Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(fehrjealkot aminosavak)
Az emberben elfordul fehrjealkot aminosavak L-konfigurcijak, a CahnIngoldPrelog-nevezktan alapjn pedig az S-sorozatba tartoznak a Cys kivtelvel (ami R konfigurcij).
glicin (Gly, G)
+
H N COO3
CH
H
alanin (Ala, A)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH3
valin (Val, V)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH
CH3
H3C
leucin (Leu, L)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
CH
CH3
H3C
izoleucin (Ile, I)
COO-
H3N
CH
HC
CH3
CH2
CH3
szerin (Ser, S)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
OH
treonin (Thr, T)
COO-
H3N
CH
HC
OH
CH3
metionin (Met, M)
COO-
H3N
COO
H3N
COO
H3N
CH
CH
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
SH
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
CH2
S
CH3
aszparaginsav (Asp, D)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
COO-
glutaminsav (Glu, E)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
CH2
COO-
aszparagin (Asn, N)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
CONH2
glutamin (Gln, Q)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
CH2
CONH2
lizin (Lys, K)
COO-
H3N
CH
(CH2)4
NH3+
arginin (Arg, R)
COO-
H3N
CH
(CH2)3
NH
NH2+
C
NH2
hisztidin (His, H)
H3N
COOCH
CH2
NH+
N
H
fenilalanin (Phe, F)
H3N
COOCH
CH2
tirozin (Tyr, Y)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
OH
triptofn (Trp, W)
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
N
H
prolin (Pro, P)
COO-
N
H
forma
mennyisg
2
+
H3N
3
+
COOH
CH
CH2
tlts
COO
H3N
H2N
CH
0
izoelektromos
pI
pK COOH
pI =
pKNH +
3
pKCOOH + pK NH3+
2
CH
CH2
CH2
+1
COO
pH
2
+
H3N
forma
mennyisg
tlts
3
+
COOH
4
COO
+H N
3
COO
H3N
COO
H2N
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
COOH
+1
0
izoelektromos
pI
pK-COOH
pI =
COOH
COO
COO
pK R-COOH
pH
pK NH +
3
pK -COOH + pKR-COOH
2
forma
mennyisg
2
+
H3N
3
COOH
H3N
CH
tlts
COO
+2
+1
pKCOOH
CH
(CH2) 4
NH3+
(CH2) 4
NH3+
0
izoelektromos
pK -NH +
pI
pI =
NH2
pK R-NH +
3
pK-NH3+ + pK R-NH3+
2
COO
H2N
CH
(CH2) 4
NH3+
COO
H2N
CH
(CH2) 4
pH
OH
OH
N
OH
O
-alanin
ornitin
H3N
CH2
COO
CH2
COO-
H3N
CH
(CH2)3
NH3+
citrullin
COO-
H3N
CH
(CH2)3
NH
C
NH2
homocisztein, homoszerin
H3N
COO-
CH
CH
(CH2)2
(CH2)2
SH
norleucin
H3N
H3N
COO-
H3N
OH
CH2
CH2
CH2
COO-
COOCH
(CH2)3
CH3
taurin
4-hidroxi-prolin
OH
SO3-
COO-
N
H
L-DOPA, dopamin
H3N
NH3+
COOCH
CH2
CH2
CH2
OH
OH
OH
OH
putreszcin
H2N
(CH2)4
NH2
spermidin
H2N
(CH2)4
NH
(CH2)3
NH2
spermin
H2N
tiroxin
(CH2)3
NH
(CH2)4
NH
(CH2)3
NH2
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
I
O
I
OH
NH2
NH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
OH
N
N
noradrenalin, adrenalin
NH2
H3C
CH2
OH
NH
CH2
CH
OH
CH
OH
OH
OH
glutation (-GluCysGly)
OH
COO-
H3N
CH
CH2
SH
CH2
CH2
C
O
CH
NH
COO-
NH
C
CH2
Monoszacharidok: aldzok
D-glicerinaldehid,
D-glicerinaldehid-3-foszft
O
C
C
H
OH
CH2OH
OH O
P
O-
D-eritrz, D-trez
HCO
HCO
HCO
HCO
CH2OH
CH2OH
HCO
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
OH
1
2
OH3
OH
OH
HCO
CH2OH
HCO
HCO
CH2OH
OH
HO
CH2OH
H 1
C
OH
O
OH
HO
dihidroxiaceton-
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
D-fruktz
HO
OH
OH
Monoszacharidok: ketzok
D-ribulz, D-xilulz
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
O-
O-
HO
OH
CH2OH
-D-glkz
D-eritrulz
CH2OH
dihidroxiaceton,
foszft
O-
2
3
4
CH2OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
OH3
1
2
OH
CH2OH
-D-glkz
OH
Monoszacharidok, diszacharidok
-D-glkz, -D-glkz
CH2OH
O
OH
OH
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
-D-galaktz, -D-galaktz
OH
CH2OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
-D-fruktz, -D-fruktz
OH
CH2OH
O
5 OH
4
H2COH
CH2OH
OH
maltz
CH2OH
O
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
-D-glkz 1 2 -D-fruktz
H2COH
O
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
3
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
6
OH
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
CH2OH
OH
-D-galaktz 1 4 -D-glkz
(vagy: -D-glkz)
OH
CH2OH
HO
-D-glkz 1 4 -D-glkz
OH
HO
laktz (tejcukor)
CH2OH
-D-glkz 1 4 -D-glkz
(vagy: -D-glkz)
CH2OH
cellobiz
OH
OH
OH
4
OH
OH
O
OH
O
OH
CH2OH
OH
Monoszacharidok szrmazkai
redukci: aldehid csoport reduklsa: cukoralkohol: D-glucit
CH2OH
H
OH
HO
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
C
HOH2C
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
COOH
( 2)
COH
CH2OH
COOH
COOH
H
OH
HO
OH
OH
COOH
C
C
HO
HO
HO
CH2OH
-D-glkzamin,
kzamin ()
N-acetil-D-gl-
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
NH2
NH
C
CH3
furfurol, hidroximetil-furfurol
O
HOH2C
COH
fruktz-1,6-biszfoszft
O
COH
CH2
CH2
O
HO
P
O
OH
OH
N-acetil-neuraminsav (szilsav)
O
H3C
NH
O COOH
HCOH
HCOH
CH2OH
OH
OH
UDP-glkz
CH2OH
O
NH
O
OH
O
OH
O
O
OH
O
-
CH2
O
OH OH
10
Lipidek I.
palmitinsav
sztearinsav
palmitinolajsav
olajsav
linolsav
linolnsav
arachidonsav
COOH
CH3(CH2)14COOH
COOH
CH3(CH2)16COOH
COOH
9-C16:1
COOH
9-C18:1
COOH
9,12-C18:2
COOH
9,12,15-C18:3
COOH
5,8,11,14-C20:4
triglcierid
O
H2C
HC
H2C
H2C
HC
H2C
foszfatidil-etanolamin (kefalin)
O
O
R1
R2
R3
R1
R2
O
O
O
O-
foszfatidil-kolin (lecitin)
O
H2C
HC
H2C
O
O
R1
R2
CH3
CH2 CH2 N+ CH3
O-
foszfatidil-szerin
CH3
O
H2C
HC
H2C
O
O
R1
R2
NH3+
CH2 CH
COO-
O-
foszfatidil-inozitol
O
H2C
HC
H2C
O
O
R1
R2 OH OH
O
OH
OH
OH
11
difoszfatidil-glicerin (kardiolipin)
O
H2C
R1
HC
R2
O
H2C
HC
H2C
CH2
OH O
O
O
O
CH2
O-
HC
R3
H2C
R4
plazmanil-etanolamin
H2C
HC
H2C
R1
O
O
R2
plazmenil-etanolamin
H2C
HC
H2C
O
O
R2
(CH2)15
CH3
H2C
HC
H2C
O
O
(CH2)15
C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2 CH2 N+ CH3
O-
CH3
szfingozin
H2C
H
H3C
(CH2)12
HC
ceramid
(CH2)12
NH3+
OH
H2C
OH
HC
NH
OH
H
H3C
OH
szfingomielin
R2
O
H2C
H
H3C
(CH2)12
HC
CH3
OH
CH2OH
H2C
O
O
HC NH C
H
(CH2)12
12
OH R2
21
18
12
11
19
1
3
26
27
13
16
15
14
9
22
20
HO
klsav, kenodezoxi-klsav
(primer epesavak)
OH
COOH
COOH
HO
HO
OH
dezoxi-klsav, litoklsav
(szekunder epesavak)
OH
OH
COOH
HO
COOH
HO
tauroklsav, glikoklsav
(konjuglt epesavak pldk)
OH
OH
C
NH
HO
NH
(CH2)2
CH2
SO3-
COO-
OH
kortizol
HO
OH
CH2OH
C
HO
O
OH
CH2OH
O
CH C
OH CH2OH
HO
progeszteron
CH3
C
13
CH C
pregnenolon
CH3
C
HO
sztradiol
OH
HO
tesztoszteron, 5-dihidrotesztoszteron
OH
OH
leukotrin A4
COOH
prosztnsav
COOH
tromboxn A2 (TxA2)
COOH
O
O
OH
izoprn
CH3
CH2
CH
CH2
14
Nukleinsavak ptkvei
adenin, guanin
NH2
O
7
HN
8
9
2
N
3
NH2
NH2
N3 4 5
2
N
O
H
O
NH2
HN
NH2
H
O
H2 N
H3C
2-dezoxi--D-ribz, -D-ribz
HOH2C
OH
HOH2C
4
1
3 2
OH
OH OH
OH
OH
N
N
H
laktm
oxo
H
N
N
N
HO
HO
HO
laktim
enol
OP
NH2
O-
OH
dezoxi-adenozin-trifoszft (dATP)
nukleotid = 13 foszft + ribz /
dezoxiribz + bzis
OH
4
1
3 2
CH3
1 6
N
H
OO
OO
CH2
O
OH
15
N
N
dezoxi-adenozin
nukleozid = ribz / dezoxiribz +
bzis
NH2
N
HOH2C
OH
NH2
cAMP
N
N
H2C
N
N
O
O
P
O
OH
teobromin
O
CH3
HN
CH3
teofillin
O
H3C
koffein
N
N
CH3
O
H3C
CH3
N
N
N
CH3
Bzis
adenin
guanin
citozin
timin
uracil
DNS
Nukleozid
dezoxi-adenozin
dezoxi-guanozin
dezoxi-citidin
timidin (!)
RNS
Nukleotid
dAMP, dADP, dATP
dGMP, dGDP, dGTP
dCMP, dCDP, dCTP
dTMP, dTDP, dTTP
16
Nukleozid
adenozin
guanozin
citidin
ribo-timidin (tRNS)
uridin
Nukleotid
AMP, ADP, ATP
GMP, GDP, GTP
CMP, CDP, CTP
Szrmazkok
hipoxantin, xantin, hgysav
O
H
H
N
inozin
(hipoxantin = bzis
inozin = nukleozid,
azaz a hipoxantin bzist tartalmaz
nukleozid neve: inozin)
O
H
N
HOH2C
OH OH
O
H
N
H2N
O
H
NH2
CH3
N
N
Cl
HOH2C
OH
O
SH
H
N
H
F
N
NH2
NH2
N
O
HOH2C
N3
6-merkapropurin, 5-F-uracil
HOH2C
N
N
O
HOH2C
HO
N
O
H2N
HOH2C
O
CH2
OH
17
CH2
pszeudouridin
O
1
HN
6
HO
CH2
O
NH
4
OH OH
porfirin vz
N
H
N
N
H
N
Vitaminok, koenzimek
A-vitamin
H3C
CH3
CH2OH
CH3
CH2
CH2
HO
E-vitamin (-tokoferol)
HO
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
H
3
HO
CH3
K-vitamin
O
CH3
H
O
CH3
18
CH3
oxidlt: NAD(P)+
reduklt: NAD(P)H
NH2
CH2
NH2
+
N
NH2
O
O
O-
CH2
N
N
P a NADP+-ben
FAD, FADH2
(A reduklt formban a molekula
vltozatlan ribitol s ADP rszt
R helyettesti.)
oxidlt (FAD):
reduklt (FADH2):
H3C
H3C
H
N
N
H3C
H3C
CH2
(HCOH)3
CH2
NH2
O
-
O
-
CH2 O
O
OH OH
piridoxin, piridoxamin
NH2
CH2OH
HO
CH2
CH2OH
HO
H3C
CH2OH
H3C
piridoxl, piridoxl-foszft
N
H
HO
O
O-
HO
CH2OH
CH2
P
O
flsav
H3C
H2N
H3C
N
5
N
OH
pterin
COO-
CH2 N
10
CH
para-aminobenzosav
19
COOCH2 CH2
glutaminsav
O-
tetrahidroflsav
H
H2N
5
N
H
OH
H
pterin
COO-
CH2 N
10
CH
para-aminobenzosav
COOCH2 CH2
glutaminsav
O
H
H
N
N
O
(CH2)4
NH
NH
(CH2)4
CH
tiamin-pirofoszft
NH2
S
N
+
N
CH2
OCH2
H3C
koenzim-A
CH2
O-
CH3
O-
SH
CH2
CH2
NH
C
CH2
CH2
NH
C
OH
H3C
CH3 O
CH2 O
NH2
N
O
-
CH2
N
N
OH
O-
O-
liponsav
oxidlt
S
(CH2)4
koenzim Q:
ubikinon (oxidlt), ubikinol (reduklt) (Az ubikinolban a 10 izoprn
egysget az R jelli.)
reduklt
FADH2
FAD
HS
SH
COO-
(CH2)4
COO-
CH3
H3CO
CH2
H3CO
CH3
CH
OH
CH2
H
10
H3CO
H3CO
CH3
2 H+ + 2 e
OH
20