acom

3 - 2011

A corrosion management and applications engineering magazine from Outokumpu

Localised corrosion of stainless

steels depending on chlorine dosage
in chlorinated water

Introduction
The European Drinking Water Directive sets a maximum
limit of 250 ppm for chlorides in drinking water but does
not contain guidelines for chlorine. The WHO drinking
water standard states that 23 ppm chlorine should be added
in order to gain a satisfactory disinfection and adequate residual
concentration. The residual chlorine has a significant influence
on the corrosion behaviour of stainless steels and may have
detrimental consequences in the form of localized corrosion
if an inappropriate stainless steel grade is used.
This article clearly demonstrates that the novel duplex

grades LDX 2101 and LDX 2404 provide attractive

alternatives for handling potable water and cooling water.
They also have a price less affected by nickel price fluctuations
and higher strength compared to the standard austenitic grades
4307 and 4404. In 30-day laboratory tests, the lean duplex
grade LDX 2101 performed as well as or better than 4307
at both 30C and 50C. It is also shown that the presence of
crevices strongly increases the risk for localized corrosion in
a chlorinated environment.

www.outokumpu.com

acom 3 - 2011

Localised corrosion of
stainless steels depending
on chlorine dosage in
chlorinated water
Sukanya Mameng, Rachel Pettersson, Outokumpu Stainless AB,
Avesta Research Centre, Avesta / Sweden

Summary
In drinking water systems the main stainless steel grades used are the standard austenitic
stainless steel grades 4307 (304L) and 4404 (316L), with the grade selection depending
on the chloride and chlorine levels in the water. The lean duplex grades LDX 2101 and
LDX 2404 provides attractive alternatives, with a more stable price and higher strength
level, but there is little available data on their use in drinking water systems.
The European Drinking Water Directive sets a maximum limit of 250 ppm (mg/L) for
chlorides in drinking water but does not contain guidelines for chlorine. Drinking water
is normally treated to give a residual level of 0.2 to 0.5 ppm of chlorine to kill bacteria,
but the actual concentrations added are usually higher. The WHO drinking water standard
states that 2 3 ppm chlorine should be added to water in order to gain a satisfactory
disinfection and adequate residual concentration. For a more effective disinfection the
residual amount of free chlorine should exceed 0.5 ppm after at least 30 minutes of
contact time at a pH value of 8 or less.
The residual chlorine has a significant influence on the corrosion behavior of stainless
steels. The remaining of residual chlorine in drinking water is a major factor leading to the
ennoblement of the natural potential of stainless steel. This oxidizing effect of chlorine may
have detrimental consequences in that stainless steels may suffer from localized corrosion
if an inappropriate grade is used.
The aim was to understand and determine to what extent residual chlorine levels at
various chloride contents will affect the localized corrosion behaviour of the standard
austenitic stainless steel grades 4307 and 4404, also the duplex grades LDX 2101,
LDX 2404 and 2205. A simulated chlorination system was created in which the specimens
were immersed for 30 days at 30C and 50C at chloride levels of 200 ppm and 500 ppm,
with residual chlorine levels of 0.2, 0.5 and 1 ppm at pH 6.57.5. The specimens were
investigated by visual examination and microscopy.
The duplex grades LDX 2404 and 2205 perform very well in all the chlorinated
environments tested. The lean duplex grade LDX 2101 performed as well as or better
than 304L at both 30C and 50C. The results also indicated that the presence of
a crevice increased the risk for localized corrosion in a chlorinated environment.
This study demonstrates that duplex stainless steels are good candidates to use in water
pipes or water storage tanks.
Keywords: drinking water, chloride, chlorination, total residual chlorine (TRC),
localised corrosion, stainless steel.

acom 3 - 2011

1 Introduction
Stainless steel use for drinking water applications is increasing in the world. Stainless
steels offer several advantages compared to other materials, such as mild steel, cast iron
and copper which have been used for decades.
First of all, stainless steels have generally excellent corrosion resistance and require
little maintenance. There is no need for any protective coating or any protective system.
Correct grade selection and good practice will minimize the risk of any localized corrosion.
Therefore there is practically no contamination of water in contact with stainless steel,
as has been demonstrated in the investigation [1] shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1 Nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr) content of water drawn from

stainless steel water systems in a Scottish hospital [1].

20
Ni from 304 - Cold water
Ni from 316 - Cold water
Ni from 304 + 316 - Hot water
Cr from 304 - Cold water
Cr from 316 - Cold water
Cr from 304 + 316 - Hot water

18

Metal content of water (g/l)

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

11

18

25

32

180

1250

Days in use

Figure 1 show the leaching values for Cr and Ni were less than 5% of the maximum levels
permitted by the European Drinking Water Directive (50 and 20 g/L respectively) [2].
The low leaching levels from the use of stainless steel in the drinking water system are
clearly of benefit in this situation.
Another point to be considered is the mechanical properties. The good ductility,
strength and weldability enable the use of lightweight structures, for example thin walled
tubes. Among the stainless steels, the duplex materials exhibit much higher mechanical
strength than corresponding austenitic grades as shown in Table 1. Compared to other
materials used for applications in the potable water distribution network, duplex grades
Minimum mechanical strengths at 20C of hot rolled plate/cold rolled strip and sheet according

Table 1

to EN 10088-4 and EN 10028-7 when applicable [3, 4, 5].

Outokumpu
steel names
Austenitic

0.2% Yield Strength

MPa

Tensile Strength
MPa

Elongation
%

4301

1.4301

210/230

520/540

45/45

4307

1.4307

200/220

500/520

45/45

4401

1.4401

220/240

520/530

45/40

1.4404

220/241

520/531

45/41

1.4162*

480/530

680/700

30/30

1.4662**

550/550

750/750

25/25

1.4462

460/500

700/700

25/20

4404
Duplex

EN
Designation

LDX 2101

LDX 2404
2205

* LDX 2101 is not yet listed in EN 10028-7. ** LDX 2404 is not yet listed in EN 10088-4 or EN 10028-7. Data for
LDX 2404 corresponds to the internal standard AM 641.

acom 3 - 2011

allow a reduction in wall thickness and consequently reduces investment costs. All
together stainless steels give a life cycle cost benefit.
The two main alloying elements of stainless steels are chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni).
From a general point of view, chromium improves the pitting corrosion resistance
whereas nickel additions are made for controlling microstructure. Further alloying elements may be added like molybdenum (Mo) for increasing pitting resistance or nitrogen
(N) for improving mechanical properties and resistance to pit initiation. Depending on
the stainless steel composition and chloride content of water, these materials may be
resistant to aqueous corrosion in a wide range of pH at ambient temperature. Stainless
steels ability to resist pitting corrosion may be estimated by calculation of the Pitting
Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN). Equation (1) gives the most frequently
employed formula for PREN calculation.

PREN= Cr (%) + 3.3 Mo (%) + 16 N (%)

Equation (1)

In drinking water systems the main stainless steel grades used are the standard austenitic
stainless steel grades 4307 and 4404. The grade selection depends on the chloride levels
of the water and also on the severity of the crevices the materials are exposed to, as shown
in Table 2 from the Nickel Development Institute. The chloride content of the water is
the most important parameter because of its influence on localized corrosion, crevice
corrosion in particular. The European Drinking Water Directive sets a maximum limit
of 250 ppm (mg/L) for chlorides in drinking water but does not contain guidelines for
chlorine [2].
Chloride level guidelines for waters at ambient temperatures [6].

Table 2

Chloride level
(ppm, mg/L)

Suitable grades

< 200

1.4301 (304), 1.4307 (304L), 1.4404 (316L)

200 1000

1.4404 (316L), 1.4462 (2205)

1000 3600

1.4462 (2205), 6% Mo Super austenitic, Super duplex

> 3600 and sea water

6% Mo Super austenitic, Superduplex

2 Water Chlorination
Chlorination is a one of many methods that can be used to disinfect water and control
bacteria. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the form of chlorine normally use for chlorination process because it is cheap and easy to dose. When chlorine added to water, it
immediately begins to react with compounds found in the water to give hypochlorous
acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite (OCl-). The remaining amount is called free residual
chlorine.
The free residual chlorine is typically measured in drinking water disinfection systems to
find if the water contains enough disinfectant. Typical levels of free chlorine in drinking
water are 0.2 0.5 ppm [7], but the actual concentrations added are usually higher. The
WHO drinking water standard states that 2 3 ppm chlorine should be added to water
in order to attain a satisfactory disinfection and maintain residual concentration [8].
The maximum amount of chlorine one can use is 5 ppm. For effective disinfection the
residual amount of free chlorine should exceed 0.5 ppm after at least 30 minutes of contact
time at a pH value of 8 or less.
The residual chlorine has a significant influence on the corrosion behaviour of stainless
steels. The remaining residual chlorine in drinking water is thought to be a major factor
leading to the ennoblement of the natural potential of stainless steel. This oxidizing effect
of chlorine may have detrimental consequences and stainless steels may suffer from localized
corrosion if an inappropriate grade is used.

acom 3 - 2011

This work was conducted to understand and determine to what extent total residual
chlorine levels at various chloride contents will affect the pitting and crevice corrosion
behaviour of the standard austenitic stainless steel grades 4307 and 4404 , also the duplex
grades LDX 2101, LDX 2404 and 2205. The recently introduced duplex grades
LDX 2101 and LDX 2404 provide an attractive alternative, with a more stable price and
higher strength level, but there is little available data on their use in drinking water systems.

3 Materials and experimental technique

3.1 Materials

The materials used in this study are 4307, 4404, LDX 2101, LDX 2404 and 2205
which were all tested as plain (sheet), welded and creviced samples. The surface finish,
thickness, PREN values and the chemical composition of these materials are reported
in Table 3.

Steel grades, surface finish, thickness, PREN values and the chemical composition for materials

Table 3

used in long term chlorination.

Outokumpu
steel names

EN

4307
4404
LDX 2101

LDX 2404

2205

EN Product
Conditions

Thickness
(mm)

PREN16

Typical composition, weight-%

Cr
Ni
Mo
N
Others

1.4307

2B

18.1

0.02

18.1

8.1

1.4404

2B

24.1

0.02

17.2

10.1

2.1

1.4162

2E

26.0

0.03

21.5

1.5

0.3

0.22

5Mn

1.4662

2E

33.6

0.02

24.0

3.6

1.6

0.27

3Mn

1.4462

2E

35.0

0.02

22.0

5.7

3.1

0.17

2B: Cold rolled, heat treated, pickled, skin passed

2D: Cold rolled, heat treated, pickled
2E: Cold rolled, heat treated, mech. desc, pickled

3.2 Long-term chlorination experiments

Coupons of duplicate plain (sheet), welded and crevice specimens with size 60x30x3 mm
were used with an as-received surface as show in Figure 2A. All cut edges were wet ground
to 320 mesh. The crevice samples had a 12 mm hole placed in the centre of the sample.
Samples were bolted together with INCO crevice formers on both sides of specimen
(Figure 2B). All crevice formers were tightened with a torque of 1.58 Nm. It was verified
that there was no electrical contact between the samples and the screw. Plain (sheet) and
welded specimens were suspended in the solution on platinum wires to minimize crevice
effects when investigating pitting corrosion.
Fig. 2 Coupons of plain (sheet), welded and crevice specimens used for long term testing.
Fig. 2A

Sheet

Fig. 2B

Weld

Crevice

acom 3 - 2011

Table 4

Chemical compositions of GTAW filler (typical values, %) [9].

Welding wire TIG

(EN ISO designation)

Base
Material

Avesta 308L-Si/MVR-Si (W 19 9 L Si)

4307

Avesta 316L-Si/SKR-Si (W 19 12 3 L Si)

4432

Nominal composition, weight-%

Cr
Mo
Ni
N
Si

Mn

0.02

20.0

10.5

0.85

1.8

0.02

18.5

2.6

12.0

0.85

1.7

Avesta LDX 2101 (W 23 7 L)

LDX 2101

0.02

23.0

<0.5

7.0

0.14

0.40

0.5

Avesta 2205 (W 22 9 3 N L)

LDX 2404

0.02

23.0

3.1

8.5

0.17

0.50

1.6

Avesta 2205 (W 22 9 3 N L)

2205

0.02

23.0

3.1

8.5

0.17

0.50

1.6

The welded samples were obtained by tungsten inert gas welding (TIG). The welding
was done with filler material and welding conditions as specified in Table 4 and Table 5
below. This welding process is often used for water applications. All samples have the same
thickness of 3 mm. Weld samples were pickled in mixed acid (3M HNO3 and 3M HF).
Chloride (Cl-) containing electrolytes with various total residual chlorine (TRC)
levels, at pH 6.5-7.5, were prepared from distilled water. Chloride ions were added to
the level of 200 ppm and 500 ppm as sodium chloride (NaCl). The solutions were dosed
with a stock solution containing 1000 ppm of sodium hypochlorite to obtain various
predetermined total residual chlorine concentrations.
Total residual chlorine (TRC) is defined as the sum of hypochlorous acid (HClO) and
hypochlorite ion (ClO-) concentrations.The amount of residual chlorine was measured
with a colorimeter using the diethyl-p-phenylene diamine (DPD) method [10]. Three
total residual chlorine concentrations were investigated that correspond to the residual
concentration typically used for water disinfection treatments: 0.2, 0.5 and 1 ppm.
The open circuit potential (OCP) was monitored for 30 days in the test solutions with
the different residual chlorine levels and a temperature of 30C or 50C. The chlorine
was dosed once every 57 days to maintain the residual chlorine level. After testing the
specimens were examined and the depth of maximum attack was measured with a light
optical microscope. A depth exceeding 0.025 mm was defined as localised corrosion.

Table 5

Welding condition of welded specimens.

Base
Material

Shielding
gas

4307

Ar

21.72

0.64

Butt joint

4404

Ar

24.66

0.60

Butt joint

Ar+2% N2

20.17

0.64

Butt joint

LDX 2404

Ar

19.29

0.69

Bead on plate

2205

Ar

20.38

0.50

Bead on plate

LDX 2101

Welding speed
(cm/min)

Ar: Argon gas, N2: Nitrogen gas

Heat input
(kJ/cm)

Joint design

acom 3 - 2011

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Open circuit potentials (OCP).

The stainless steel samples were immersed in the test solutions with 200 ppm and 500
ppm chloride at 30C and 50C for 24 hours before the start of chlorination. The open
circuit potential (OCP) usually stabilised after ~4 hours and was typically found to lie in
the range 190220 mV for the sheet specimens after 24 hours. The values were somewhat
higher for the weld and crevice specimens.
The addition of sodium hypochlorite gave a strong increase in the open circuit potential. After a certain time, typically 1024 hours the potential stabilised and the OCPMax
could be measured as shown in Figure 3. The result shows that OCPMax increases with
TRC level because the oxidising power of the solution increases, Table 6.
Fig. 3 Evaluation of maximum open circuit potential in chlorinated water.
800
700
OCPMax 720 mVSCE

Potential (mVSCE)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0

10

15

20

25

30

Time (days)

Average OCPMax of five different steel grades in water containing chloride

Table 6

and total residual chlorine at 30C and 50C.

Maximum open circuit potential, OCPMax (mVSCE)

Chloride level
(ppm)

Material

200

4307
4404
LDX 2101

LDX 2404

2205
500

0.2 ppm
TRC, 30C

0.5 ppm
TRC, 30C

1 ppm TRC,
30C

0.2 ppm TRC, 0.5 ppm TRC,

50C
50C

1 ppm TRC,
50C

425

544

722

429

454

723

460

556

794

393

445

683

493

619

819

363

444

679

NT

NT

770

NT

NT

682

480

589

747

362

535

671

4307

345

594

652

349

347

736

4404

375

588

679

356

399

730

LDX 2101

370

549

722

427

367

712

LDX 2404

NT

NT

771

NT

NT

720

397

625

673

379

486

683

2205

NT = Not tested, TRC = Total residual chlorine

acom 3 - 2011

The OCPMax after chlorination compared to the situation before chlorination is shown
in Figure 4. The increase in OCP was about 200 mVSCE for 0.2 ppm TRC, about 300
mVSCE for 0.5 ppm TRC and about 500 mVSCE for 1 ppm TRC. This indicates that even
at low TRC concentrations the open circuit potential increases.
Fig. 4 The potential increase (OCPMax-OCP) versus total residual chlorine (TRC)

after chlorine dosage for all steel grades.

700
200 ppm, 30C
500 ppm, 30C
200 ppm, 50C
500 ppm, 50C

Potential increase (mV)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Total residual chlorine, TRC (ppm)

4.2. Influence of localised corrosion on OCP for chlorinated water.

The occurrence of localised corrosion is frequently seen as a drop in the open circuit
potential, as illustrated in Figure 5. After 30 days, visual and microscopy examination
showed that pitting had occurred for the welded 4307 and LDX 2101 (Figure 7A).
These both showed a rapid drop in OCP during testing. No corrosion was seen for the
welded 2205 which maintained a high OCP throughout the test.
Fig. 5 Corrosion potential change of TIG welded specimens of 4307, LDX 2101

and 2205 in 500 ppm chloride and 1 ppm TRC at 50C showing the potential
drop associated with the onset of pitting corrosion.
900
50C, 500 PPM CI-, 1 PPM TRC

800

No Pitting corrosion

700

Potential (mVSCE)

600
500
400

Pitting corrosion

300
200
100

4307-weld
2205-weld
LDX 2101-weld

0
-100

100

200

Pitting corrosion

300

400

Time (hours)

500

600

700

acom 3 - 2011

Fig. 6 Corrosion potential change of TIG welded and crevice specimen

for 4307 and 2205 in 200 ppm chloride and 1 ppm TRC at 30C.
900

2205-weld
2205-crevice

4307-weld
4307-crevice

800

30C, 200 ppm CI-, 1 ppm TRC

No Pitting corrosion

Potential (mVSCE)

700
No crevice corrosion

600
500

Pitting corrosion

400
300
200
100
0

Crevice corrosion

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Time (hours)

Fig. 7 Appearance of localized corrosion after tested in 500 ppm chloride

and 1 ppm TRC at 50C.

Fig. 7A TIG welded-LDX2101

Pitting corrosion on the weld

Fig. 7B Crevice corrosion for 4307

Crevice corrosion

Figure 6 shows the OCP change of TIG welded and creviced samples of 4307 and 2205
in 200 ppm chloride and 1 ppm TRC at 30C. Visual examination showed that localized
corrosion had occurred for 4307 (Figure 7B) but not for 2205.
4.3 Visual examination after 30 days.

Samples were examined after exposure in the 200 ppm and 500 ppm chloride solutions
with different total residual chlorine levels at 30C and 50C for 30 days. A summary
of the results from this investigation is shown in Table 7. Where corrosion occurred, the
cells are filled dark blue and where no corrosion occurred the cells are light blue.
Table 7 show that the lean duplex LDX 2101 was found to be at least as resistant
as 4307. In all experimental conditions tested, the duplex grades LDX 2404 and 2205
perform very well with no significant localised attack. Both these grades have a high
PREN (>30), whereas for the grades with PREN<30 some localised attack was observed.
The results show that the alloying elements influence the localised corrosion resistance
of stainless steel. For the austenitic steels, the corrosion resistance for molybdenum (Mo)
containing grade (4404) is higher than for the molybdenum (Mo) free grade (4307).
A higher chromium (Cr) level in combination with nitrogen (N) addition has the same
positive influence for duplex grades.

10

acom 3 - 2011

Table 7

Summary of visible pitting and crevice corrosion in this investigation.

Test condition
Temp.
(C)
30

Type of specimen

Chloride
(ppm)

TRC*
(ppm)

200

0.2

4307
W

4404
W

LDX 2101
P
W
C

LDX 2404
P
W
C

2205
W

0.5
1.0
30

500

0.2
0.5
1.0

50

200

0.2
0.5
1.0

50

500

0.2
0.5
1.0

*TRC = Total residual chlorine, P = Plain (sheet) sample, W = Welded sample, C = Creviced sample
No corrosion

Corrosion
Not tested in this study
Crevice corrosion not observed; possibly due to loosening of the screw, but expected based on 30C results.

The results also indicated that the presence of a crevice increases the risk for localized
corrosion in chlorinated environments. Special attention should be taken, to avoid crevices
in construction, since residual chlorine solution can remain in crevice areas and cause
corrosion.
4.4 Comparison with engineering diagrams.

Engineering diagrams for a given steel grade as a function of temperature and chloride
content are a useful illustration of the risk areas for localized corrosion in drinking water
applications [11].
These diagrams are based on a combination of laboratory testing and extensive practical
experience and provide a useful reference base for the present investigation. As can be
seen in Figure 8 there is excellent agreement between the diagram and the present data

Fig. 8 Engineering diagram indicating the maximum temperatures and chloride concentration allowed in slightly

chlorinated (<1 mg/L) drinking water for 4307 and 4404 [11].
C
100

C
100

4307 (304L)
Pitting

90
80

80

70

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

10

Green: No corrosion

100

Red: Pitting corrosion

4404 (316L)
Pitting

90

1000
Chloride, ppm

0.5 ppm TRC

20

10

100

1.0 ppm TRC

1000
Chloride, ppm

acom 3 - 2011

11

for 4404 tested with 1 ppm TRC: pitting corrosion occurred only at 500 ppm chloride
and 1ppm TRC at 50C for the sheet specimen, and this point is above the line.
For 4307 all four of condition tested showed pitting with 1ppm TRC, and should thus
lie above the boundary line. If, however the comparison is made to the 0.5 ppm data,
the curve seems instead slightly too conservative. The overall agreement is thus very good,
and underlines the point that the chloride tolerance of different stainless steel grades is
very sensitive to the chlorination level.
A summary of chlorination limits for different grades from this investigation are
shown in Table 8.

Chlorination limits which did not cause corrosion in the 30 days immersion tests for different

Table 8

grades depending on chloride content.

Test condition
Temp.
(C)

TRC limits (ppm) for different grades depending on chloride content

Chloride
(ppm)

30

200

0.5

30

500

50
50

4307
W

2205
W

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5 <0.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

<0.2

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

NT

1.0

1.0

0.2

0.5

0.5

<0.2

1.0

200

0.5

0.5

0.2

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.2

500

0.5

0.2

NT

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.5

0.2

<0.2

LDX 2101
P
W
C

LDX 2404
P
W
C

4404
W

P = plain (sheet) sample; W = welded sample; C = creviced sample; TRC = total residual chlorine; NT= not tested

It is important that a material is not exposed to excessive levels of residual chlorine.

For effective disinfection the residual chlorine should exceed 0.5 ppm after at least
30 minutes of contact time [8]. During practical operation, the chloride content will
most probably be lower than during this test. Thus, there is a good chance that the
4307, LDX 2101 and 4404 can be used successfully for normal service in water piping
systems as long as problematic crevices can be avoided. In doubtful cases upgrading to
LDX 2404 or 2205 may be advisable.

acom 3 - 2011

12

5 CONCLUSION
In long-term (30 days) immersion tests, the highest alloyed duplex grades 2205 and
LDX 2404 performed very well in the chlorinated environments tested (200 or 500
ppm chloride, 30C or 50C). No pitting, crevice corrosion or weld attack was seen
in any of the environments for these grades.
The lean duplex grade LDX 2101 performed as well as or better than 4307 (304L)
at all conditions tested. In the pitting test it performed as well as 4404 (316L) in
200 ppm chloride at 30C.
Chlorine solution with significant residual chlorine concentrations can remain in
crevice areas and cause corrosion, and therefore special attention should be taken
in construction.
The lean duplex steel LDX 2101 is a good candidate for water piping systems and
tanks, when the water is mildly chlorinated. In more severe condition the higher
alloyed LDX 2404 or 2205 are more suitable.
Material selection guidelines depending on chloride content, chlorine dosage
and temperature are shown in Table 9 and Table 10 below. In order to ensure
good performance deposits and surface contamination should be avoided.

Summarised results of 30 day tests in chlorinated solutions

Table 9

containing 200 ppm chloride at 30C or 50C.

304L

316L

304L

316L

(304L)

316L

LDX 2101

LDX 2404

LDX 2101

LDX 2404

(LDX 2101)

LDX 2404

LDX 2101

2205
304L
LDX 2101

304L

LDX 2404

LDX 2101

304L

(LDX 2404 )

304L

LDX 2404

LDX 2101

LDX 2101

2205

LDX 2404

(LDX 2404)
(2205)

316L

(LDX 2404)
316L

2205

316L

LDX 2101

LDX 2101

(2205)

316L

2205

(LDX 2404 )

316L

2205

316L

304L

304L

LDX 2101

316L

2205

LDX 2404
2205

304L

316L

304L

(316L)

304L

(316L)

LDX 2101

(LDX 2404)

(LDX 2101)

(LDX 2404)

LDX 2101

(LDX 2404)

2205
304L

(2205)

316L

LDX 2101

(304L)

(LDX 2404 )

2205

(2205)

(316L)

(LDX 2101 )

304L

(LDX 2404 )

(316L)

LDX 2101

(2205)
200 ppm Chloride

Red-corrosion,
Green-no corrosion,

(Red)-possibly corrosion, not tested in this study

(Green)-possibly no corrosion, not tested in this study

(LDX 2404)
(2205)

Chlorine (ppm)

LDX 2404

316L

0.5

LDX 2101

304L

0.2

316L

2205

304L

2205

0.5

2205

304L
Temperature 30C

Crevice

Weld

0.2

Temperature 50C

BM

13

acom 3 - 2011

Summarised results of 30 day tests in chlorinated solutions

Table 10

2205
304L
LDX 2101

304L

LDX 2404

LDX 2101

LDX 2101

304L

(LDX 2404 )

316L

(LDX 2101 )

LDX 2404

LDX 2101

(LDX 2404)
(2205)

316L

2205

Temperature 30C

(304L)

(2205)

316L

LDX 2404
2205

316L

2205
304L

(LDX 2101 )

2205

316L

LDX 2404

316L

304L

(LDX 2404 )

316L

LDX 2101

(2205)

(LDX 2404)
(2205)

304L

316L

304L

316L

(304L)

316L

LDX 2101

LDX 2404

LDX 2101

LDX 2404

(LDX 2101)

LDX 2404

2205
304L

2205

316L

LDX 2101

304L

(LDX 2404 )

LDX 2101

2205
304L
LDX 2101

(304L)

(LDX 2404 )

316L

LDX 2101

(2205)

316L

2205

(316L)

304L

(LDX 2404 )

LDX 2101

2205

(LDX 2404)
2205

(316L)

LDX 2101

(304L)

304L

(LDX 2404 )

(316L)

LDX 2101

(2205)

(LDX 2404)
2205

500 ppm Chloride

Red-corrosion,
Green-no corrosion,

(Red)-possibly corrosion, not tested in this study

(Green)-possibly no corrosion, not tested in this study

6 REFERENCES
[1] C.A. Powell and W.Strassburg, Stainless Steel for Potable Water Service,
2nd European Stainless Steel Congress, Dsseldorf, 1996.
[2] European Drinking Water Council Directive 98/83/EC, Nov, 1998.
[3] Outokumpu data sheet, Standard Cr-Ni stainless steel.
[4] Outokumpu data sheet, Standard Cr-Ni-Mo stainless steel.
[5] Outokumpu data sheet, Duplex stainless steel
[6] Peter Cutler, Stainless steel and drinking water around the world,
Nickel Development institute (NiDi).
[7] The chlorine institute.INC, Chlorine effect on health and the environment,
3th Edition-Nov.1999.
[8] Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3rd Edition, 2008.
[9] Avesta Welding handbook, 3rd Edition-Dec, 2007.
[10] Pradyot Patnaik, (1995), Deans Analytical Chemistry Handbook,
McGraw Hill, New York.
[11] Outokumpu, Corrosion Handbook, 10th Edition-Nov, 2009.

Presented at Eurocorr 2011

in Stockholm, Sweden

Chlorine (ppm)

Temperature 50C

LDX 2404

316L

0.5

LDX 2101

304L

0.2

316L

Crevice

304L

Weld

0.5

BM

0.2

containing 500 ppm chloride at 30C or 50C.

1491EN-GB Art 58. September 2011

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The information provided herein may be subject to alterations without notice.

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