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Course Title ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Course Code ACE015
Class VII Semester
Section A& B
Name of the Faculty J S R Prasad
Lecture hour and Date 11:00 to 12:00 and 23/07/2020
Course Outcome/s Hardy Cross Method
Topic Covered Hardy Cross Method
Topic Learning Outcome Hardy Cross Method

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PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS

Analysis of water distribution system which includes

determination of quantities of flow and head losses in the
various pipe lines, and resulting residual pressures.

In any pipe network, the following two conditions must be

satisfied:

1. The algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop

must be zero, i.e., there can be no discontinuity in
pressure.
2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow
leaving that junction; i.e. the law of continuity must be
satisfied.

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PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS

Based on these two basic principles, the pipe networks are

generally solved by the methods of successive
approximation.
The widely used method of pipe network analysis is the
Hardy-Cross method.

The details of the Hardy-Cross method is explained below.

The Hardy Cross method is an iterative method for

determining the flow in pipe network systems where the
inputs and outputs are known, but the flow inside the
network is unknown

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HARDY CROSS METHOD
In 1936 Hardy Cross published a method to analyze water
distribution networks.
This method remained one of the primary approaches until the use
computer software replaced the hand analysis.
In order to understand how to use this method, suppose we have the
following water distribution network, shown here in plan view.

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HARDY CROSS METHOD

All of the pipes are labeled as P-1, P-2 and so forth,

while all of the network junctions or nodes are labeled as
J-1, J-2, J-3 and so on.

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HARDY CROSS METHOD
In this water system the water demands leaving the distribution
system at each of the junctions are labeled as QJ-1, QJ-2, QJ-
3 and so forth. This completes our generic system schematic.

Step-1 Identify Loops

When using the Hardy Cross Method, the first step is to
identify the loops in the system, in other words, the series of
pipes that begin and end at the same point and have no
interior pipes.. For the network here, there are two loops, and
we arbitrarily assign the clockwise direction as the positive
direction in the loop. 1
HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)

Step-2: Q Direction
The next step is to assume a flow direction for the water in
each of the pipelines. I represent the direction of flow with this
small chevron symbol applied to each of the pipes in our
network schematic. This too is arbitrary , but it also makes the
calculations easier to understand if the directions that you
assign are based in some reasoning and not purely random.

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HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)
Step-3 Guess Q sigma Qj = o.
The third step is to make an initial guess for the flow rate that
is being sent down each pipeline. This also can be arbitrary
so long as you satisfy the condition of continuity.in other
words, at each junction, the amount of water coming into the
junction is the same as the amount of water leaving the
junction.
For example – at Junction 4 the flow rate from pipe 3 and pipe
4 are coming into the junction, while the demand at junction 4
is leaving the system. The summation of these flow rates
need to be 0.

so you may make a guess for the flow rate in Pipes 3 and 4
whatever you want, so long as their sum is equal to the
demand leaving at junction 4. 1
HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)
Step – 4, Calculate head losses hL:
The fourth step is the calculate the headlosses in each
pipeline based upon the flow rate you guessed in step 3. The
headloss equation you use does not matter much.
Hardy Cross simplified both Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen-
Williams to the following general form: headloss is equal to r
times Q to the n power. Within the US the Hazen – Williams
equation is the standard approach to network analysis, so the
n value is 1.85 and the r value is a characteristic of the
pipeline’s physical constants – its length, diameter, and
roughness – as seen here.

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HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)
Using this format of the equation allows us to use Q in
gallons per minute and D in inches – very handy.

Step 5: Calculate R:
The fifth step is to calculate the capital R value, which is given
by Hardy Cross in this expression. With a little algebra, we
can use this simplified expression to make it a little easier on
our calculator fingers.

Just remember that despite the direction you assigned the

flow rate earlier, this value must remain positive.

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HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)

Step- 6 : Calculate Sigma head losses, hL and Sigma

Capital R per loop.
In the next step-6, you calculate the summation of the
headlosses as well as the summation of the capital R
values within a loop. Remember here that the headloss
has a direction assigned to it based upon our sign
convention we choose earlier. Therefore in a completely
balanced loop, the headlosses should sum to zero.
However, until that is achieved, you can calculate both
positive and negative values for the summation of
headlosses in each loop.

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HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)

Step-7: Calculate Correction per loop

In step-7, calculate the amount of correction needed for the
flow rate guesses you made in step-3. The correction factor
is an invention of the Hardy Cross. It is given from the
following expression which is simply the negative summation
of the headlosses. hL divided by the summation of the
capital R values.

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HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)

Step-8 Calculate Qadjusted

For eighth step – and I promise we are nearing the end – you
calculate the adjusted flow rate to start the next iteration. The
adjusted flow rate is equal to the flow rate that you guessed
in step-3 plus the correction factor calculated for the loop –
the result from step-7.

The only complication comes when pipes are shared

between two loops.
For shared pipes the adjusted flow rate is going to be the
flow rate guessed in step 3 plus the loop adjustment from the
loop in which you are working MINUS the correction from the
shared loop. I Know.

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HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)

I Know this is a little confusing, so let me give an example.

So, Pipe 5 is shared between both loop1 – the triangular loop
– and loop2.

In loop 1 the adjusted flow rate is the guess you made plus
the correction factor obtained for loop1 MINUS the correction
factor obtained for loop2 – Which is acting as the shared
loop in this instance.

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HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)

However, when working in loop2, the adjusted flow rate is the

guessed flow rate in step3 plus the correction value for loop2
MINUS the correction value for loop1.

The key to understand is that once you have completed

applying the correction factor the values of flow rate in the
shared pipe should be the same but have opposite sign
convention.

Once you have corrected all of your guesses from step 3,

now you are set to start the next iteration. So the last step,
in the Hardy Cross method, is to repeat steps 4 through 8
until the summation of headloss in each loop is very near to
zero.
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HARDY CROSS METHOD (Contd..)
When that happens, the correction value should be so small
that the change in flow rate between iterations should no
longer be significant.
With the Hardy Cross Method, the result is that you finally
have a better idea as to how much water is flowing in each
of the pipelines of your network.
I realize that this process is not so easily learned from a
generic example such as this, so I have also working out a
series of examples that walk you through setting up the
analysis of a slightly more complicated network using Excel.

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THANK YOU