under
the appropriate heading.

Object Does it occupy space? Is it light or heavy?

Yes No Light Heavy

Example: Pencil 4 4

Let’s Learn

Matter is anything that occupies space. It may be light or heavy. Thus, it has mass.
Matter includes all things that can and cannot be seen. It also includes all objects that can be
touched, such as water. Thus, everything we see, use and touch are different forms of matter.
Now you can enumerate many other examples of matter. All moving objects like trucks,
buses, bicycles, boats and jet planes are matter. Animals such as dogs, cats, ducks and chickens
are matter. Plants like gumamela, santan, palay, malunggay and eggplant are matter. Air, water
and soil are matter. You and I are matter. Everything around us is basically matter.

Let’s Try This

1. Look at yourself in the mirror. What materials are you wearing?

2. Look at a piece of paper. What were the different materials used to produce it?
3. Look inside your bag. What are the different materials you can find there?
4. Look at the sky. What matter can you see up there?
Are all the things on your list matter? Why do you say so?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 39.

5
 Let’s See What You Have Learned
Inside your house are several examples of matter. List the things in each part of your house.
Enter your answers in the following table.

Kitchen Bathroom Backyard Bedroo

Check your answers against the Answer Key on page 39. Did you get everything right? If
you did, that’s very good! You may proceed to the next lesson. If you did not get everything right,
that’s okay. Review the lesson, then proceed to the next lesson.

Let’s Remember
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

6
 LESSON 2

Elements: The Building Blocks of Matter

In the previous lesson, you learned how to identify matter. Did you know that there are
different kinds of matter? Do you know what these types of matter are?
In the next three lessons you will encounter the two types of matter—pure substances and
mixtures. Pure substances can be further grouped into two—elements and compounds.
This lesson will introduce you to the elements. You will learn about how the elements are
classified and arranged in the periodic table. You will also know more about common elements
and how important they are to us.

Let’s Watch This Video

To start your journey on exploring the kinds of matter, watch the video entitled Elements,
Compounds and Mixtures. After watching the video, answer the questions that follow.

Let’s Think About This

Answer the following questions based on the video that you watched:
1. How is an element different from a compound?
2. How is an element similar to a compound?
3. What is a mixture?
4. What is the difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?
5. Give examples of elements, compounds and mixtures.
Are your answers the same as these?
1. An element is the simplest form of matter; it cannot be broken down into its
components anymore. On the other hand, a compound is made up of two or more
elements and can hence be broken down into its components.
2. Both an element and a compound have definite composition. An element is made up of
only one kind of atom, while a compound is made up of two or more elements that
combine in a definite ratio.
3. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that combine in varying
proportions and which do not come together in a chemical reaction.

7
 4. A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition, meaning it is made up of only one
phase. It can be all solid, liquid or gas. On the other hand, a heterogeneous mixture is
made up of different phases. For example, mud is a mixture of earth or dirt and water,
a solid and a liquid.
5. Oxygen, lead, gold, silver and tin are elements. Water, carbon dioxide and salt are
compounds. Air is a mixture of different gases.

Let’s Learn
Everything around you is made up of primary substances that we call elements. There are
around 114 known elements and 88 of these are found in nature. When we say that something is
found in nature, it means that this material is not something that was produced artificially in a
laboratory.
Recall the video that you watched. What happened to the color of the sulfur powder when it
was heated? The color of the powder remained the same even after it was heated. What do you
think this tells you about sulfur?
An element is a fundamental substance from which all other substances are made. An
element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Sulfur is an element, hence, you did not
observe any change in its color when it was heated. This means that the sulfur powder did not
decompose or break down into simpler substances.
Aluminum, copper, oxygen and hydrogen are elements. Aluminum is used in making a lot of
materials, such as cooking utensils. The casserole that you use in cooking food could be made
from aluminum. Copper is used in making insulation wires for electrical installations. Oxygen is the
most common element on earth. It is an important component of the air we breathe. Hydrogen is
the most abundant element in the universe. It is a component of water and of many other
substances.
Seven of the 88 naturally occurring elements make up the earth’s crust. These are oxygen,
silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium and sodium. Elements such as carbon, oxygen,
phosphorus, chlorine, nitrogen and sulfur are present inside your body.

8
 Let’s Study and Analyze
Look at the two pictures below. The upper picture is a map. The other one is a portion of a
periodic table. Analyze the two pictures and answer the questions that follow.

Legend of the map

A portion of the periodic table of elements

1. What do you call the list of symbols on the map? What is the use of this list of
symbols?
_________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

2. What do you think is the similarity between a periodic table and a map?
_________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 40.

9
 Let’s Learn
A map is very useful in finding out the physical features of a place. The list of symbols and
words on the map is the legend of the map. This list explains the meanings of the symbols that
you can see on the map. In chemistry, there is also something similar to a map that helps you
identify the elements. It is called the periodic table.
The periodic table lists all the known elements. How do you think the elements are arranged
in the periodic table? Are they arranged alphabetically? Or are they arranged according to the
order in which they were discovered and named?
Actually, the periodic table lists the elements according to their chemical properties.
Elements that have similar chemical characteristics are grouped in vertical columns.
The letters in the boxes are chemical symbols, which are abbreviations of the names of
elements. H stands for hydrogen, O for oxygen, Au for gold, Ag for silver and so on. Each
element has a name and a shorthand symbol of one or two letters. The first letter of the chemical
symbol is always capitalized.
A few symbols are derived from the Latin and Greek names of the elements. For example,
the Latin word for sodium is natrium, hence, the chemical symbol of sodium is Na. The chemical
symbol of gold, Au, was taken from its Latin name, aurum. That of silver, Ag, was taken from
the Latin name argentum. Let us look at the periodic table on the next page.

10
11
 Let’s Try This

Look up the following common elements in the periodic table and give their chemical
symbols. Write your answers on the lines provided.
1. mercury __________
2. nitrogen __________
3. aluminum __________
4. iron __________
5. tin __________
6. copper __________
7. lead __________
8. iodine __________
9. silicon __________
10. calcium __________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 40.

Let’s Learn

Most of the elements fall into two groups—the metals and nonmetals. Look at the
periodic table again. Where do you think you can find the metals? the nonmetals?
The metals lie on the left side of the periodic table and the nonmetals are on the right side.
There are also elements that lie in the region between metals and nonmetals. These elements
are called metalloids.
The following table lists some metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

Metals Nonmetals Metalloid

potassium neon boron

calcium helium silicon
barium fluorine germanium
aluminum chlorine arsenic
iron nitrogen antimony
silver hydrogen tellurium
gold carbon polonium
mercury sulfur
tin iodine

lead oxygen

12
 Let’s Try This

Get a piece of copper wire. If you cannot find a copper wire, get an aluminum wire instead.
Examine the piece of wire closely. Drop it to the floor. What happened? Pound the wire with a
hammer. What happened to the wire? Heat the wire for a few seconds over a flame, taking care
to hold only the end of the wire farthest from the flame. What happened to the wire?
See if you observed the following:
♦ The wire was shiny and felt hard.
♦ The wire did not break when it was dropped.
♦ The wire changed its shape as it was pounded with a hammer.
♦ The wire became hot when it was heated.

Let’s Learn

The wire that you tested in “Let’s Try This” is a metal. A metal is usually shiny and hard
and does not break easily. It can be hammered into different shapes without breaking. This
property of metals is called malleability. A metal can also be pulled into thin wires. This property
is called ductility. It can also conduct heat, that is, it allows heat to pass through it. A metal can
also conduct electricity.
Because of these characteristics, metals are extremely useful in your life. Can you name
some metals that you use every day?
Aluminum, iron, calcium, silver, tin, zinc and gold are some common metals that you
probably see and use every day. Can you name their uses?
Aluminum is used in the manufacture of foil wrappers, kitchen utensils and airplanes.
Copper, silver and gold were used in making coins and are thus called coinage metals. Silver
and gold, which are expensive, are used in making jewelry. Copper, which is much cheaper than
silver or gold, is used in making electrical wires.
Zinc and iron are used in making galvanized sheets that serve as roofing materials. Iron is
also an important mineral in your body. It is responsible for the production of red blood cells and
is present in foods such as malunggay and liver.
Calcium is used in the production of steel and glass. It is also present in your bones and
teeth. You need to eat calcium-rich foods such as milk and milk products and eggs in order to
maintain strong bones and teeth.

13
 Let’s Try This

Get a piece of charcoal. Study its appearance and texture. Drop it and pound it with a
hammer. What happened to the charcoal? Now carefully heat the charcoal over a flame. Did the
part that you were holding become hot?
Are your observations similar to these?
♦ The charcoal is soft, dull and brittle.
♦ The charcoal was pulverized when it was pounded with a hammer.
♦ The part of the charcoal directly over the flame turned hot but the part away from the
flame did not.

Let’s Learn

Most nonmetals are brittle and break easily. They cannot be hammered into various shapes.
They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
What nonmetals are you familiar with? Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen are all
nonmetals.
Carbon is part of so many materials that a whole branch of chemistry is devoted to the study
of carbon-containing compounds. Carbon is the element of which charcoal and diamonds are
made. It is also the basic element found in most of the compounds inside your body.
Oxygen, as mentioned earlier, is in the air that you breathe. It is a gas that you need to inhale
and that your body needs in order to function well.
Nitrogen occurs freely as a gas. It is also present in different forms, in plants, animals and
soil.

Let’s Review
Fill up the following table with the distinguishing characteristics of metals and nonmetals.
Metals

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 40.

14
 Let’s Learn

It was mentioned before that the third group of elements, the metalloids, lie in the region
between the metals and the nonmetals. What do you think are the characteristics of metalloids?
Metalloids behave like metals and nonmetals. This means that they exhibit some of the
qualities of metals and some of the qualities of nonmetals. Because of their diverse nature, it is
hard to name a unique set of physical or chemical characteristics for these elements.
For example, arsenic and antimony appear lustrous or shiny like metals. Metalloids are not
as good conductors of electricity as metals are, but they are better conductors than nonmetals.
Many of them are known as semiconductors. These semiconductors are used in manufacturing
computers and electronic gadgets.
Look at the periodic table again on page 10. Can you name the seven metalloids? Among
these seven, silicon is the most common. In fact, it is the second most abundant element on earth.
It is a component of sand, cement and glass. Silicones, which are plastics used for making feeding
bottle nipples, also contain silicon.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

A. Match the items in Column A with those in Column B.
A B
1. aluminum a. Ba
2. nickel b. Cu
3. manganese c. Mn
4. calcium d. Ca
5. bismuth e. W
6. fluorine f. Pt
7. bromine g. Al
8. copper h. Po
9. radon i. Ra
10. platinum j. F
11. polonium k. Ni
12. selenium l. Rn
13. radium m. Br
14. barium n. Se
15. tungsten o. Bi
B. Tell whether each of the following elements is a metal, nonmetal or metalloid. Write
your answer on the line before the number.
______________ 1. aluminum
______________ 2. nickel
______________ 3. boron
______________ 4. potassium
______________ 5. calcium

15
 ______________ 6. helium
______________ 7. phosphorus
______________ 8. sodium
______________ 9. platinum
______________ 10. chlorine
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 41.
Did you get everything right? If you did, that’s very good! That means you are now ready to
move on to Lesson 3. If you did not get a perfect score, that’s okay. Just review the parts of the
lesson that you did not understand well. Then proceed to the next lesson.

Let’s Remember

♦ Elements are the building blocks of matter. They cannot be broken down
into simpler components through ordinary means.
♦ The periodic table lists all known elements according to similarities in chemical
properties.
♦ Elements can be divided into three groups: metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

16
 LESSON 3

Compounds: Elements in Combination

Do you know what rust is? It is a material that forms on a metal after the metal is exposed to
air and water for some time. When rust forms on your clothesline, galvanized iron roof or iron
nails, then you know that pretty soon, these objects will disintegrate. Rust is an unwanted
occurrence. Do you know how you can prevent the formation of rust?
This lesson will tackle different materials, useful or not, such as rust. You will find out how
these materials are classified and how they are named. Are you eager to find out more? Read on!

Let’s Try This

Get a tablespoon of sugar and heat it over a flame.

What happened to the sugar? Did its appearance change? What does this say about the
composition of sugar?
Heating sugar continuously will cause it to blacken later. This indicates that sugar can be
broken down into simpler components.

Let’s Learn

You learned from Lesson 2 that elements are the building blocks of matter. What do you
think will happen if you combine two or three elements? The different combinations of elements
form compounds.
Compounds consist of two or more elements that are combined in definite proportions. A
compound is represented by symbols known as a chemical formula. A chemical formula shows
the elemental parts or components of a compound. The number written on the lower right side of
the symbol of the element is called the subscript. The subscript tells the number of atoms of each
element in the compound. The chemical name gives the correct name of a chemical compound.
The chemical name of rust, for instance, is iron (III) oxide. Fe2O3 is its chemical formula. It
is formed when iron combines with oxygen gas in the air and moisture. Iron is a metal while
oxygen is a nonmetal. Rust is reddish brown; a new piece of iron nail is grayish; oxygen gas is
colorless. The color of rust is different from those of iron and oxygen. What does this mean?
This means that the properties of the starting elements (reactants) are different from those of
the compound (product) formed.

17
 Study the following table:
Chemical Formula Name
H2O water
CO2 carbon dioxide
CH4 methane
CaCO3 calcium carbonate

Let’s Try This

Consulting the periodic table on page 11, cite the elements present in each of the
compounds listed in the table. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.
Water is made up of ____________ and ______________.
Carbon dioxide is made up of ___________ and ___________.
Methane is made up of ___________ and ____________.
Calcium carbonate is made up of _________, ___________ and _____________.
Are your answers the same as the following?
Hydrogen and oxygen make up water. Carbon dioxide is composed of carbon and oxygen.
Carbon and hydrogen make up methane. Calcium carbonate is made up of calcium, carbon and
oxygen.

Let’s Learn

In the previous activity, you were able to name the elements of the compounds in the table
by looking at their formulas. From the formula of a compound, you are able to tell not just the
elements that make up the compound, but the number of atoms of each element in the compound
as well.
A compound is a combination of elements. The elements of a compound combine in a fixed
ratio. This is what distinguishes compounds from one another. Let us take a look at two
compounds that are made up of the same elements. Both methane and propane are made up of
hydrogen and carbon. However, the properties of these two compounds differ. For instance,
methane has a boiling point of –161°C while propane has a boiling point of –42°C. Methane has
a very potent odor while propane is odorless. These two compounds are different because they
have different formulae—the chemical formula of methane is CH4 while that of propane is C3H8.
Let us now discuss the concept of the atom. An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that has the characteristics of that element. It is the smallest particle of matter that takes part in a
chemical reaction. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule. Thus, a molecule can be a
combination of atoms of the same element or of different elements. For example, oxygen gas
exists as a molecule made up of two atoms of oxygen. A molecule of water, on the other hand, is
made up two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

18
 The composition of a compound does not vary. This is its distinct characteristic. For
methane, for example, the atoms always combine in the ratio of 1 carbon atom to 4 hydrogen
atoms. For propane, the atoms combine in the ratio of 3 carbon atoms to 8 hydrogen atoms.
How many compounds do you know? Water is a compound. So are many things that you
see and use every day. Look at the table below and see which of the compounds listed you are
familiar with.

Chemical Name Chemical Formula Common Name

Hydrochloric acid HCl muriatic acid

Calcium carbonate CaCO3 chalk

Sucrose C12H22O11 sugar

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 baking soda

Acetic acid CH3COOH vinegar

Sodium hydroxide NaOH lye

Sodium chloride NaCl table salt

There are many compounds whose chemical names may not sound familiar, but which are
actually quite common. Aside from the compounds listed in the table above, there are many other
compounds that you probably use every day.
Water has the formula H2O. The subscript 2 indicates the number of atoms of hydrogen in
the formula. Notice that there is no subscript to the right of O. This means that only 1 atom of
oxygen is contained in the formula. Hence, water is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen
atom.
Carbon dioxide, having the formula CO2, is made up of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms.
Methane, CH4, is composed of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms. Calcium carbonate,
CaCO3, is made up of 1 calcium atom, 1 carbon atom and 3 oxygen atoms.
Do you recall the chemical formula of rust? Its chemical formula is Fe2O3. Can you tell the
ratio in which iron and oxygen atoms combine to form rust?
Rust is made up of 2 iron and 3 oxygen atoms.

19
 Let’s Study and Analyze
Complete the table. The first item has been done for you.

Chemical Elemental Ratio of Elements

Formula Components Present

Example:

HCl H and Cl 1 H : 1Cl

CaCO3

C12H22O11

NaHCO3
CH3COOH

NaClO

NaOH

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 41.

Let’s Try This

In the first column of the table, you will find a list of the chemical formulae of some
compounds. In the second column, you will find the use of each compound and in the third
column, the name of the compound in jumbled letters. Try to figure out the name of each
compound by rearranging the letters.

1. H2O2 It is a colorless liquid ngeohdry eieprodx

used for cleaning wounds.

2. C16H18N2O5S It is an antibiotic used nniillpeci

for treating cuts and
wounds to prevent
infection.

3. C8H10N4O2 It is the main substance ffceeain

in coffee and in some
carbonated drinks.
4. C6H8O6 It is present in citrus bscaiorc dica
fruits and other foods
rich in vitamin C. It
increases your defense
against diseases.

5. NH2CONH2 It is used as a euar

fertilizer.

20
 Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 42.

Let’s Learn

Recall once more the video you watched. What happened when mercury (II) oxide was
heated? What were the products of that heating process?
You saw clearly on the tape that mercury (II) oxide (HgO) underwent decomposition. It
was broken down into its components, mercury (Hg) and oxygen (O2). On the walls of the test
tube were bits of a silvery material. This is the mercury. Where did the oxygen go? It escaped into
the air as a gas during the process of heating. Thus, we say that mercury (II) oxide can be
broken down into mercury and oxygen.
Recall the video again. What was done to decompose water?
The process used in decomposing water is known as electrolysis. In this process, electric
current is made to pass through water. This is carried out with the use of an electrolysis
equipment. The products of decomposition of water are hydrogen and oxygen.

A compound can be broken down into its simpler components through heating at high
temperature and electrolysis.

Compounds Products of Decomposition

calcium carbonate calcium oxide and carbon dioxide

sodium hydroxide water and sodium oxide

hydrochloric acid hydrogen and chlorine

sodium bicarbonate sodium oxide, water and carbon dioxide

What do you notice about the products of decomposition of the compounds listed in the
table?
Except for hydrochloric acid, all of the compounds in the table have compounds as
products of their decomposition.

21
 Here are other examples of compounds that are formed from two or more compounds.

Compound Components
Sulfuric acid (in acid rain) sulfur trioxide + water
Ammonium hydroxide (used as glass cleaner) ammonia + water
Ammonium sulfate (fertilizer) ammonia + sulfuric acid
Carbonic acid (used in soft drinks) carbon dioxide + water

You can now define compounds as substances made from elements or other compounds
that are combined in definite proportions.

Let’s Review

Classify each of the following as an element or a compound.

_______ 1. platinum
_______ 2. potassium permanganate
_______ 3. 24-karat gold
_______ 4. fluorine
_______ 5. sodium hypochlorite
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 42.

Let’s Learn

We say that elements and compounds are pure substances. What do we mean by this?
♦ A pure substance is a single, pure type of matter that is made from only one type of
chemical.
♦ A pure substance is made up of components with a definite composition.
♦ The components of a pure substance cannot be separated by physical means.
Elements and compounds are known as pure substances. They are made from only one
type of matter. An element is made up of only one kind of atom. A compound is made up of
elements that combine in a definite ratio. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler
components by ordinary means. Compounds need to undergo such processes as electrolysis and
heating at very high temperatures in order to decompose.

22
 In order to understand what a pure substance is, look at the pictures of caterpillars below.

Think of the caterpillar above as a molecule of an element. Although there are many
segments, each part is the same. If we had a lot of these caterpillars put together, there would still
be only one type of segment present. That makes it an element.

Think of the caterpillar above as a molecule of a compound. The whole length of the
caterpillar is made up of different types of segments, which makes it a compound. If we had a lot
of these caterpillars put together, there would be many types of segments, but there would still be
only one type of caterpillar present. That is what makes a compound a pure substance.

Let’s Try This

You will need these materials:

kalamansi juice
baking soda
2 drinking cups or glasses
Put some kalamansi juice in one drinking cup or glass. Put baking soda in the other glass.
Taste the juice and the baking soda. Note the taste of each substance. Add some water to the
baking soda. Then dip your fingers in the resulting mixture. How did the mixture feel?

Let’s Think About This

1. What is the taste of kalamansi juice?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

23
 2. What is the taste of baking soda?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. How did the baking soda-water mixture feel?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. What types of compounds are kalamansi juice and baking soda?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 42.

Let’s Learn

Compounds may be classified into acids, bases and salts. The kalamansi juice you tested in
the previous activity is an acid; the baking soda is a base.
Acids taste sour; bases taste bitter. Bases are also slippery to touch. Among common acids
are vinegar, muriatic acid and fruit juices. Among common bases are milk and milk of magnesia.
Vinegar is acetic acid; muriatic acid is hydrochloric acid; and fruit juices are made up of citric acid
and ascorbic acid.
Table salt, sodium chloride, is a type of salt. A salt is produced from the combination of an
acid and a base. For example, sodium chloride, NaCl, is produced from the reaction of
hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Acids, bases and salts have plenty of uses. In cooking, for instance, you use vinegar, baking
soda and table salt. Guava, tamarind or kamias extract is added to sinigang to improve its taste.
Seasonings such as soy sauce and fish sauce contain table salt. Sodium nitrate, another type of
salt, is also used in preserving meat.
Kalamansi is an effective stain remover, hence, it is often used in washing clothes.
Shampoos, soaps and lotions are slippery to touch because they contain bases. Toothpastes also
contains bases. The base in a toothpaste combines with the acid on your teeth and removes it in
the process.
However, there are also acids, bases and salts that are harmful to you. Acid rain (sulfuric
acid) can corrode buildings, statues and other structures. Concentrated sodium hydroxide is
highly corrosive and poisonous. Some plants contain poisonous alkaloids, which are bases. One
such plant is the belladonna, which contains the alkaloid atropine. There are some cancer-causing
salts such as sodium nitrate and potassium bromate.

24
 Let’s Try This
Would you like to learn how to make an acid-base indicator? An acid-base indicator is a
material that changes colors depending on whether it is reacting with an acid or a base.
You will need the following materials:
alugbati tops bond paper cut into four equal parts
rubbing alcohol flat plate
knife scissors
3 bowls small glass jar with cover
wooden ladle cheesecloth (katsa)
Do the following:
1. Wash the alugbati tops and chop them finely.
2. Transfer a little amount of the chopped alugbati to a bowl. Add rubbing alcohol drop
by drop while mashing the alugbati with the wooden ladle.

3. Pour the mashed pulp and juice into the cheesecloth and squeeze the cloth to extract
the juice. Collect the juice in a clean bowl.
4. Repeat the process until you have collected one cup of alugbati juice.
5. Pour the alugbati juice into a bowl.
6. Dip one piece of bond paper into the bowl.
7. Place the wet paper on the flat plate.

25
 8. Continue dipping the pieces of paper in the alugbati juice and lay the wet pieces of
paper on the flat plate. Arrange them in such a way that the surface of the plate is
entirely covered with paper.

9. Allow the pieces of paper to dry.

10. Cut the dried pieces of paper into strips measuring ½ inch by 3 inches. Keep the
strips of paper in the small glass jar with cover.

Let’s Think About This

1. What is the color of your alugbati paper?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Explain how this color was produced.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 42.

Let’s Try This

How will you know if a particular substance is an acid or a base? This is where an indicator
comes in handy. The color of the indicator will tell you whether a substance is an acid or a base.
You will need the following materials:
alugbati paper strips apog solution (lime water)
flat plate salt solution
saucer 3 small widemouthed bottles
3 medicine droppers spoon
vinegar

26
 Do the following:
1. Put 1 tablespoon of vinegar in one of the small widemouthed bottles.
2. Put 1 tablespoon of apog solution in another widemouthed bottle.
3. Put 1 tablespoon of salt solution in the third bottle.
4. Lay one strip of alugbati paper on the saucer. Put two drops of vinegar on one end of
the paper. Observe any change in the color of the alugbati paper.

5. Wash and dry the saucer. Lay another strip of alugbati paper on it. Add 2 drops of
apog to one end of the paper. Observe any change in the color of the alugbati paper.
6. Wash and dry the saucer again. Lay another strip of alugbati paper on the saucer. Add
two drops of salt solution to the paper. Observe any change in the color of the alugbati
paper.

Substance Tested Color Changes in

Vinegar
Apog solution
Salt solution

Did you get the same results as these?

Vinegar changed the blue alugbati paper to pink. Apog turned the alugbati paper to green.
The salt solution did not change the color of the alugbati paper.

27
 Let’s Learn
An acid-base indicator such as the alugbati paper has the ability to change colors,
depending on whether the solution it is dipped is an acid or a base. An acid can change alugbati
paper from blue to pink; a base can change alugbati paper from blue to green. In the presence of
a salt solution, the alugbati paper retains its color.
There are other types of indicators available. The most common—and probably the
oldest—type of indicator is the litmus paper. Litmus paper comes in two colors—red and blue.
Red litmus paper turns blue when tested with a base and remains the same when tested with an
acid. Blue litmus paper turns red when tested with an acid and remains the same when tested
with a base.

Let’s Try This

Would you like to know whether the compounds in your home are acidic or basic? Get the
strips of alugbati paper that you made in the previous activity.
You will need the following materials:
tap water soft drink
soap baking soda
catsup kalamansi juice
ammonia drinking cups or glasses

Here’s what you will do:

1. Prepare the mixtures to be tested in the following manner:
a. Put some water in a drinking cup.
b. Add a small amount of catsup to a cup of water.
c. Put about one tablespoon of ammonia in another drinking cup
containing around 10 tablespoons water.
d. Dissolve some baking soda in water and put the mixture in a cup.
e. Place the soft drink and kalamansi juice in separate cups.
f. Dissolve a tiny piece of soap in a cup of water.
2. Dip the end of a strip of alugbati paper in each of the cups. Observe the changes in
color of the paper.

28
 3. Fill up the following table by putting a check (4) in the appropriate column.

Substance Acid
water
catsup
ammonia
baking soda
kalamansi juice
soft drink
soap

Compare your results with those in the Answer Key on page 42.

Let’s Learn

As I mentioned before, there are also certain acids and bases that can cause problems.
Consider the following cases.
CASE 1 Have you ever been bitten by an ant? How did the bite feel? Did it hurt? Did the
affected part turn red and swollen?
When an ant bites, it cuts its victim’s skin with its jaws. Then it releases an
acid called formic acid from its abdomen. This acid is what makes the bite
painful.
How do you relieve the pain? You can apply a base such as soda dissolved in
water or some soap solution on the affected part. The base serves to neutralize
the acid. When an acid and a base combine, water and a salt are formed. This
process is known as neutralization.
CASE 2 Your stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which enables it to digest the
food you eat. However, stress and other factors can lead to your stomach
producing too much of this acid. When this happens, you experience
stomachache. This condition is called hyperacidity.
What should you do when you suffer from hyperacidity? Take some antacids.
Antacids are usually made from magnesium hydroxide, a base. Magnesium
hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a harmless salt.
CASE 3 How do you think you would feel if you accidentally spilled a little muriatic acid
on your skin? The affected part would immediately feel itchy. What should you
do to relieve the itchiness?
It is best to dissolve some amount of baking powder in water and apply the
mixture to the affected part. After some time, the itchiness will stop.

29
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

A. Encircle the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is a compound?
a. ice
b helium
c. iron
d. silicon
2. Which of the following is not a compound?
a. magnesium
b. zinc oxide
c. alcohol
d. vinegar
3. Which of the following is a property of acids?
a. sour taste
b. bitter taste
c. slippery to touch
d. salty taste
4. The _________ is the smallest particle of an element that can participate in
a chemical reaction.
a. molecule
b. compound
c. salt
d. atom
5. Which of the following processes can decompose a compound?
a. filtration
b. melting
c. electrolysis
d. freezing
6. A/An __________ is produced when an acid reacts with a base.
a. atom
b. molecule
c. salt
d. mixture
7. In the presence of a base, alugbati paper will turn from _____ to ______.
a. blue; pink
b. blue; red
c. blue; green
d. red; blue

30
 8. Blue litmus paper turns _____ in the presence of an acid.
a. pink
b. red
c. green
d. none of the above
9. Citrus fruits such as orange and kalamansi contain vitamin C, which is a/an
________.
a. base
b. salt
c. acid
d. none of the above
10. Antacids contain milk of magnesia, which is a/an _____.
a. base
b. salt
c. acid
d. none of the above
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 42 and 43. Did you get
everything right? If you did, that’s very good! That means you understood this lesson well.
Proceed to the next lesson. If you missed some items, just review the parts of the lesson that you
did not understand well. Afterward, you may move on to Lesson 4.

Let’s Remember

♦ Atoms of two or more elements combine to form a molecule of a compound.

♦ Like elements, compounds are pure substances. They are made up of only one type of
matter and cannot be broken down into their components by physical means. Only
chemical processes such as electrolysis and heating at high temperature can
decompose a compound.
♦ Atoms that form a compound combine in a definite ratio.
♦ Compounds can be classified as acids, bases and salts.
♦ An acid and a base combine to form water and a salt. This process is known as
neutralization.

31
 LESSON 4

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous

Mixtures

The world we live in is filled with a great variety of mixtures. Soil, rocks and waterfalls are
mixtures. Ice cream, halu-halo and fruit shakes are mixtures. Pancit canton, mami and bihon
are mixtures. Toothpastes, lotions and shampoos are mixtures. In this lesson, you will find out
about different kinds of mixtures.

Let’s Try This

Can you name the ingredients of the following materials? Try to fill up the table below. The
first item has been done for you.

Material Ingredients

Halu-halo Sago, gulaman, saba, camote, pinipig

crushed ice, melon

Ice cream

Chicken soup

Concrete

Peanut brittle

Pancit canton

Fruit shake

Toothpaste

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 43.

Let’s Think About This

1. All the materials listed in the table in the activity are mixtures. What can you say about
the composition of mixtures?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Do the ingredients in each of the materials combine in a definite ratio, that is, is there a
specific, unchanging amount in which these ingredients should combine in order to
produce the material? _________

32
 What does this say about mixtures as opposed to pure substances?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 43.

Let’s Learn

A mixture is a combination of two or more materials put together in varying proportions.

What makes a mixture different from a compound? A compound is made up of two or more
types of atoms combined in a definite, unchanging ratio. Water, for instance, is made up of two
hydrogen atoms and one hydrogen atom. If you changed this ratio, say, if you made it one
hydrogen atom to one oxygen atom, then you would no longer have water but an entirely different
compound.
In a mixture, the proportion of the components does not affect the identity of the resulting
material. For example, when you make halu-halo, you may put the ingredients in varying amounts
and you will still come up with halu-halo.
Another characteristic that separates a mixture from a compound is that the components of
a mixture can be separated by physical means. You can use various methods to separate the
components of mixtures. You will get to know these methods when you read the module on
mixtures.

Let’s Review

Identify whether each of the following materials is a mixture or a pure substance.

___________________ 1. seawater
___________________ 2. gasoline
___________________ 3. sugar
___________________ 4. 24-karat gold
___________________ 5. soft drink

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 43.

Let’s Learn

Mixtures can be grouped into two—homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures.

When a mixture is made up of only one phase, we say that it is a homogeneous mixture.
When we say phase, we are referring to the physically distinct and mechanically separable part
of a system. For example, a glass of water with ice cubes has two phases—water and ice. A
piece of rock may contain several phases of different crystals. Sugar dissolved in water makes a
mixture that has only one phase. Hence, this mixture is homogeneous.

33
 The components of a homogeneous mixture have the same composition and properties all
throughout the mixture. The properties of one component are identical with the properties of all
other components. Silver jewelry, charcoal and salt-and-water mixture are examples of
homogeneous mixtures.
Given your knowledge of homogeneous mixtures, can you tell what a heterogeneous mixture
is? A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture made up of more than one phase. The components of
a heterogeneous mixture vary in composition and properties. The glass of water with ice cubes
and the piece of rock I previously mentioned are examples of heterogeneous mixtures.

Let’s Review

Look at the table in “Let’s Try This” on page 32. State whether the mixtures listed in the
table are homogeneous or heterogenous. Write your answers in the spaces below.
1. halu-halo __________________________
2. ice cream __________________________
3. chicken soup __________________________
4. concrete __________________________
5. peanut brittle __________________________
6. pancit canton __________________________
7. fruit shake __________________________
8. toothpaste __________________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 43 and 44.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

Fill up the following table. The first item has been done for you.

Pure Substance Element or

Material
or Mixture Compound

Argon pure substance element

Beer
Iodized salt
Wood
White paint
Dry ice
Wet sand
Filtered ocean water
Coffee
Evaporated milk

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 44.

34
 Let’s Remember
♦ Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds in varying proportions.
♦ Mixtures are of two kinds. Homogeneous mixtures contain only one phase;
heterogeneous mixtures contain two or more phases.
You have now reached the end of the module. Congratulations! Your eagerness to learn and
persistence have paid off. Did you enjoy studying this module? Did you learn a lot from it? The
following is a summary of its main points to help you remember them better.

Let’s Sum Up

This module tells us that:

♦ Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
♦ Elements are the building blocks of matter. They are made up of atoms. They are
classified as metals, nonmetals and metalloids.
♦ Metals are hard, ductile and malleable. They easily conduct heat and electricity.
♦ Nonmetals are soft and brittle. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
♦ Metalloids exhibit the characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
♦ A compound is made up of two or more elements or compounds that are combined in
a fixed ratio.
♦ Compounds can be broken down through electrolysis and heating at high temperature.
♦ Compounds are classified as acids, bases and salts.
♦ Elements and compounds are pure substances.
♦ Μixtures consist of two or more substances that are combined in varying proportions.
♦ Mixtures can be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

35
 What Have You Learned?

A. Select which of the terms does not belong to the group and state why.
1. carbon, steel, dental filling, bronze
Reason: ___________________________________________________
2. copper, iron, water, gold
Reason: ___________________________________________________
3. rubbing alcohol, tincture of iodine, starch solution, soft drink
Reason: ___________________________________________________
4. mayonnaise, shampoo, lotion, concrete
Reason: ___________________________________________________
5. ampalaya, dalandan, kalamansi, pomelo
Reason: ___________________________________________________
B. Each item consists of a pair of words and an unpaired one. The items in the first pair
are related to one another. Fill in the blank with the correct word that is related to the
unpaired word.
1. iodized salt : mixture : : dry ice : _______________
2. evaporated milk : heterogeneous mixture : : commercial vinegar : ____________
3. vitamin C : acid : : baking powder : _______________
4. iron nail : metal : : oxygen gas : _______________
5. sodium hydroxide : lye : : ascorbic acid : _______________
C. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of these is not matter?
a. pebble
b. sound
c. sand
d. clay
2. There are more than one hundred elements in the periodic table. Which one
is the most abundant on earth?
a. hydrogen
b. oxygen
c. silicon
d. aluminum

36
3. Sodium hypochlorite is a compound found in Clorox and other bleaching
products. Its chemical formula is NaClO. What is the ratio of its elemental
components?
a. 1:1:2
b. 1:1
c. 1:1:1
d. 2:1
4. Orange juice changes blue litmus paper to red. What type of compound does it
contain?
a. acid
b. base
c. salt
d. neutral
5. Luisa wanted to know the nature of milk. She dipped a strip of red litmus
paper in a small amount of milk. The litmus paper turned blue. This means
that milk is a/an ___.
a. acid
b. base
c. salt
d. neutral
6. Matter can be classified as pure substances and mixtures. Which of these is
a pure substance?
a. tap water
b. spring water
c. mineral water
d. distilled water
7. Phosphorus exists in two forms: red and white. Red phosphorus is used in
the manufacture of matches. What type of element is it?
a. metal
b. nonmetal
c. metalloid
d. none of the above
8. A glass of buko juice is an example of a heterogeneous mixture. How
many phases of matter are in this mixture?
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five

37
 9. A decoction can be prepared by mixing many herbal plants with water and
later boiling and straining the material. Sugar is also added to improve its
taste. What type of matter is it?
a. element
b. compound
c. homogeneous mixture
d. heterogeneous mixture
10. Mixtures are very important to your daily life. Which of these is not a mixture?
a. gasoline
b. detergent
c. floor wax
d. nitrogen
D. Complete the following diagram that shows the classification of matter.

Matter

s
mixture

s
element
s

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 44 and 45.
If you got a score of:
0–7 You should study the whole module again.
8–14 Good! Just review the parts of the module you did not understand well.
15–20 Very good! Just review the items you missed. You are now ready to move on to
the next module. Congratulations!

38
 Answer Key

A. Let’s See What You Already Know (pages 1–3)

1. (c) By definition, energy is the capacity to do work. Thus, it does not
occupy space and has mass unlike water (a), a stone (b) and (d) an
empty box.
2. (c) Air is a mixture, not a pure substance.
3. (c) A compound can be broken down into its simpler components which
may be elements or other compounds.
4. (a) Silicon occurs in the form of silicates, not in the elemental form.
5. (b) Copper is a metal. Boron and polonium are metalloids while hydrogen is a
nonmetal.
6. (a) Wine is a mixture. Sugar and carbon dioxide are compounds. A 100%
silver coin is an element.
7. (c) Salt solution is a homogeneous mixture.
8. (a) Concrete is a heterogeneous mixture. Soil is a heterogeneous mixture,
not a homogeneous mixture. Soft drink is a homogeneous mixture, not a
heterogeneous mixture. Milk shake is a heterogeneous mixture of finely
crushed ice, water, sugar and fat globules.
9. (a) Kamias is acidic. This property enables it to remove stains effectively.
10. (b) Ammonium sulfate cannot be an element because elements cannot be
decomposed by a chemical change. This means that (b) is true. Too
little information is provided to decide if the other statements are true.

B. Lesson 1
Let’s Try This (page 5)
(Answers to questions l to 4 will depend on the learners’ observations.)
All the things on my list are matter because they occupy space and have mass.
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 6)
(Answers will depend on the learners’ observations. The following is a list of
possible answers.)
Kitchen: casserole, frying pan, stove, ladle, knife, spoons, forks, plates, bowls,
saucers, vinegar, soy sauce, sugar, salt.
Bathroom: soap, basin, water, water container, shampoo, scrub, towel, pumice
stone, pail, tabo.

39
C. Lesson 2
Let’s Study and Analyze (page 9)
(Answers will depend on the learners’ observations and knowledge. The following are
sample answers.)
1. The list of letters and symbols on the map is called the legend. The legend
explains the symbols on the map.
2. Like a map, the periodic table also contains symbols that represent the
elements.
Let’s Try This (page 12)
1. Hg
2. N
3. Al
4. Fe
5. Sn
6. Cu
7. Pb
8. I
9. Si
10. Ca

Let’s Review (page 14)

(Answers will vary according to how the learners state the properties of metals and
nonmetals. The following are sample answers.)

Metals Nonmetals

Hard Solids are usually soft (except diamond);

many occur as gases and liquids
Shiny Dull

Malleable and ductile Brittle

Can conduct heat and electricity Poor conductors of heat and electricity

40
 Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 15–16)
A. 1. g
2. k
3. c
4. d
5. o
6. j
7. m
8. b
9. l
10. f
11. h
12. n
13. i
14. a
15. e

B. 1. metal
2. metal
3. metalloid
4. nonmetal
5. metal
6. nonmetal
7. nonmetal
8. metal
9. metal
10. nonmetal

D. Lesson 3
Let’s Study and Analyze (page 20)

Chemical Formula Elemental Components Ratio of Elements Present

CaCO3 Ca, C and O 1Ca: 1C: 3O

C12H22O11 C, H and O 12C: 22H: 11O

NaHCO3 Na, H, C and O 1Na: 1H: 1C: 3O

CH3COOH C, H and O 2C: 4H: 2O

NaClO Na, Cl and O 1Na: 1Cl: 1O

NaOH Na, O and H 1Na: 1O: 1H

41
Let’s Try This (pages 20–21)
1. hydrogen peroxide
2. penicillin
3. caffeine
4. ascorbic acid
5. urea
Let’s Review (page 22)
1. element
2. compound
3. element (When a piece of gold is 24 karats, it means that it is 100% pure
gold.)
4. element
5. compound
Let’s Think About This (pages 23–24)
1. Kalamansi juice tastes sour.
2. Baking soda has a slightly bitter taste.
3. The mixture felt a bit slippery.
4. Kalamansi juice is an acid; baking soda is a base.
Let’s Think About This (page 26)
1. The alugbati paper is blue.
2. The color came from the bluish juice extracted from the alugbati tops.
Let’s Try This (pages 28–29)

Name of Substance Acid

water 4
catsup 4
ammonia 4
baking soda 4
kalamansi juice 4
soft drink 4
soap 4

Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 30–31)

A. 1. (a) Ice is solid water, which is a compound, H2O.
2. (a) Magnesium is an element.
3. (a) Acids taste sour. Options b and c are properties of bases; d is a
property of salts.
4. (d)
5. (c)

42
 6. (c)
7. (c)
8. (a)
9. (c)
10. (a)

E. Lesson 4
Let’s Try This (page 32)

Material Ing
Halu-halo sago, gulaman, sa
ube, sugar, milk, c
Ice cream cream, milk, suga
Chicken soup milk, chicken, mac
broth
Concrete cement, gravel
Peanut brittle peanut, sugar
Pancit canton noodles, cabbage
garlic, onions, shr
Fruit shake fruit, milk, ice, sug
Toothpaste fluoride, sodium b
flavoring, coloring

Let’s Think About This (pages 32–33)

1. (Answers will vary according to the learners’ observations. Below is a
sample answer.)
Mixtures are composed of different kinds of materials.
2. No. Unlike pure substances, mixtures are made from components that
combine in varying proportions.
Let’s Review (page 33)
1. mixture
2. mixture
3. pure substance
4. pure substance
5. mixture
Let’s Review (page 34)
heterogeneous
homogeneous (However, some types of ice cream contain bits of solid food,
such as rocky road and cookies and cream. These can thus be considered
heterogeneous.)
heterogeneous

43
 heterogeneous
heterogeneous
heterogeneous
homogeneous
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 34)

Pure Substance Element

Material
or Mixture Compou

argon pure substance element

beer mixture
iodized salt mixture
wood mixture
white paint mixture
dry ice pure substance compound
wet sand mixture
filtered ocean water mixture
coffee mixture
evaporated milk mixture

F. What Have You Learned? (pages 36–38)

A. 1. carbon. The three others are all compounds, but carbon is an element.
2. water. Water is a compound; the three others are elements.
3. starch solution. Starch solution is a heterogeneous mixture; rubbing
alcohol, tincture of iodine and soft drink are homogeneous mixtures.
4. concrete. Concrete is a heterogeneous mixture; mayonnaise, shampoo and
lotion are homogeneous mixtures.
5. ampalaya. Dalandan, kalamansi and pomelo are all citrus fruits that contain
ascorbic acid. Ampalaya is not a citrus fruit.
B. 1. pure substance. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide.
2. homogeneous mixture. Commercial vinegar is a homogeneous mixture of
water acid acetic acid.
3. base
4. nonmetal. Oxygen is a nonmetal.
5. vitamin C. Ascorbic acid is more commonly known as vitamin C.

44
 C. 1. (b) Sound is a form of energy, not matter.
2. (b)
3. (c) A molecule of sodium hypochlorite is made up of 1 sodium atom, 1
chlorine atom and 1 oxygen atom.
4. (a) Blue litmus paper turns red in the presence of an acid.
5. (b) Red litmus paper turns blue in the presence of a base.
6. (d) Distilled water is purified water, that is, it does not contain other
compounds unlike tap water (contains chlorine), spring water and
mineral water (contain magnesium and calcium salts).
7. (b)
8. (a) The two phases are the juice and water and the buko strands.
9. (c) The mixture is homogeneous because the solids were removed
when the decoction was strained.
10. (d) Nitrogen is a compound.
D.

Matter

pure substance mixture

homogeneous mixture heterogeneous mixture

s
element
s
compound

metal nonmetal metalloid

acid base salt

45
 Glossary

Acid-base indicator A substance that can change colors depending on whether it is in

solution with a base or with an acid.
Alkaloid A basic compound found chiefly in plants and some fungi.
Atom The smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Chemical formula A representation of a compound that shows the number and kinds of
atoms in a molecule of that compound.
Chemical symbol A representation of an element, consisting of one or two letters; always
begins with a capital letter.
Chemistry The study of matter, its composition and the changes it undergoes.
Compound A substance made up of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
Decomposition The process of breaking down a material into its components.
Ductile The ability of a metal to be drawn into wires.
Electrolysis Decomposition of a compound by passing an electric current through it.
Element A substance that can no longer be broken down into its components.
Gas Matter that has neither a definite shape nor definite volume.
Legend An explanatory table or list of symbols used in a map or chart.
Liquid Matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.
Litmus paper A strip of paper containing a blue powder from a type of lichen; used as an
acid-base indicator.
Malleable The ability of a metal to be hammered into thin sheets.
Mass The amount of matter an object contains.
Matter Anything that occupies space and has weight.
Metal A type of element that usually has a shiny appearance, often exists as a solid, is
ductile and malleable and is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Metalloid A type of element that exhibits the characteristics of both a metal and a
nonmetal.
Mixture A combination of two or more substances in varying proportions and whose
components can be separated by physical means.
Molecule A combination of two or more atoms.
Nonmetal A type of element that lacks the properties of a metal.
Periodic table A tabular arrangement of all known elements based on similarities in
properties.

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Phase Any of the three states in which matter can exist; when referring to mixtures, this
means a distinct and separable portion of a mixture.
Pure substance A material made up of only one type of matter.
Ratio The relation in degree or number between two things.
Semiconductor Usually a metalloid, a substance that can conduct electricity better than
nonmetals but less effective than metals; used as a base material for computer chips
and other electronic devices.

Solid Matter that has a definite shape and volume.

Space An extent or expanse of a surface.

References

Corwin, Charles H. Chemistry Concepts and Connections. Alternate ed. Englewood

Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1994.
Hill, J.C. Students Guide to Brown and Lemay’s Chemistry: The Central Science. 2nd
ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1981.
Holtzclaw, H.F. and W.R. Robinson. General Chemistry. 8th ed U.S.A.: D.C. Heath and
Company, 1988.
—————. Study Guide for General Chemistry and College Chemistry. 8th ed.
U.S.A.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1988.
Jones, L. and P. Atkins. Chemistry: Molecules, Matter and Change. 4th ed. U.S.A.:
Michele Russel Julet, 1989.
Petrucci, R.H. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. 4th ed. New
York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1985.
Senyk, Joan I., James R. Braun and Larry K. Kvannich. General Chemistry Study Guide.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984.

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