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S U Ihf N hR dG
Md 21`dG d ddG MG fG
SCGh jjdG AMCG Wb
fi Gch QfH IOG GQdGh
dG FGG jH jHdG SDG
MG CG FY 1600 e jRCG J
S 21`dG MdG d INCG
NBG Y Ff Sh G S
M gh idG jjdG AMCG
Gh (FY 1200) QdG OGH IG
.dG Hh dG H jjdG

UdH aG b fGa WT
LGj M ,Ne e jGH WdG
J L e Ggh Wd eCG ce a
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MGdG Y H ,gZ hO WdG Gg
Y aJ j dG UH eCGh
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MGe e SGh MGdG hX

aJh dG SGGh ,G Teh
Od J dG GQdG cd IM
j W EG EG aVEG ,e c
de ba V dG YS W
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Me YH j WdG c
fQe j a cG j
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fGa WT EG ''dG QNCG'' J Yh
h ,a ILGG FdG JQG S
j WdG CG d GhcCG jM
ch eCG Y aH JLMG

hM jGQ jH fha WT j
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e ZQ J dG FdGh
dG HG X dGh SG
j fCG UN G Gg Y aj
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fL EG HGL W Xe LGJ e

G G e jG jh Je JQG
fL G dhdG b e YG IOG g jRJ
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je ie Y YRG G CH QG cCGh
fQe YJ S d IQhG WGh jG
12000 f G d HS H fc dG H
e OY Ie hC j H G Ge ,ej c
.''jZ'' e e bfG WG
Y G G e c 1800 jRH eCG jh
2500 `H GS jH S a fdG jH ie
HJ jH IFd c 2200 Jh ej c
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.

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IOG g e jG jh M aQ G G
e OH G dG J H SEG SGdG
jje id MCG eCG Y M jdG We
.IQdG
WdG GjdG e dhDe CG QG GP VhCGh
id eGdG Geb ''jZ'' e h d G
aQ feG SGQd jdG YRe e OH Fd
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G G e jG jh M LGe JCJh
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dhdG OQGeh feEG ac J q e gh ,Voe eCGh SS hX dG Y e J CG eCG kTh kSQ fjQe hjh
ch /O .
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GMCG e fjQe bGe Th
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fjQe oH EG dH ,AG bGeh
gKCJ jOhfih NdG G g Y
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H dG EG dUh H kG e GjEG
hCG G W aGh ,2008 Y fG
bJG IY qbhh fjQe d IQS
,HdG HdG GMCG H .cGf e
kGjDe ,kLhOe kbe fjQe JG
kbGh d kVQeh ,kjgXh kf GQd
cG dG e dhfi dPh ,kYh
Yeh YGJ e H Id OdG
f jQG dG qbh .GQdG g
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GQ H cG Gh e G MQh
EG YGdG YJ eh .fJh e
j jQG dG CGH ,e fG
dG bGe jh ,VdH GQdG
.MGUh kMVh cCG H e
e SeHdG JbY fjQe HCG c
bdG fch ,BG M QdG dG
H a ,a dcJhH GQdG fCH
g N fjQ LQG S dG
V dG e d gQ MG
kNGO dG VJ dG LGhORGh
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dG IQGOEG fjQe Ua e jS
Lh jJh dG IOdG Mh HdG
J ,cGf YEG QfG h .dG
dH FSG S dG CG GTDG
a ,MhG Gh gOfG e EG
dG jQJ EG dH jJ S
J dG KCdGh QhdG jOhfih HdG
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e jQG Fd dSQ M He
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FH HdG hdG e Y J c
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g dG OfG O CG Y fjQG
cGf b CGh ,fjQ
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,dG e j dG j dG M
EG HdG hdG J dG aGh
.HQe S S GP fl Qhfi
HdG hdG Y dG eCG QTCGh
EG b M ,kV dP EG dG HCG MCG
VGG g dG bo S dG VGG
aeh dG dc jdG
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b Y f VJ
q eh IN e
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N fYEG eG cGf YEG
JG Y G eG jCJ Y ,dG
gQEG ae Y cCdGh ,GdG
g dG G FdG YdG CG dP
H a ,ceCG EG aVEG HhQhCG
dG G H dG KC dG hfi
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c cGf b Y QdG dG j
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kGVM j CG Lj HdG fG d
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G hO Y Y ,QdG d jDe

a gYj ,cGf b cQG

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jedG YGdG HQe Vhh HdG
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J f jQG e G Y T
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T ,UdG bG Z eCG
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e M ,HdG cGf jh We
e jdG dG d UN bH
Gb QfG Y ka ,dG Y Ge
Sh kUN ,JjQhO Jh eCG
YEG FSh CGH dc .UdG Zh
AMG ,Ic jJh eYEG M SdG
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ce TJ Y d eYEG dG
J eCd eG ac j eYEG
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cGf EG UdG H dGh hdG
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fjQG dhDG j ,dP Z
PEG ,dG HdG dG V Lg
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Y H S G OdG gdG e kc
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dPh ,kGcDe gQM c eH ,S
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c Qj CG j ,HG .OdG
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dG dG Y G F dGh
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J Lh dG Q Lh dG A SDhQ
IQeEG cH GQeEG J a ,edGh
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H bdG j AL X HG
dG e ZdG Y ,Gh fjQe
GQjdGh ,dd j dG e S dG
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dG aSG Y G QG YG H
Y YoCG ,G dG e H dG
Jd kJ d f jQe aSG
GW fjQe j c JJ .HCG
eG f jQe Y g k eY 43
gh ,1973 Y kSQ efG H HdG
VGYG H k eY 13 NC J fG
fjQe H G de HEG He
ShCG J .dG e VGQCG EG
dG J fjQe EG fjQe SQ
Y keY 43 H dG aSH M
dhc H SdG GYG M YGfG
dH QDd ,HdG hdG eL Y
e fjQe WJ e IjL M
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d fjQe aSG Y YEG
EG LCH W J VG SQe T
e kGje fjQe ,G jL 25
FdG YCG a , d b dG
dG CG jdGY dh fi jQG
kGOQ dPh ,G dh OH o S
Y fjQe IQb dG M Y
H VGJ EG dH dG aSG
.eGh dG
fjQG eG CGH Q dG Y
UEGh dGh G e OY J
Y ka QGh BG e OY eJh
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SEG Y fjQe YEG FSh ch
dG ddG HdG hdG e OY
jOdG eh ,d fjQe aS
FGG Y ka jdGh bh GQeEGh
jJ ah dG E H oJ dG
.cGf FGG dG
LCG ,WdG S dG i G Y
S S JG f jQG eG
LCG e ,e QOe ah ,VQH
OfG Ia N eYEGh SS FJ
eSEG (UGJ) M aO e gh ,dG
,dG EG EG a YO H QGUEG EG
CG e oa e , dG A YdH MQh
dGY IQjR V Ghgj d eSEG
bGe Y GYO fG CG H ,dG
JQjR Y VJ Y LG UG dG
jRh cCG dH MdG . f jQe
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FdH UN MJ g S
VGYG Y Oc GH e ,dG
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GdH fG fCG G GdG :HhQhCG VG

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dGh Gh dG jYdGh AG dG
.dG
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J e JOSG ce V bGdG
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UG e T e f hf bjh
bfG bj dG cG g N
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eh IQG WG IOjR e) fG
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dG hO Y GN j dG (dhdG
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N J fG hdG CG EG Qj
e jdG TGH Y dG DG
Gd GYe H G jL
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J V G GdG EG ffEG
d Ic If J eSEG dhdG
104 H e Y YCG a ,bGdG
jQG fG IY ,hQj je
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FQ b OG H U D e h
GdG EG jfjS ajc VG
2^5 hH G dG jf S
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ic ffEG QGW dM CG ,iNCG jQS
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H HhQhCG OG H dG GYe
N dhO GJ QWEG hQj e 194
QG SCG Y GdG Yd De H
.TGh
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.(WGG j
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GJ J hfi e q eCG
V qeCG N if fEa ,OGH
IQb J h ,G M EG bJ
Ge ,(d qdG Y qeCG ILCd
qj dG FSdG J q gCG) EG
LGG J N e gQEd dG
fSG j H ,dP EG eh q eCG
jG Gh IQ G I LC H
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a J bh dG G g JC j
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J dG dG Le H IOq e
bh dG IOGdG J J dGh ;jG
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,jLh b H fG GY S
Sf GH QfG H ,eCG U
G V ofG a ,OGH T
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eGM Jj qjQfG) qEG eCG Qe bh
Y MS f qa Sf
U fG ,OGH T q X dG
22 HUEGh 12 e Y SCG e ,eG
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QfG a bh dG G c ,IOjd
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afi Y fG , L e
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IOdGh eG q fi ,OGH eCG
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eCG G Y dhDG e Yj

8
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NS U Y fJ
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J dG ,jObG G fb h
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G)`H f dG , d H , G Uhh
IOYEGh ,OdG J EG j fCGh ,QSd
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bQH G QH ,KEG dG jQG
.fJ UdH
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G V H QdG EG h dG EG
G EG fdG jd J dG edG
e ,G AKdG dP j CG be ,edG
Y cG FG e Gc UM g CG
feEG g J ) dHh ,fdG j
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d idG jRGe CG QJ G d)
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Gf aQ Y dG GWCG
eh Lh Z GMCG e dG
be Y dG ADg Y CGh ,WGeh
jL 25 j
S MG CG Y JGP G OTh
dG e h QSdG e b j h , S
jd d U Sh gh ,dG
e NCG CG GcDe ,jObG G h
Y dG dhfi g fdG Gg Lj
g MU Yh ,dfG dGdG Qe
CG e ,jG S eGdGh G
dG d j dG g dfG dGdG
j eh LCG e Gjh ,ADg e
.fdG dG M

dG hU b a
hdG
edG IjG cfi f dG AdG Qq b
H OQZ jc hdG dG hd
QfH fdG YCG LQ b gEG
O b d I jRh f c M 2008 Y H J
.fdG
LGJ ,f M Y kFGO aGO dG OQZh
dCG 15 H eGZh Y I dH k M
GeCG Y ASH dG S PEG hQj
.eY
Ijd fi eCG cG EG OQZ dMEGh
fc d M hdG dG h d e dG
fL e eJG e YO Ie SDG
QGdG KEG Oq dG eCG .f dG AdG
.fdG Ad jG
,jGQ L ,dG hU SH WdG bh
dG hdG dG hU IQGOEG EG H
Y dG UGj 189 `dG AYCG hdG
ee SQ Y edG IjG IQH K
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INCG GQdH HCG IQGOEG CG VCGh
,OQZ efi iHCGh .dG H JG
QGd SCG SH fGa dcd fhe jJH
) dG fi CG EG kGe ,AdG
.(BG M OQZ jd dhDe CG UCG
dG hU jJ ICGeG hCG ,OQZ SQh
dG Gg G d gQNG YCGh hdG
IjG IQU ,GS N e fK jd
.dG H ZQ eRG
IFGO EG jdG gOU H Y Sh
dG Y ee AGOCG J CG ,dG IOdG
fdG IdG eCG f Y aGJh L e
.iNCG L e

fCG q dG Ld Sb bQ
CG hO fCG EG GJCG jdG dG OY JQG
,jd c H AdG GWh aGe j
S QG A dG W OY JQG M
fQe dG Gg e hCG dG VCG
eM H H ,VG dG e JGP IdH
G eG jEH H W Y kGOQ AL
.eCG GH
QG dG jGH e kGQYG fCG dG VhCGh
kdCG 17 fCG SG ,VG dG NGhCG M
GLJ gGeh WCG e A W 909h
.gSCG hO e OdG EG
BG `KK 2015 Y `e hCG `dG `Th
HG Z
d
G
pb e A`d k`W 24h
q
.aG
Y fCG IQ b M jG e T f KCGh
KG j dG e OG jaGdG SG
keY 17 dG e j T UCG eY ,VG
g U TCG N A dG d W e
EG ke c cQ QH Sh H SGH
AHCG e dG jh .kHL hJQa je
GMCG H f HGVG e jLG
.fGH gJ dG
IQS NGO Gfc d WCG ,dP Z
je LdG Q e MCG Y Q dG IqQe
fS jH dQL IFGd HdG f
.fCG bT
N
r
n jo kGMCG CG dQL WT cPh
QKB H QJ dG iMEG LR CG EG ,OG
dG SdG ge H J h .QdG dG
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bh IAe dG HUCG dG adG fch
.OG

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HH dhdG

faCG j YGhdG
Gb -bCG Y- T fK CG QOe f
e ''jQfG'' f J 230 e cCG UCGh
bY e jge SGh ,dhdG J
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dG IQGdG e BG c H dG bhh
N he e eH jh ASG Y j
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M ,dG e G G fGh
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V LCG e jhH FQ W be
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JgO e d V SdG
EG faCG GQSG ILCG db H ,''Hc
e GMGh d ,dG GcQT Le KK''
cCG J CG c G CG j ,''
.H
f qa hCG LG CG GQSG cCGh
b H ,b QfG d FL dG h
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J Je CG faCG GQSG qYh
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a TCG Y HCG OdG d N dG
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IgJ NGO GJ jdG HgQES Ofh
H CG VhCGh ,''WGG e jdG d S
.eCG Gb e UY jdG
,dG Y dhDe H dW cM fh
U ''efG GME'' hH Ofh
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jdG IQGdG AHCG CG EG GjJ Jh
j ,dG e ZCGh ,SQdG Kj
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H kdCG 13 RhJ bdG

jdG BG

YG M \
cH bEGh
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HdG j ,kT 160h dCG 13
N Y ,jdG ac cdG edG
e ,OdG JT Ta fG dhfi
.QG jL
G e ,cdG FdG ,dCG N dP AL
GJCG gT ,IfCG UdH SFdG
ad ''WGdG U'' jOe hG
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485 dCGh ,Y meh Vb 101h dCGh ,jY
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J bY''`H ,j mL ,ZhOQCG JGh
ke ,''dP d UdG d S c ,cJ
J Ua c ,eeCG jdG b dhj''
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jG jDhQ V Vh dG aGgCG
Jh ,cdG jQG SCd hCG
ed jDhQh dch ,2023 Y H gd
2071h 2053
jObG ibCG hdG H e UCG cJ'' HJh
QH Je Z f BGh ,dG
jQd fJ UGSh ,YadG YdG
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ag c ,TdG HfG dhG'' CG QTCGh
Gh ,dGh eGh d HV LJ
,dhG J aEG H cJ'' qCG EG a ,''jCG
fc ibCG ,dG fOHh ,IjL Me NO
HfG dhG j) jL 15 Ae Y
.(TdG
LG'' eG Y j fCG ,ZhOQCG VhCGh
YJCGh ,cJ e ,HgQEG RGG dG e
H dhdG ZEG'' GcDe ,''dhdG SDe e
S 109h SQe 934 `d ,HfG dhG
SDe 35h bhCG 104h ,eL 15h ,d
OJ ,Hf 19h ,L 125h dCGh ,U
.''Y gj dhdG Vhh ,d
ad dH ZhOQCG LJ ,HN jf h
dG cQ ,cdG dG WCG
UG gjEG YGO ,TdG HfG dhd
.''WGdG U'' Gge
,JT SEG jeh IfCG UdG fch
dhfi jL 15) G Ae e ,NCe bh
,G e IOhfi UY Jf ,Ta HfG
T LMH ,HfG dhG Hbh
WGG LJ PEG ,jdGh G e eQY
cQCG SFQh dG IZ OH
,SEG j hdG QGh ,UdH
dBG LCG e ,G e OY eCG jjeh
fG Y dM J fc jY
.HfG G aEG c H gS

AGT dG J e hQj AGN

a j ''MG'' Y HdG adG

Gg CG GhcCG fl H ,hdG g ''FGSEG'' J IQN ie ,Hd bT e HdG hdG GObh ReQ H ''aJ'' QGSG j
ch/O.
.HdG G Qfi QhO d Y IQb MG ''adG''
e jG JQG Y MG c
IOjRh ,dG dG V FGG
S fC jdGh SG Y
dG Y L fi f
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dG e dH AL fEG dH
fP e bCG QY g'' ,dG
VCGh .''L G H IgGh
Y bQZ dG dS CG
CG dh ,MG e dGh dG
e d HdG hd HGdG g J
dG V Lh KQc MG
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UGG dG GAdGh GQjdG''
c dGh ,dGh OdG dG H
AGdG QH OS ah IQjR gNBG
YCG LQh Y QfCG YG
mAVh AH qEG J CG d jOS
,jOdG SdG G e NCG
d VJ dG WG M J
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j GAdG g QGSG'' CG CGQh
OGSd Md f eN
AZh YT AYEGh ,dG dH
SJ gjh ,UGG FG
kbGh kGeCG d ,MG e dG
ZJ jJ Y j G kjOYh
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a Ob cQe'' fG c
g'' CG Ie ,''dG GAdG g
AHh dG GOdG e jjdG
hjj IG dG IOdG e
d HGc be GhQOj CG
kGOQ Lj e gh ,MG e GAdh
LG keRM ka kFah kT
b j dG WdG Gg
.''WdG
FSd jJ cP b LdG ch
af c S :fCG ,YEG
dh , jdG e J bY CG Vh
dhdG CH eDj e e QGM g j CG
d SSCG g G dG
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11

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