05.Cpt 2 Finding The Potential Sites

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy
in Rural Areas in the Republic of Indonesia
CHAPTER 2
Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Chapter 2
FINDING OF THE POTENTIAL SITES
Unless the development site has already been identified, it is necessary to roughly
examine (i) whether or not the construction of a small-scale hydropower plant near the
power demand area is feasible, and (ii) how much power generation capacity can be
secured and where, and then to select a potential site among the candidate sites.
The above examination is basically desk work using existing reference materials and
information and the procedure involved and important issues to note are explained
below.
2.1 Basic reference materials

The basic reference materials required are listed below.
1) Topographical maps: scale: 1/25,000 or 1/50,000
Topographical maps provide important information, such as landform, location of
villages, slope of the river, catchment area of proposed sites, access road and so on.
In Indonesia, topographical maps, scale 1/25,000 or 1/50,000 have been provided
by Badan Koordinasi Survey dan Pumetaan Nasional
2) Rainfall data: isohyetal map and others (cf. Fig2.1.1)
Although it is unnecessary to gather detailed rainfall data at this stage, it is
necessary to have a clear understanding of the rainfall characteristics of the project
area using an isohyetal map for the region and existing rainfall data for the
adjacent area. Isohyetal map provides the interpolation and averaging will give an
approximate indication of rainfall.
- 2-1 -

Figure 2.1.1(a)

Chapter 2
Isohyetal map of South Sulawesi, INDONESIA
Fig 2.1.1(b) An example of isohyetal map for micro-hydro scheme
- 2-2 -

2.2

Chapter 2
Range of Finding
As most of the electric energy generated by a small-scale hydropower plant is basically

consumed by specific power demand facilities, it is important for the planned plant site
to be as near as possible to the demand site(s). In the case of the power demand sites
being divided into several groups which are distributed over a relatively large area, it
may be more advantageous for small power plants to be dispersed instead of the supply
of power to all groups by a single plant in terms of a lower transmission cost, easier
operation and maintenance and fewer impacts of unexpected plant stoppage, etc. When
planning individual-type power plants, it is believed to be more efficient to gradually
widen the scope of the survey, starting from the geographical area of each group.
The transmission distance to the demand site should depend on a number of factors,
including the power output, demand level, topography, access conditions, transmission
voltage and economy of transmission. In Japan, the transmission distance to the demand
site is set to ensure a voltage drop rate which does not exceed 7%. [Reference 2-1:
Transmission and distribution line distance and voltage drop]
In the case of the Micro-hydro Scheme in the Indonesia, the rough estimation about the
maximum transmission distance is 1.5km from the demand site. This distance is based
on the premise that the voltage at the end of the distribution line should be kept over
205V, 15V as the permissible voltage drop against regulated voltage 220V, without the
transformer. [Reference 2-2 The relationship between voltage drop and distribution line
distance in Indonesia.]
If a good potential site is not found in the above range, the range of finding should be
expanded to a larger area with the proviso that the transformer should be installed.
- 2-3 -

2.3

Chapter 2
Estimation of River Flow
Among the river flow data mentioned earlier, past flow observation data for the are-a
surrounding the project site should be used to estimate the river flow, taking the rainfall
distribution characteristics into consideration.
Qp = RrQoAo
Where,
Qp : river flow per unit catchment area in project area (m3/skm2)
Rr : rainfall ratio between cactchment area of the proposed site for micro-hydro
project and of existing gauging station
Qo : observed river flow at existing gauging station or existing hydro-power station
(m3/s)
Ao : catchment area of existing gauging station (km2)
[See Reference 2-3: Considerations when estimating river flow at the project site
indirectly from existing data of vicinity gauging stations for the important points to
note for estimation of the river flow based on the existing gauging station nearby.]
Particularly in the micro-hydro scheme, it is important that firm discharge, which is the
river flow in the dry season, is estimated accurately. We have experienced that the firm
discharge in the northern part of South Sulawesi is estimated approximately 0.020 to
0.025 m3/skm2.
If no flow data are available, it is possible to estimate the rough flow duration referring
to Reference 2-3: Simple calculating method of river flow by the water balance model
of drainage area.
- 2-4 -

2.4

Chapter 2
Extraction of Potential Sites
2.4.1 Extraction on map

Potential sites are extracted on the existing topographical map by interpreting the likely
head. The head which can be interpreted on such a map is 10 m for a map with a scale
of 1/25,000 and 25 m for a map with a scale of 1/50,000.
The following issues should be considered for the extraction of potential sites.
(1) Extraction considering river gradient and drainage area

Sites offering a high head with the shortest waterway and a high discharge level are
naturally advantageous for hydropower generation.
The types of information which can be obtained when such sites are extracted from an
existing topographical map are the river gradient (elevation difference and river length)
and the drainage area. While some experience is required to extract such sites from a
topographical map, if the diagrams shown in Fig 2.4.1 are prepared in advance for the
subject river, the extraction of potential sites is much easier without oversights or
different results based on the individual level of experience.
(2) Extraction based on waterway construction conditions

As far as the basic layout of a micro-hydro scheme is concerned, most civil structures
are planned to have an exposed structure. Because of this, the topography at any
potential site must be able to accommodate such exposed civil structures. (Refer to
Chapter 4, 4.1 System Layout )
- 2-5 -


Chapter 2
section
for
power
Elevation
Suitable
Catchment Area
River
Confluence
Change in Catchment Area

Distance
Fig 2.4.1 River Profile and Changes in Drainage Area of River to Assist Extraction of
Promising Hydropower Generation Sites
2.4.2 Extraction based on local information

In the case where potential sites cannot be interpreted on the topographical map because
of the small usable head or the use of such natural topographical features as a fall or
pool, etc. as well as such existing structures as intake facilities for irrigation and forest
roads, potential sites are extracted on the basis of information provided by a local public
body and/or local residents organization. [Reference 2-5: Example of Use of Natural
Topography and Various Man-Made Structures]
- 2-6 -


Chapter 2
2.4.3 Selection of potential development sites

The general evaluation of those potential sites extracted by the above-described study is
then conducted from the viewpoints described below to examine their suitability for
hydropower development.
(1)
Level of firm discharge
While it is difficult to judge the suitability for development based on the absolute
volume of firm discharge, a potential site with a relatively high level of firm discharge
is a more advantageous site for a small-scale hydropower plant, including micro-hydro,
which is required to supply power throughout the year as constantly as possible because
of its purpose of supplying power to specific power demand facilities in most cases.
When the estimated specific discharge of firm discharge, i.e. discharge per unit drainage
area, differs for each potential site, it must be noted that the relative construction cost of
an intake weir or bank protection, etc. increases for a river with a smaller specific
discharge because of the larger drainage area and greater scale of possible flooding
associated with such a river.
River flow (m3/s)
Fig 2.4.2 shows the relation of specific firm discharge and the ratio of firm discharge to
maximum discharge (Qmax/QF: refer to following figure) in existing small-scale
hydropower plants. Generally, the Qmax/QF value of Micro-hydro Power plant and mini
hydropower plant are shown about 1.0 and 0.7~0.9 respectively, and the specific firm
discharge in this Qmax/QF range is 1.2~1.5 m3 /s100km2 on the average. When
developing a micro or mini hydropower plant in a river where specific firm discharge is
lower than 1.0 m3/s100km2, a cost reduction method such as use of existing irrigation
facilities as mentioned after should be considered.
Qmax
Duration Curve
QF
Days
- 2-7 -

Micro
(m3/s)
2.0
Specific firm discharge (per 100km2)

Chapter 2
Large
1.8
1.6
1.4
Small
Mini
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Firm discharge / Maximum discharge (%)
90
100
Fig 2.4.2 Relation between firm discharge/maximum discharge ratio

and specific firm discharge
(2)
L/H [ratio between waterway length (L) and total head (H)]
A site with a smaller L/H value is more advantageous for small-scale hydropower.
Fig 2.4.3 shows the relation of the ratio between the total head (H) and the waterway
length (L) (L/H) among existing small-scale hydropower sites where the total head is
not less than 10 m (the minimum head which can be interpreted on an existing
topographical map). As is clearly indicated in the figure, the L/H of existing sites is
generally not higher than 40 or is an average of 20.
And Fig 2.4.4 shows the relation of firm discharge to L/H. This shows a tendency
whereby L/H is smaller at sites where the firm discharge is also small. The L/H of
existing sites in which firm discharge is less than 0.2m3/s is roughly less than 15.
- 2-8 -


Chapter 2
100
Head (m)
80
60
40
20
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Waterway length (m)
2500
3000
Fig2.4.3 Relation between head and waterway length
Firm discharge (m3/s)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
20
30
40
Waterway length / Head

(
Fig2.4.4 Relation between firm discharge and L/H
- 2-9 -
50


Chapter 2 (Reference)
Aluminum Conductor
11kV, 300kW
Relation of transmission line

distance and voltage drop I
ratio
Permissible voltage drop
Distance (km)
Diameter of line
[Ref. 2-1 Transmission and distribution line distance and voltage drop]
Voltage drop ratio (%)
- 2-10 -
Aluminum Conductor
6.6kV, 300kW
Diameter of line
Distance (km)
distance and voltage drop II
Permissible voltage
drop ratio
- 2-11 -
400V, 50kW
Aluminum Conductor

Distance (m)
distance and voltage drop III
Permissible voltage
drop ratio
Diameter of line



[Ref. 2-2 The relationship between voltage drop and distribution line distance in the Indonesia]
Voltage drop (V)
15.4 (V) = 220(V) x 0.07
Voltage drop (V)
Length of Transmission line (4kW)
15.4 (V) = 220(V) x 0.07
Length of Transmission line (7.5kW)
- 2-12 -
Voltage drop (V)


15.4 (V) = 220(V) x 0.07
400
600
800
1000
1200
1500
Voltage drop (V)
200
200
400
600
800
1000
- 2-13 -
1200
1500


[Ref. 2-3 Considerations when estimating discharge at the project site indirectly from existing
data of nearby gauging stations]
If there are multiple gauging stations near the project site, the following matters should be taken
into consideration when selecting the gauging station that will be applied.
1. Drainage area ratio
When estimating discharge based on the observed data of existing gauging stations, its drainage
area should be taken into consideration. From the discharge characteristic as shown in the
following figure, if drainage area ratio between existing gauging station and project site is large,
the flow duration curves may be crossing. This means that the discharge computation using
Specific drainage area
drainage area ratio is inadequate.
Large drainage area
Small drainage area
Day
2. Rainfall
The flow-duration and the characteristic of rainfall in the upper portion of the river have a close
correlation. Particularly in the long-term discharge, a close correlation is recognized between
rainfall and discharge. Therefore, the rainfall data of both drainage areas are useful information to
evaluate discharge of the project site from the gauging station.
The simplest method to grasp the rainfall around the project site is to use the isohyetal maps that
show contour lines of average rainfall, and can be used to compare the amount of rainfall of the
project site and the gauging station.
Large amount of rainfall
Small amount of rainfall
Day
- 2-14 -


3. Geological conditions
Although checking discharge of the project site and gauging station by the rainfall in their
drainage areas is useful for knowing their magnitude relation, it is not exactly effective for
judging the correlation of flow duration curves.
The factor which influences the similarity of flow duration curves is not only the drainage areas
but also geological conditions, particularly existence of Quaternary volcanic rock area.
A Quaternary volcanic rock is known as the geology of high moisturizing action. The flow
duration curves through this geology is relatively flat, indicating smaller discharge in the wet
season and larger discharge in the dry season, compared to through non-Quaternary volcanic
rocks as shown in the following figure.
Existence of Quaternary
volcanic rock in the
drainage area
Not existence of
Quaternary volcanic rock
Day
It is possible to know distribution of Quaternary volcanic rocks from existing geological maps,
however, it is difficult to analyze quantitatively the relation of the share of Quaternary volcanic
rocks in the drainage area and the characteristic of discharge as a general pattern. With this view,
realistically, when Quaternary volcanic rocks exist in the project area, it is reasonable to select
gauging stations with an equivalent share.
Besides Quaternary volcanic rock, although limestone is the geology that affects the river
discharge, it is very difficult to gauge this influence qualitatively and quantitatively. Generally the
river where limestone is distributed shows irregular change in its discharge, as the discharge of the
upstream and the downstream may be reversed partially, or the discharge may fluctuate rapidly at
a certain point. Therefore, in the case where much limestone exists in the drainage area, in
principle it is necessary to measure the stream flow at the intake point of the project site.
4. Geographical conditions
Geographical conditions are mentioned as an auxiliary judgment material of discharge. Generally,
a tendency whereby rainfall is larger at higher altitude and steeper mountain is recognized. From
this point, selection of gauging stations to which conditions, such as altitude, geographical feature,
and direction of a drainage area are similar is set as a method to raise presumed accuracy.
If a non-dissecting plain exists in the drainage area of project site and its outline falls down, the
rainfall may be discharged out side of the drainage area by the sub-surface seepage.
- 2-15 -


[Ref. 2-4 Simple calculating method of river flow by the water balance model of drainage area]
If there are no discharge observation data but only rainfall data, it is possible to estimate river
discharge from the water balance data of the drainage area.
1. Calculation method
(1) Water balance of the drainage area
The relation of rainfall, runoff (direct runoff, base runoff), and evaporation is indicated by the
viewpoint of annual water balance as follows. In this case, there is no concern about pooling of
drainage area, and inflow and runoff to and from other drainage areas.
P = R + Et
= Rd + Rb + Et
where,
P : Annual rainfall (mm)
R : Annual runoff (mm)
Rd : Annual direct runoff (mm)
Rb : Annual base runoff (mm)
Et : Annual evaporation (mm)
Runoff (R) is obtained from calculated evaporation (Et) by the presumption formula and
observed rainfall (P).
A pattern figure of the relation of rainfall (R), possible evaporation (Etp), and real evaporation
(Et) is shown Figure 1-1. Indicated as diagonal line is real evaporation, and area above line b-c
is river runoff including sub-surface water. Possible evaporation (a-b-c-d) is obtained by
presumption formula.
(2) Direct runoff and base runoff
A pattern figure of annual runoff is shown Figure 1-2. The runoff is provided from sub-surface
water, and it contains base runoff which is subject to less seasonal fluctuation and direct runoff in
which rainfall immediately becomes runoff. The ratio of sub-surface water to annual runoff (R) is
as shown Table 1-1. Where, Rg = Rb, Rb / R = 0.25 constant, and the base runoff is posited
annually constant.
- 2-16 -


Amount of rainfall, evaporation (mm)
Amount of rainfall
Possible evaporation
(Etp)
Runoff (R)
Amount of real
evaporation (Et)
Month
Figure 1-1 Pattern figure of amount of rainfall and evaporation
Amount of runoff (m3/s)
Amount of direct runoff
Amount of base runoff
Month
Figure 1-2
Pattern figure of runoff
- 2-17 -

Table 1-1
Area
Rainfall
(P)
Runoff
(R)
Direct runoff
(Rd)
Subsoil
water
Evaporation
(Et)
Rg / R

World water balance model
Asia
Africa
Europe
Australia
Japan
726
686
670
1648
734
736
1788
293
139
287
583
319
226
1197
217
91
203
373
210
172
76
48
84
210
109
54
433
547
383
1065
415
510
597
26
35
32
36
34
24
North America South America
Monthly runoff (of Table 1-5 )
(i) = Lvovich 1973

(Note)QSource:
1000
CA106
86,400n
Data of Japan from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
(3) Calculation of possible evaporation

The calculation formulas are Blaney-Criddle formula, Penman formula, and Thornthwaite formula
etc. Here is used the Blaney-Criddle formula which is simplest method using the longitude and
temperature of project site. This can also be used the observed value of evaporation from free
water surface.
(a) Calculation method
Blaney-Criddle formula
u = KP
( 45.7t + 813 )
100
where,
u : Monthly evaporation (mm)
K : Monthly coefficient of vegetation
P : Monthly rate of annual sunshine (%)
t : Monthly average temperature ()
Monthly average temperature and monthly rate of annual sunshine
Monthly average temperature ; Using temperature at the drainage area of dam site
Monthly rate of annual sunshine ; Obtained by the latitude at the drainage area of dam site
In the northern hemisphere, using Table 1-2, and in the southern hemisphere, using Table 1-3.
K value
It is turned on by the vegetation condition. Here is pointed constant as 0.6.
(b) Example of calculation
Conditions : Position of drainage area
lat. 16N
Calculation of possible evaporation : Table 1-4
- 2-18 -
(4) Calculation of evaporation


Table 1-2 Monthly rate of annual sunshine (Northern Hemisphere)
(%)
North
Latitude
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov. Dec.
65
64
63
62
61
3.52
3.81
4.07
4.31
4.51
5.13
5.27
5.39
5.49
5.58
7.96
8.00
8.04
8.07
8.09
9.97
9.92
9.86
9.80
9.74
12.72
12.50
12.29
12.11
11.94
14.15
13.63
13.24
12.92
12.66
13.59
13.26
12.97
12.73
12.51
11.18
11.08
10.97
10.87
10.77
8.55
8.56
8.56
8.55
8.55
6.53
6.63
6.73
6.80
6.88
4.08
4.32
4.52
4.70
4.86
2.62
3.02
3.36
3.65
3.91
60
59
58
57
56
4.70
4.86
5.02
5.17
5.31
5.67
5.76
5.84
5.91
5.98
8.11
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.17
9.69
9.64
9.59
9.53
9.48
11.78
11.64
11.50
11.38
11.26
12.41
12.19
12.00
11.83
11.68
12.31
12.13
11.96
11.81
11.67
10.68
10.60
10.52
10.44
10.36
8.54
8.53
8.53
8.52
8.52
6.95
7.00
7.06
7.13
7.18
5.02
5.17
5.30
5.42
5.52
4.14
4.35
4.54
4.71
4.87
55
54
53
52
51
5.44
5.56
5.68
5.79
5.89
6.04
6.10
6.16
6.22
6.27
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.23
9.44
9.40
9.36
9.32
9.28
11.15
11.04
10.94
10.85
10.76
11.53
11.39
11.26
11.14
11.02
11.54
11.42
11.30
11.19
11.09
10.29
10.22
10.16
10.10
10.05
8.51
8.50
8.49
8.48
8.47
7.23
7.28
7.32
7.36
7.40
5.63
5.74
5.83
5.92
6.00
5.02
5.16
5.30
5.42
5.54
50
48
46
44
42
5.99
6.17
6.33
6.48
6.61
6.32
6.41
6.50
6.57
6.65
8.24
8.26
8.28
8.29
8.30
9.24
9.17
9.11
9.05
8.99
10.68
10.52
10.38
10.25
10.13
10.92
10.72
10.53
10.39
10.24
10.99
10.81
10.65
10.49
10.35
9.99
9.89
9.79
9.71
9.62
8.46
8.45
8.43
8.41
8.40
7.44
7.51
7.58
7.64
7.70
6.08
6.24
6.37
6.50
6.62
5.65
5.85
6.05
6.22
6.39
40
38
36
34
32
6.75
6.87
6.98
7.10
7.20
6.72
6.79
6.85
6.91
6.97
8.32
8.33
8.35
8.35
8.36
8.93 10.01 10.09 10.22

8.89 9.90 9.96 10.11
8.85 9.80 9.82 9.99
8.80 9.71 9.71 9.88
8.75 9.62 9.60 9.77
9.55
9.47
9.41
9.34
9.28
8.39
8.37
8.36
8.35
8.34
7.75
7.80
7.85
7.90
7.95
6.73
6.83
6.93
7.02
7.11
6.54
6.68
6.81
6.93
7.05
30
28
26
24
22
7.31
7.40
7.49
7.58
7.67
7.02
7.07
7.12
7.16
7.21
8.37
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.71
8.67
8.64
8.60
8.56
9.54
9.46
9.37
9.30
9.22
9.49
9.39
9.29
9.19
9.11
9.67
9.58
9.49
9.40
9.32
9.21
9.17
9.11
9.06
9.01
8.33
8.32
8.32
8.31
8.30
7.99
8.02
8.06
8.10
8.13
7.20
7.28
7.36
7.44
7.51
7.16
7.27
7.37
7.47
7.56
20
18
16
14
12
7.75
7.83
7.91
7.98
8.06
7.26
7.31
7.35
7.39
7.43
8.41
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
8.53
8.50
8.47
8.43
8.40
9.15
9.08
9.01
8.94
8.87
9.02
8.93
8.85
8.77
8.69
9.24
9.16
9.08
9.00
8.92
8.95
8.90
8.85
8.80
8.76
8.29
8.29
8.28
8.27
8.26
8.17
8.20
8.23
8.27
8.31
7.58
7.65
7.72
7.79
7.85
7.65
7.74
7.83
7.93
8.01
10
8
6
4
2
8.14
8.21
8.28
8.36
8.43
7.47
7.51
7.55
7.59
7.63
8.45
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.49
8.37
8.34
8.31
8.28
8.25
8.81
8.74
8.68
8.62
8.55
8.61
8.53
8.45
8.37
8.29
8.85
8.78
8.71
8.64
8.57
8.71
8.66
8.62
8.58
8.53
8.25
8.25
8.24
8.23
8.22
8.34
8.37
8.40
8.43
8.46
7.91
7.98
8.04
8.10
8.16
8.09
8.18
8.26
8.34
8.42
8.50
7.67
8.49
8.22
8.49
8.22
8.50
8.49
8.21
8.49
8.22
8.50
- 2-19 -


Table 1-3 Monthly rate of annual sunshine (Southern Hemisphere)
(%)
South
Latitude
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov. Dec.
0
2
4
6
8
8.50
8.55
8.64
8.71
8.79
7.67
7.71
7.76
7.81
7.84
8.49
8.49
8.50
8.50
8.51
8.22
8.19
8.17
8.12
8.11
8.49
8.44
8.39
8.30
8.24
8.22
8.17
8.08
8.00
7.91
8.50
8.43
8.20
8.19
8.13
8.49
8.44
8.41
8.37
8.12
8.21
8.20
8.19
8.18
8.18
8.49
8.52
8.56
8.59
8.62
8.22
8.27
8.33
8.38
8.47
8.50
8.55
8.65
8.74
8.84
10
12
14
16
18
8.85
8.91
8.97
9.09
9.18
7.86
7.91
7.97
8.02
8.06
8.52
8.53
8.54
8.56
8.57
8.09
8.06
8.03
7.98
7.93
8.18
8.15
8.07
7.96
7.89
7.84
7.79
7.70
7.57
7.50
8.11
8.08
7.08
7.94
7.88
8.28
8.23
8.19
8.14
8.10
8.18
8.17
8.16
8.14
8.14
8.65
8.67
8.69
8.78
8.80
8.52
8.58
8.65
8.72
8.80
8.90
8.95
9.01
9.17
9.24
20
22
24
26
28
9.25
9.36
9.44
9.52
9.61
8.09
8.12
8.17
8.28
8.31
8.58
8.58
8.59
8.60
8.61
7.92
7.89
7.87
7.81
7.79
7.83
7.74
7.65
7.56
7.49
7.41
7.30
7.24
7.07
6.99
7.73
7.76
7.68
7.49
7.40
8.05
8.00
7.95
7.90
7.85
8.13
8.13
8.12
8.11
8.10
8.83
8.86
8.89
8.94
8.97
8.85
8.90
8.96
9.10
9.19
9.32
9.38
9.47
9.61
9.74
30
32
34
36
38
9.69
9.76
9.88
10.06
10.14
8.33
8.36
8.41
8.53
8.61
8.63
8.64
8.65
8.67
8.68
7.75
7.70
7.68
7.61
7.59
7.43
7.34
7.25
7.16
7.07
6.94
6.85
6.73
6.59
6.46
7.30
7.20
7.10
6.99
6.87
7.80
7.73
7.69
7.59
7.51
8.09
8.08
8.06
8.06
8.05
9.00
9.04
9.07
9.15
9.19
9.24 9.80
9.31 9.87
9.38 9.99
9.51 10.21
9.60 10.34
40
42
44
46
48
10.24
10.39
10.52
10.68
10.85
8.65
8.72
8.81
8.88
8.98
8.70
8.71
8.72
8.73
8.76
7.54
7.49
7.44
7.39
7.32
6.96
6.85
6.73
6.61
6.45
6.33
6.20
6.04
5.87
5.69
6.73
6.60
6.45
6.30
6.13
7.46
7.39
7.30
7.21
7.12
8.04
8.01
8.00
7.98
7.96
9.23 9.69 10.42

9.27 9.79 10.57
9.34 9.91 10.72
9.41 10.03 10.90
9.47 10.17 11.09
50
11.03
9.06
8.77
7.25
6.31
5.48
5.98
7.03
7.95
9.53 10.32 11.30
(Note) Southern part more than lat. 50S will be calculated using example from Table 1-2.
Concretely, the monthly rate of southern latitude is corresponding to below showing
months of northern latitude.
Southern lat. January February March
April
May
June
-
Northern lat.
July
August
September
October
November
December
Southern lat. - Northern lat.

July
- January
August
February
September March
October
April
November May
December - June
- 2-20 -


Table 1-4 Calculation example of possible evaporation and real evaporation
Month
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Temperature Monthly rate of Possible evaporation Rainfall Real

annual sunshine
evaporation
from Blaney-Criddle
smaller value
formula
t
p
of and
(mm)
()
(%)
(mm)
(mm)
22.1
24.7
27.2
28.9
28.4
27.7
27.1
27.0
27.1
26.5
24.1
22.0
7.91
7.35
8.42
8.47
9.01
8.85
9.08
8.85
8.28
8.23
7.72
7.83
86.4
85.6
103.8
108.4
114.2
110.4
111.8
108.7
101.9
100.0
88.6
85.4
Total
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
1,205.2
91.0
106.4
129.7
138.2
116.3
91.1
81.2
72.7
74.6
79.7
73.4
80.2
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
8.5
16.8
38.3
62.3
170.0
180.3
202.9
197.7
207.7
123.0
30.2
17.9
8.5
16.8
38.3
62.3
114.2
110.4
111.8
108.7
101.9
100.0
30.2
17.9
( 1,134.5 )
1,255.6
821.0
(Note) : obtained data : from Table 1-2 : parenthetic numbers are observed evaporation
value from water surface
Table 1-5 Calculation example of river flow

Month
Runoff
-
of Chart 1-4
(mm)
Direct runoff Base runoff Monthly runoff Monthly

mean
discharge
0.75
(Note)
+
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(m3/s)
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
0
0
0
0
55.8
69.6
91.1
89.0
105.8
23.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41.9
52.2
68.3
66.8
79.4
17.3
0
0
9.2
8.3
9.2
8.9
9.2
8.9
9.2
9.2
8.9
9.2
8.9
9.2
9.2
8.3
9.2
8.9
51.1
61.1
77.5
76.0
88.3
26.5
8.9
9.2
Total
434.3
325.7
108.6
434.3
(Note) Base runoff: distribute uniformity 434.30.25 = 108.6 mm to each month
- 2-21 -
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
5.72
7.07
8.69
8.51
10.22
2.96
1.03
1.03


[Ref. 2-5 Example of Use of Natural Topography and Various Man-Made Structures]
1. Using existing irrigation channel and naturally formed pool downstream of fall
River
Intake weir
Headrace
Water fall
River
Power house
Spillway
Penstock
Irrigation channel
- 2-22 -
Headtank Screen


2. Intake water from two rivers
Headrace
Intake weir
River
Intake weir
Headtank
Screen
Penstock
River
-2-5
Power house
Tailrace
- 2-23 -


3. Using a head drop structure of existing irrigation channel
Irrigation
channel
Intake
-2-6
Headtank
Head drop
structure
Penstock
Power house
- 2-24 -


4. Using a head drop structure of existing irrigation channel
-2-7
River
Intake
Headrace
Irrigation
channel
Road
Headtank
Penstock
Power house
Tailrace
- 2-25 -

- 2-26 -


05.Cpt 2 Finding The Potential Sites

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05.Cpt 2 Finding The Potential Sites

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Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

in Rural Areas in the Republic of Indonesia

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

FINDING OF THE POTENTIAL SITES

2.1 Basic reference materials

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Isohyetal map of South Sulawesi, INDONESIA

Fig 2.1.1(b) An example of isohyetal map for micro-hydro scheme

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

As most of the electric energy generated by a small-scale hydropower plant is basically

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Estimation of River Flow

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Extraction of Potential Sites

2.4.1 Extraction on map

(1) Extraction considering river gradient and drainage area

(2) Extraction based on waterway construction conditions

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Change in Catchment Area

2.4.2 Extraction based on local information

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

2.4.3 Selection of potential development sites

Level of firm discharge

River flow (m3/s)

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Specific firm discharge (per 100km2)

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Fig 2.4.2 Relation between firm discharge/maximum discharge ratio

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Fig2.4.3 Relation between head and waterway length

Firm discharge (m3/s)

Waterway length / Head

Fig2.4.4 Relation between firm discharge and L/H

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Relation of transmission line

Permissible voltage drop

Voltage drop ratio (%)

Voltage drop ratio (%)

Voltage drop ratio (%)

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

Voltage drop (V)

15.4 (V) = 220(V) x 0.07

Voltage drop (V)

Length of Transmission line (4kW)

15.4 (V) = 220(V) x 0.07

Length of Transmission line (7.5kW)

Voltage drop (V)

Study on Rural Energy Supply with Utilization of Renewable Energy

Manual for Micro-hydro power Development

15.4 (V) = 220(V) x 0.07

Voltage drop (V)

Length of Transmission line (20kW)