Operating System

Fundamentals
Topic Outline

 Operating System
 Services Provided by an Operating System
 Core Components of an Operating System
Operating System

 System software that allows users or the application programs they are
using to interact with the computer hardware in an easy and convenient
manner.
 Operating System

 Major functions of an operating system:

1. It creates a virtual machine interface between the user/application
program and the hardware.
 Hardware abstraction or resource abstraction wherein users and application
programs are isolated from the details of the hardware resources.
2. It acts as the computer’s resource manager or resource allocator.
 Operating system has the authority to allocate resources.
3. It functions as the program launcher.
Operating System

 Main Goals of an operating system:

1. The operating system should make the computer easy and convenient to
use.
2. The operating system should manage the resources of the computer
system to make them more efficient.
3. The operating system should execute and control programs.
Operating System

 Bootstrap program
 executed upon power on.
 Main function is to perform power-on self test(POST) which checks if all computer
hardware are in food working condition.
 Boot block loader
 Locates the operating system and loads it in the main memory.
 At this moment, the operating system takes charge of the computer system.
Operating System

 Operating system has two(2) parts:

1. Kernel is the heart and soul of the operating system.
 It directly controls the computer hardware and performs the services of
the operating system.
 It makes appropriate system calls or requests to communicate with the
hardware resources.
 Resides in the main memory of for immediate access to its services.
Operating System

2. Shell is part of the operating system that serves as the interface

between users and the kernel.
 Often called command interpreter.
 Users enter command via the shell in order to use the service of the
kernel.
 Operating System

 Two(2) types of Shell

 Command-line Interface (CLI)
Requires to type the commands
at a prompt
Operating System

 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

 Requires user to enter commands
by either using drop-down menus
or by clicking on icons using a
mouse pointer.
 Services Provided by an Operating System

 Key Services provided by the operating system

1. Program Execution
 The operating system locates a program in the secondary storage, loads it in the main memory, and
executes it.
2. Access to I/O devices
 Access to I/O devices is provided by the operating system, particularly the input and output
operations.
3. File system management
 Access to files in secondary storage is provided by the operating system.
 Services Provided by an Operating System

 Key Services provided by the operating system

4. System Access
 The operating system prevents unauthorized access to the computer system.
5. Error Handling
 The operating system detects hardware-oriented and software-oriented errors within the
computer system and also takes proper actions to resolve them.
6. Communication
 The operating system is responsible for facilitating communication among processes.
Core Components of an Operating System

 The kernel contains the core services of the operating system:

 Process Manager
 Process
scheduler/CPU scheduler is responsible for determining which
among the programs will execute first and determine runtime duration.
Core Components of an Operating System

 Memory Manager
 The memory manager handles allocation and monitor which memory areas
are in use and which are free or available.
 File Manager
 The files stored in the secondary storage are organized and presented for
east access by the file manager.
 I/O Manager
 The different input/output devices of the computer system are managed by
the I/O manager( device manager).