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Physics Formulas: R R R R R R R R R R R R Tan
Physics Formulas: R R R R R R R R R R R R Tan
2426
f: 10-15
a: 10-18
Rectangular Notation:
r r r r
Rr = Ar+ B +r C r Resultant = Sum of the vectors
Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx x-component
A x = A cos
r
r
r
r
Ry = Ay + By + C y y-component
A y = A sin
R = Rx 2 + Ry 2
R = tan 1
Ry
Rx
Magnitude (length) of R
or
tan R =
Ry
Rx
Multiplication of Vectors:
Cross Product or Vector Product:
i j=k
j i = k
i i = 0
Positive direction:
i j = 0
a b = ab cos
ii =1
i
k
Derivative of Vectors:
Velocity is the derivative of position with respect to time:
v=
d
dx dy
dz
( xi + yj + zk) = i +
j+ k
dt
dt
dt
dt
a=
dv y
dv
dv
d
( v x i + v y j + v zk ) = x i +
j+ z k
dt
dt
dt
dt
Z = R jX where +j represents
X 2 + Y2 = M
(negative sign carried over
Y
from rectangular notation
tan =
X
in this example)
where:
q1 q2
r
E=
[Newtons N]
where:
Relationship of k to 0:
where:
2k
E=
=
r
2 0 r
E=
kqz
E= 2
( z + R 2 )3 / 2
E=
kq
z2
kq
r2
Electric Dipole:
d
-Q
1
2 0
2
2
z +R
z
[C/m }
0 = 8.85 10-12 [C2/Nm2]
z = distance to charge [m]
R = radius of the ring [m]
E=
2 0
+Q
p
z
2kp
z3
1 p
E=
2 0 z 3
E=
when
zd
E=
W = watts
Em = max. electric field [N/C]
0 = 4 10-7
c = 2.99792 108 [m/s]
Bm = max. magnetic field [T]
Em 2
Bm2 c
W/m =
=
2 0 c 2 0
2
or if z >> R,
1
4 0
[Newtons/Coulomb or Volts/Meter]
q
F
E=k 2 =
r
q
k=
the other[N]
k = 8.99 109 [Nm2/C2]
q1 = charge [C]
q2 = charge [C]
r = distance [m]
Electric Field:
kqr
R3
2 ymv 2 = qEL2
y = deflection [m]
m = mass of the particle [kg]
d = plate separation [m]
v = speed [m/s]
q = charge [C]
E = electric field [N/C or V/m
L = length of plates [m]
Gauss' Law:
0 = 8.85 10-12 [C2/Nm2]
is the rate of flow of an electric
field [Nm2/C]
qenc = charge within the gaussian
surface [C]
0 = qenc
0 E dA = qenc
V = potential [volts V]
k = 8.99 109 [Nm2/C2]
q = charge [C]
r = distance [m]
q
r
qq
PE = q2V1 = k 1 2
r
CAPACITANCE
Parallel-Plate Capacitor:
C = 0
q1 at a point P
q2V1 is the work required to bring
q2 from infinity to point P
U = W
a field [J]
W = work done on a particle
brought from infinity (zero
potential) to its present
location [J]
F = is the force vector [N]
d = is the distance vector over
which the force is
applied[m]
F = is the force scalar [N]
d = is the distance scalar [m]
= is the angle between the
force and distance vectors
ds = differential displacement of
the charge [m]
V = volts [V]
q = charge [C]
W = F d = Fd cos
f
W = q E ds
i
V = V f Vi =
W
q
V = E ds
i
= E dA
= E(cos )dA
C = capacitance [farads F]
L = length [m]
b = radius of the outer
conductor [m]
Spherical Capacitor:
ab
C = 4 0
ba
C = capacitance [farads F]
L
= dielectric constant (1)
C = 2 0
ln( b / a ) 0 = 8.85 10-12 C2/Nm2
C = capacitance [farads F]
Cylindrical Capacitor:
A
d
U = U f U i = W
Q = Coulombs [C]
V = volts [V]
C = capacitance in farads [F]
UE =
QV CV 2 Q 2
=
=
2
2
2C
Resistivity:
q
A
q = charge [C]
A = area [m2]
u = 12 0 E 2
Capacitors in Series:
Capacitors in Parallel:
1
1
1
=
+
...
Ceff
C1 C2
Ceff = C1 + C2 ...
[Ohm Meters]
E
J
RA
=
L
=
= resistivity [ m]
E = electric field [N/C]
J = current density [A/m2]
R = resistance [ ohms]
A = area [m2]
L = length of conductor [m]
0 = 0 ( T T0 )
resistivity [K-1]
T0 = reference temperature
T - T0 = temperature difference
[K or C]
Time Constant:
= RC
[seconds]
q = Q(1 e t / )
V = VS (1 e t / )
discharging:
q = Qe t /
V = VS e t /
[coulombs C]
CURRENT
Current Density:
[A/m2]
i = J dA
i = current [A]
J = current density [A/m2]
A = area [m2]
L = length of conductor [m]
e = charge per carrier
ne = carrier charge density [C/m3]
Vd = drift speed [m/s]
if current is uniform
and parallel to dA,
then:
I=
Q
= (nqvd A)
t
Q = # of carriers charge/carrier
t = time in seconds
n = # of carriers
q = charge on each carrier
vd = drift speed in meters/second
2
A = cross-sectional area in meters
1.
2.
= IR + Ir
P = power [W]
i = current [A]
= emf potential [V]
Kirchhoffs Rules
RESISTANCE
[volts]
i = JA
J = ( ne)Vd
Drift Speed:
= resistivity [ m]
0 = reference resistivity [ m]
= temperature coefficient of
2.
= emf open-circuit voltage of the battery
I = current [amps]
R = load resistance [ohms]
r = internal battery resistance [ohms]
3.
MAGNETISM
Andr-Marie Ampre is credited with the discovery of
electromagnetism, the relationship between electric
currents and magnetic fields.
Heinrich Hertz was the first to generate and detect
electromagnetic waves in the laboratory.
F = qvB sin
F = qv B
[Newtons N]
F = force [N]
q = charge [C]
v = velocity [m/s]
B = magnetic field [T]
= angle between v and B
F = BI l sin
F = I l B
mv
r=
qB
B=
0I
2r
i
B= 0
4r
N = number of turns
B = magnetic field [T]
I = amperage [A]
2
A = area [m ]
= angle between B and the
plane of the loop
( ne)Vw h = Bi
v d Bw = Vw
The force is
attractive if the currents are in the same direction.
F1 0 I1 I 2
=
l
2d
F = force [N]
l = length [m]
0 = the permeability of free
space 410-7 Tm/A
I = current [A]
d = distance center to center [m]
B = 0 nI
[Teslas T]
= NiA
= NBIA sin
[Newtons N]
F = force [N]
B = magnetic field [T]
I = amperage [A]
l = length [m]
= angle between B and the
direction of the current
[J/T]
= the magnetic dipole moment [J/T]
= BAcos
= B dA
Amperes' Law:
B ds = i
0 enc
d
E ds = E 2 r = dt B
B = BA = B r 2
d
dB
=A
dt
dt
d
= N
dt
Faradays Law of Induction states that the instantaneous emf induced in a circuit equals the rate of
change of magnetic flux through the circuit. Michael
Faraday
made
fundamental
discoveries
in
magnetism, electricity, and light.
= N
N = number of turns
= magnetic flux [Tm2]
t = time [s]
= Blv
= NAB sin t
N = number of turns
A = area of loop [m2]
B = magnetic field [T]
= angular velocity [rad/s]
t = time [s]
= L
I
t
L = inductance [H]
I = current [A]
t = time [s]
L
= 0 n 2 A
l
L = inductance [H]
l = length of the solenoid [m]
0 = the permeability of free space
410-7 Tm/A
n = number of turns of wire per unit
length [#/m]
2
A = area [m ]
N
L=
I
N = number of turns
= magnetic flux [Tm2]
I = current [A]
RL Circuit:
current rise:
V
I = (1 e t / L )
R
current decay:
I=
V t / L
e
R
U B = 12 LI 2
QV CV 2 Q 2
UE =
=
=
2
2
2C
fR =
=
1
2 LC
1
LC
q = Qe Rt / 2 L cos( t + )
where
= 2 ( R / 2L ) 2
= 1 / LC
When R is small and :
Q 2 Rt / L
U=
e
2C
X VX
=
R VR
V
R
cos = R =
V
Z
tan =
( would be negative
in a capacitive circuit)
IT = I R + ( IC I L )
2
Z 2 = R2 + X 2
E = IZ
Z XC
R
=
=
V VC V R
Z = R jX
tan =
XL
VL
Series RCL
Impedance
Z 2 = R2 + ( X L X C )2
IR
IC I L
IR
V
IL
R = ZT cos
X = ZT sin
AC CIRCUITS
XC
VR
I
VC
Z=
R
cos
V = voltage [V]
f = frequency [Hz]
t = time [s]
I = current [A]
V = voltage [V]
RLC Circuits:
V = VR 2 + (V L VC ) 2
tan =
X L XC
R
Z = R2 + ( X L X C )2
Pavg = IV cos
PF = cos
B
Susceptance
q
V = IR
C R
VX VR
=
=I
X
R
V 2 = VR 2 + VX 2
VC =
Y
e
nc
tta
i
m
Ad
G
Conductance
ELECTROMAGNETICS
WAVELENGTH
c = speed of light 2.998 108 m/s
= wavelength [m]
c = f
1 = 10-10m
cB = E
f = frequency [Hz]
E = electric field [N/C]
B = magnetic field [T]
c=E/B
1
1 2
S=
EB =
E
0
0
LIGHT
Quartz:
Glass, crown
Glass, flint
Water
Air
Indices of Refraction:
WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM
BAND
METERS
Longwave radio
Standard Broadcast
Shortwave radio
TV, FM
Microwave
1 - 100 km
100 - 1000 m
10 - 100 m
0.1 - 10 m
1 - 100 mm
0.8 - 1000 m
360 - 690 nm
360 nm
430 nm
490 nm
560 nm
600 nm
690 nm
10 - 390 nm
5 - 10,000 pm
100 - 5000 fm
< 100 fm
Infrared light
Visible light
violet
blue
green
yellow
orange
red
Ultraviolet light
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
ANGSTROMS
1013 - 1015
1012 - 1013
1011 - 1012
109 - 1011
107 - 109
8000 - 107
3600 - 6900
3600
4300
4900
5600
6000
6900
100 - 3900
0.05 - 100
0.001 - 0.05
< 0.001
1.458
1.52
1.66
1.333
1.000 293
Angle of Incidence:
c
v
n=
0
n
n = index of refraction
c = speed of light in a vacuum 3 108 m/s
v = speed of light in the material [m/s]
0 = wavelength of the light in a vacuum [m]
= its wavelength in the material [m]
= angle of incidence
traveling to a region of
greater density:
2 < 1
refracted
2 refracted
n2
n1
1
n1
1
Source
Source
I = intensity [w/m ]
Ps = power of source [watts]
r = distance [m]
2
4r = surface area of sphere
P
I= s2
4 r
F=
IA
c
Pr =
I
c
F=
2 IA
c
Pr =
2I
c
F = force [N]
2
I = intensity [w/m ]
2
A = area [m ]
Pr = radiation pressure [N/m2]
c = 2.99792 108 [m/s]
Critical Angle:
The maximum
angle of incidence for which light
can move from n1 to n2
sin c =
n2
n1
n2
refracted
n1
for n1 > n2
Source
reflected
Sign Conventions:
When M is
negative, the image is inverted. p is positive when the
object is in front of the mirror, surface, or lens. Q is
positive when the image is in front of the mirror or in back
of the surface or lens. f and r are positive if the center of
curvature is in front of the mirror or in back of the surface
or lens.
h
i
M=
=
h
p
Intensity:
p = object distance
i = image distance [m]
n = index of refraction
n1
n
= 2
p
i
n = index of refraction
F1
F2
r2
r1
C2
F2
a
sin
Single-Slit
Destructive:
C1
intersection.
m = fringe order number [integer]
= wavelength of the light [m]
a = width of the single-slit [m]
L = the difference between the
distance traveled of the two
rays [m]
I = intensity @ [W/m2]
Im = intensity @ = 0 [W/m2]
d = distance between the slits [m]
a sin = m
Circular Aperture
1st Minimum:
Virtual Image
C2
sin
I = I m (cos 2 )
d
=
sin
sin = 122
.
dia.
F1
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
f is positive (left)
r1 and r2 are positive in
this example
f is negative (right)
r1 and r2 are negative in
this example
Two-Lens System
n1 n2 n2 n1
+
=
p
i
r
ni
h
M = = 1
h
n2 p
p = object distance
i = image distance [m] (positive for real
images)
f = focal point [m]
n = index of refraction
r = radius [m] (positive when facing a
convex surface, unlike with mirrors)
M = magnification
h' = image height [m]
h = object height [m]
L = d sin = m
Destructive:
L = d sin = ( m + 12 )
Polarizing Angle:
tan B =
n2
n1
non-polarized
Source
b
b
n1
r + B = 90
n = index of refraction
B = angle of incidence
producing a 90 angle
between
reflected
and
refracted rays.
r = angle of incidence of the
refracted ray.
polarized
n2
r
partially polarized
initially unpolarized: I = 12 I 0
initially polarized:
I = I 0 cos 2
I = intensity [W/m ]
2
I0 = intensity of source [W/m ]
= angle between the polarity
of the source and the lens.