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Course Title ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Course Code ACE015
Class VII Semester
Section A& B
Name of the Faculty J S R Prasad
Lecture hour and Date 10:00 to 11:00 and 22/07/2020
Course Outcome/s Knowledge on Pipe Network Analysis and Water
Supply Related Terms
Topic Covered Knowledge on Pipe Network Analysis and Water
Supply Related Terms
Topic Learning Outcome Knowledge on Pipe Network Analysis and Water
Supply Related Terms

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PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS

Analysis of water distribution system which includes

determination of quantities of flow and head losses in the
various pipe lines, and resulting residual pressures.

In any pipe network, the following two conditions must be

satisfied:

1. The algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop

must be zero, i.e., there can be no discontinuity in
pressure.
2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow
leaving that junction; i.e. the law of continuity must be
satisfied.

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PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS

Based on these two basic principles, the pipe networks are

generally solved by the methods of successive
approximation.
The widely used method of pipe network analysis is the
Hardy-Cross method.

The details of the Hardy-Cross method will be explained

later.

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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality
The Quality of raw water or treated water is analyzed by testing their
Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological characteristics:

Physical Characteristics:
Turbidity,
Colour,
Taste and Odour,
Temperature
Chemical Characteristics:
pH
Acidity
Alkalinity
Hardness
Chlorides, Sulphates , Iron, Solids, Nitrates
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WATER QUALITY

Bacteriological Characteristics:
Bacterial examination of water is very important, since it indicates
the degree of pollution. Water polluted by sewage contain one or
more species of disease producing pathogenic bacteria.
Pathogenic organisms cause water borne diseases, and many non
pathogenic bacteria such as E.Coli, a member of coliform group, also
live in the intestinal tract of human beings.
Coliform itself is not a harmful group but it has more resistance to
adverse condition than any other group. So, if it is ensured to
minimize the number of coliforms, the harmful species will be very
less.
So, coliform group serves as indicator of contamination of water
with sewage and presence of pathogens.

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WATER QUALITY

The methods to estimate the bacterial quality of water are:

Standard Plate Count Test
Most Probable Number
Membrane Filter Technique

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INDIAN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER
Parameter Desirable- If no alternative
Tolerable source available,
limit extended upto
Physical
Turbidity (NTU unit) <10 25
Colour (Hazen scale) <10 50
Taste and Odour Un-objectionable Un-objectionable
Chemical
pH 7.0 - 8.5 6.5 – 9.2
Total Dissolved Solids 500 - 1500 3000
mg/l
Total Hardness mg/l (as 200 - 300 600
CaCO3)
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INDIAN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER
Parameter Desirable- If no alternative
Tolerable source available,
limit extended upto
Chemical
Chlorides mg/l (as Cl) 200 - 250 1000
Sulphates mg/l (as SO4) 150 - 200 400
Fluorides mg/l (as F ) 0.6 -1.2 1.5
Nitrates mg/l (as NO3) 45 45
Calcium mg/l (as Ca) 75 200
Iron mg/l (as Fe ) 0.1 – 0.3 1.0

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CONFINED AND UNCONFINED AQUIFERS

An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock,

rock fractures or unconsolidated materials. Groundwater can be
extracted using a water well.
The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers
is called hydrogeology.

Confined aquifer A confined aquifer is an aquifer that is bounded

above and below by confining beds. Confined aquifers generally occur
at significant depth below the ground surface. Hydraulic properties of
aquifers. Aquifers store groundwater and transmit it toward a well or
other point of discharge.

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UNCONFINED AQUIFER

Unconfined Aquifers. Where groundwater is in direct contact with

the atmosphere through the open pore spaces of the overlying soil
or rock, then the aquifer is said to be unconfined. The upper
groundwater surface in an unconfined aquifer is called the water
table.

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INFILTRATION GALLERY

An infiltration gallery is a structure including perforated conduits in

gravel to expedite transfer of water to or from a soil.

Infiltration galleries may be used to collect water from the aquifer

underlying a river. Water from an infiltration gallery has the
advantage of bank filtration to reduce the water treatment
requirements for a surface withdrawal. An infiltration gallery may
also be the best way to withdraw water from a thin aquifer or lens of
fresh water overlying saline water.

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THANK YOU