Analysis of Wall Jet using POD

Prathamesh Nakhate
190100095
Undergraduate, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

June 18, 2021

Abstract
This report analyses impingement of submerged water jet on a flat plate. The
measurement of flow field was made using PIV and the analysis was done using POD.
Here I have analyzed jets with Reynolds number 1900 and frequencies of 0,0.5,1,2 Hz.
Analysis of Wall Jet using POD -Prathamesh Nakhate

Introduction
1.1 Mathematical Background
In this report we will be using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD) to fish out the
coherent structures from our high dimensional data. Brief explanation of POD is given the
next few paragraphs.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition also know as Principal Component Analysis, is a
data-driven mathematical technique used to convert high dimensional data into low dimensions.
The technique does not need to know about any dynamics of the system and hence it has
wide varieties on applications. Here we will be using it to find coherent structures in our
flow field.
The basic foundation of POD is based on the Singular Value Decomposition(SVD). Any
matrix A, is guaranteed to have a SVD decomposition and it is given by,
A = U ΣV T
where U and V are unitary matrices and Σ is a diagonal matrix. In context of fluids, if the
data matrix A is formed such that its column are iteration in time and the rows are the data
points then the columns of U represent the modes ordered according to their dominance,
the elements of Σ are the corresponding energies of the modes and the columns of V are the
weights that each mode carry in any given timestep.
Till this step we haven’t done any dimensionality reduction. The next step is to choose
only the first r columns of U and V and the r × r submatrix of Σ. The more the value of r
the more we get closer to the original data. So now we have
Ar = Ur Σr VrT
Ar is know as the r-th rank approximation of A

1.2 Experimental Setup

A submerged water jet was impinged on a flat plate kept at a distance of 4D, where D =
15.6mm is the diameter of the nozzle. Water was shoot out of the nozzle at a uniform speed
of 0.121m/s.
Small glass beads were mixed with the water so that PIV measurements can be made.
The diameter of glass beads was chosen such that they faithfully follow the flow field.

1.3 Making Graphs

I had used MATLAB to perform POD on the PIV data and Tecplot for plotting the flow
field. Note that all the graphs are made using the following conventions:
• Nozzle is there on the top and the jet moves from top to bottom.
• Origin is present on the center of the plate(this is also the place where the center of
the jet strikes the plate)
• The range of x-axis is chosen from 0.5D to 5D so as to cutout the jet from the plot.

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Analysis of Wall Jet using POD -Prathamesh Nakhate

Analysis of Results
2.1 Steady Jet of Reynolds Number 1900
We will analyse the first three most energetic POD modes. Following are the graphs:

Figure 1: Mean Flow Figure 2: Mode-1 (7.2% contribution)

Figure 3: Mode-2 (4.6% contribution) Figure 4: Mode-3 (4% contribution)

We can see that Mode-1 has one dominant vortex and the other two less energy modes
have two dominant vortex(shown by blue circles). From the figures it evident that the flow
separates from the wall at around r = 5D(shown by red circles). In the mean flow we can
see the flow moving away from wall from r = 4.5D. In modes 1,2 and 3 we can see the
re circulation bubbles starting from 4.5D-5D. In case of Mode 2 and 3, these bubbles are
formed due to the backflow which is induced by the second vortex

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Analysis of Wall Jet using POD -Prathamesh Nakhate

2.2 Pulsed Jet of Frequency 0.5Hz and Reynolds Number 1900

We will analyse the first three most energetic POD modes. Following are the graphs:

Figure 5: Mean Flow Figure 6: Mode-1 (8.3% contribution)

Figure 7: Mode-2 (7.7% contribution) Figure 8: Mode-3 (6.6% contribution)

The very first thing that we observe is that pulsed jet has a lot more vortices than a steady
jet. From the four graphs we see that the flow separates at around r = 3.5D − 4.5D(shown
by red circles).
In mode-1 we can see that the fluid moves away from the wall(pink circle) leading to flow
separation and hence the next few vortices are formed away from the wall(shown by orange
arrows). Very similar thing happens in mode-2.
So the differences that we observe from the steady jet case are is firstly there are more
vortices and hence if we are targeting at some high heat transfer applications then pulsed
jet is the way to go. Another difference is that flow separates earlier in the case of pulsed
jet.

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Analysis of Wall Jet using POD -Prathamesh Nakhate

2.3 Pulsed Jet of Frequency 1Hz and Reynolds Number 1900

We will analyse the first three most energetic POD modes. Following are the graphs:

Figure 9: Mean Flow Figure 10: Mode-1 (9.9% contribution)

Figure 11: Mode-2 (9.3% contribution) Figure 12: Mode-3 (4.1% contribution)

First thing we see is that there are a lot more vortices than any of the cases till now. This
is because the jet has a lot more vortices already formed before hitting the wall(see along
the y-axis, vortices are visible in the jet). The large number of vortices is very beneficial for
high heat transfer applications. Another thing to note is that the vortices in this case are a
lot smaller. Maybe because of the higher frequencies the vortices don,t have time to stretch
out
Flow separation happens at around r = 3D. This is the earliest the flow separation has
happened in any of the cases till now.

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Analysis of Wall Jet using POD -Prathamesh Nakhate

2.4 Pulsed Jet of Frequency 2Hz and Reynolds Number 1900

We will analyse the first three most energetic POD modes. Following are the graphs:

Figure 13: Mean Flow Figure 14: Mode-1 (9% contribution)

Figure 15: Mode-2 (3.4% contribution) Figure 16: Mode-3 (2.8% contribution)

We see that at this frequency no vortices are formed. In fact for any of the frequencies
higher than 2Hz no vortices will be formed. This is because there is not enough time for the
vortices to form. I think separation happens on the plate at around r = 3.5D − 4.5D

2.5 Discussion on energy contribution of POD modes

Following table summarizes the POD modes energy contribution in each of the cases
Case Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 Total energy
Steady Jet 7.2% 4.6% 4% 15.8%
Unsteady Jet, 0.5Hz 8.3% 7.7% 6.6% 22.6%
Unsteady Jet, 1Hz 9.9% 9.3% 4.1% 23.3%
Unsteady Jet, 2Hz 9% 3.4% 2.8% 15.2%
From the table we see that energy is highly distributed(throughout many coherent structures)
in wall jet flow. The first three dominant modes cannot even account for 25% of the total
energy.
Another thing to note is that 1Hz jet has the most significant energy contribution by first
three modes, followed by 0.5Hz jet. This is because there are more vortices in thses flows.
Also 2Hz jet and steady jet have similar energy contribution(maybe because their flow fields
are similar)

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Analysis of Wall Jet using POD -Prathamesh Nakhate

Conclusions
POD decomposition was done on the PIV data. First three modes have been analysed for
four different type of jets. Comments on flow separation have been made
Following are the important conclusions of this report:

• As the frequency of jet increases the vortices in flow increase to a point after which
they start decreasing. In this experiment we found the maximum amount of vortices
for 1Hz jet
• If we are focusing on applications in which a plate is cooled using a coolant jet then
going with a unsteady 1Hz jet is the best
• As frequency of the jet increases the flow starts to separate at a smaller value of ’r’
until one point after which it again starts to separate at larger ’r’
• Wall Jets do not have any dominant coherent structures, the energy is distributed in
many modes and one needs atleast 100 modes to capture 90% of the total energy in
the flow

References
[1] An introduction to the proper orthogonal decomposition, Anindya Chatterjee

[2] Effect of pulsation on the near flow field of a submerged water jet, Harekrishna Yadav
and Amit Agrawal