PHN TCH HNH V HC V QUY LUT M HNH V I VI CC YU T

PHI SINH V CHC NNG TRONG TING ANH QUA T BOMB

Hunh Quang Minh
i hc Lt
1. Gii thiu
Gn y, ti c phn cng ging dy b mn Morphology and Semantics trong chng
trnh o to C nhn Anh vn ca khoa Ngoi ng trng i hc Lt. y l mt c
hi qu bu c nhn ti c n luyn v nh gi li nhng kin thc Ngn ng hc
c trang b t thi sinh vin, ng thi tm hiu thm nhng phm vi Hnh v hc v Ng
ngha hc ting Anh m t trc n gi cha c dp nghin cu.
Trong qu trnh ging dy, v l ln u tin ng lp mn hc ny nn ti gp phi
khng t vn hc ba, c bit l phn Hnh v hc (Morphology), phn v kin thc
chuyn mn cn hn ch, phn v lng v ngun ti liu tham kho c hn, phn v bn cht
b mn gn lin vi nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc c lin quan, nh m v hc (Phonology),
Ng ngha hc (Semantics), T nguyn hc (Etymology), v.v Gio trnh ti chn s dng
cho chng Hnh v hc ny l Chng 4 ca cun Language: Its Structure and Use ca tc
gi Edward Finegan (n bn 1994, trang 76116). Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh ging dy c
tham kho thm mt s ti liu khc, ch yu l OGrady et al. (2001), Fromkin et al. (1990),
Laurence (2006), v Yule (2006).
2. t vn
Mt trong nhng vn hc ba ny sinh trong chng Hnh v hc nm phn m hnh
v (Morphophonology), khi bn n nhng quy lut m hnh v (morphophonological rules)
tc ng n cc tha hnh v (allomorphs) ca cng mt hnh v (morpheme). V d nh
trng hp hnh v s biu t s nhiu i vi danh t ting Anh tn ti 3 dng tha hnh v,
ln lt l , nh trong buses (xe but [+ PLURAL]), nh trong bikes (xe p [+
PLURAL]), hay nh trong cars (xe hi [+ PLURAL]), xem thm Finegan (103109).
i xa hn, Finegan phn tch v pht biu cc quy lut m hnh v tc ng n dng tim
t (underlying form) ca t v hnh v hnh thnh dng biu t (surface form). V d nh
t photograph (chp nh), s c dng tim t l , v khi thm
hu t er [+ AGENT] vo, chng ta s c t photographer (th chp nh) c pht m
l . Nh vy, vi dng tim t nh trn, tri qua 2 quy lut bin i m l (1)
quy lut Schwa ho nguyn m v (2) quy lut m p (flap), ngi ni s pht m thnh
dng biu t (Finegan, 108). Xem thm Finegan (107109) hiu r hn
ni dung ny.
Trong phn bi tp ca chng ny, tc gi t vn tng t vi mt s t khc trong
ting Anh gi ngi c tm ra mi lin quan gia cc t, dng tim t ca t v cc
quy lut bin ho t. Mt trong nhng t c a ra l t bomb (qu bom).
3. Cn t bomb, dng tim t v cc quy lut tc ng
Khi bt tay vo phn tch t bomb v tm kim cc t lin quan, vn dn tr nn
phc tp hn. Cun Websters New World Dictionary and Thesaurus cho n 30 mc t bt
u bng bomb, cha k cc t phi sinh, nhng tiu biu cho qu trnh phn tch c th la
chn nhng t nh sau:

A
bomb (qu bom)
bomb (nh bom)
bombs [+ PLURAL]
bomber (k nh bom)
bombing [+ PRES. PART.]
bombed [+ PAST]
[+ AGENT]
INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES

B
bombard (di bom, oanh tc)
bombardier (lnh di bom)
bombast (li khoa trng)
bombastic (khoa trng)

BOUND MORPHEME

? DEVIRATIONAL SUFFIX

? DEVIRATIONAL SUFFIX

? DEVIRATIONAL SUFFIX

Qua xem xt cc v d trn, ta thy:

(1)

(2)
(3)

(4)

Cn t bomb (tm gi nh vy, v cha chc nhng t ct B c cng gc vi

nhng t ct A) trong tt c cc trng hp u c pht m l , d
c nhn hay khng nhn; nh vy vn khng nm nguyn m v cc
quy lut tc ng (nu c) khng lm thay i nguyn m;
m /b/ tn cng trong cn t bomb khng c pht m trong cc t nhm A
, v c pht m trong cc t nhm B ;
Gc bomb cc t trong ct A u c nhn, trong khi ch c t bombast
trong ct B c nhn chnh (primary stress), nhng m tit cn li trong
bombast cng ng thi c nhn ph (secondary stress);
Cc ph t thm vo bomb trong ct A u khng lm thay i cu trc trng
m ca t, trong khi phn thm vo ct B u c tc dng lm thay i cu trc
trng m ca t (stress shift).

Vy nu cho rng tt c cc t A v B u c phi sinh t mt cn t chung l

bomb, chng ta c th xc nh dng tim t ca bomb l v khi qut quy lut
m hnh v tc ng n dng tim t , da vo (1), (2) v (3), nh sau:
? / stressed
?(m trong c lc b i khi nm trong m tit c nhn).
vi trng hp bombast l ngoi l. (GI THIT 1)1 2
Suy rng ra, vi nhng trng hp khc nh climb, iamb v iambic, crumb v crumble,
c th pht biu quy lut nh sau:
*/b/ / ___m# [+ STRESS]
*Delete /b/ when it follows /m/ at the end of a stressed syllable.
1

Laurence (2006) gi cc t lin quan n cn t bomb nh sau:

bomb
bombed
bombastic
{pres. part.}
{past tense}

bombing
bombard
bombardier
{noun suffix}
{plural}

bombs
bomber
{verb suffix}
{noun suffix}
{adjective suffix}

Tuy nhin phi nhn thy rng lp lun trn c mt vi im khng chnh xc, v (1) trong ting Anh
khng ng vai tr l hu t phi sinh ng t (verb derivational suffix) nh c trnh by phn 4.1.; v (2)
cng trong phn 4.1., bomb trong bombastic v bomb trong bomb xut pht t hai gc Hy Lp khc nhau,
v vy khng th cn c hon ton vo bng trn khi qut quy lut.
2

V ngoi l ca cc quy lut m hnh v, xem OGrady et al. (167): [...] a frequent feature of
morphophonemic rules: they often have exceptions. In this, they contrast with allophonic rules, which apply
very generally. (Cc quy lut m hnh v c c im khc vi cc quy lut m v l chng thng c ngoi l).

*(B m /b/ khi n theo sau m /m/ cui mt m tit c nhn).

Tuy vy, c th d dng nhn thy quy tc ny khng ng vi nhng trng hp
amber , lambent , clamber , hay iambic .
T c th gi nh rng khng c quy lut thun m v khi qut cho cc trng hp trn,
m phi phi hp vi cc cn c phn tch hnh v3.
Cng vi cc trng hp tng t nh vy, Fromkin v cc cng s khi qut ho quy
lut trn thnh quy lut b m (deletion rule) nh sau:
*Delete a word-final when it occurs after an .
*(B m cui t nu theo sau m ).
(Fromkin et al., 146).

Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny chng ta li d dng nhn thy quy lut a ra khng
ng, v vi cc trng hp bomber, bombing, bombed, hay bombs chng hn, m /b/ khng
h ng cui t nhng vn b lc b. Nh vy, chng ta th thay i quy lut nh sau:
?Delete a free-morpheme-final /b/ when it occurs after an /m/.
?(B m /b/ cui mt hnh v n lp nu theo sau m /m/).
Khi ny iu kin cn thit minh chng quy lut ny l (1) cn t bomb trong nhng
trng hp so snh gia A v B phi cng mt gc, v (2) cn t bomb trong ct A l hnh
v n lp (free morpheme), cn bomb trong ct B khng l hnh v hoc l hnh v ph
thuc (bound morpheme). (GI THIT 2)
i vi quy lut ny, thot u c th d dng bc b nu xt trng hp iamb
(nhp th) v tnh t iambic , nhng y li l trng hp c bit khi
cn c ngun gc ca t. Xut hin t gia th k 19, iamb l t c Anh ho t
nguyn gc Hy Lp iambos (xem Online Etymology Dictionary). Nh vy hnh v gc ca
iamb phi l iambus , vi m l mt phn c nh ca hnh v. Trng hp
m b mt trong iamb l mt trng hp phi sinh ngc hon ton so vi nhng g
chng ta ang kho st y (xem 5.).
ng thi, nu xt thm yu t (4) v lp lun nh vi GI THIT 1 (xem 4.1.), chng ta
s i n kt lun rng cc ph t trong ct A lm thay i dng tim t v chng
n khng c chc nng lm thay i cu trc trng m, trong khi iu ngc li s ng vi
cc ph t trong ct B, t c th pht biu quy lut nh sau:
?/b/ / ___m# (fm.) + {(bm.) [ SHIFT]}
?Delete /b/ when it follows /m/ at the end of a free morpheme and when followed by a
bound morpheme not causing stress shift.
?B m /b/ khi n theo sau m /m/ trong mt hnh v n lp hoc c theo sau bi mt
hnh v ph thuc khng lm thay i trng m.
Quy lut ny ng vi tt c cc trng hp ni trn, nhng c th tm phn chng
hoc i su phn tch tng loi hnh hnh v lm chnh xc hn quy lut. (GI THIT 3)
4. Kim chng cc gi thit
4.1. Kim chng GI THIT 1
3

C th l lun rng m /b/ trong l ph m kt (coda) ca m tit th nht hoc ph m u

(onset) ca m tit th hai . Trong trng hp ny cn phn bit gia khi nim m tit v hnh v, v khng
nht thit phi cn c vo phn tch hnh v xc nh bin hn m tit (syllable boundaries), nh trong trng
hp ny ch c mt hnh v, nhng li c hai m tit. Cn phi cn c vo dng quy c cho php
(permissible constraints) ca cu trc m tit trong ting Anh xc nh bin hn m tit.

Nh vy, GI THIT 1 ng, cn chng minh:

(1.1) bomb trong bombard phi l mt hnh v ring bit
(1.2) hnh v bomb trong bomb v bomb trong bombard ging nhau, tc l cng
mt gc t.
(1.3) hnh v bomb trong bomb v bomb trong bombast khng ging nhau, tc l
khng cng mt gc t.
Ni khc i, vi (1.1) v (1.2) th phi chng minh trong bombard, bomb phi l mt
hnh v n lp, tc l bomb, v ard phi l mt hnh v ph thuc c nhn bit trong
ting Anh (1.4).
Vi mc ch truy nguyn t nh vy, khi tra cc t in Online Etymology Dictionary v
Websters New Word Dictionary and Thesaurus th kt qu thu c, u ging nhau, nh
sau:
bomb (n.): 1588, from Fr. bombe, from It. bomba, probably from L. bombus "a buzzing or booming
sound," from Gk. bombos "deep and hollow sound," echoic. Originally of mortar shells, etc.; modern
sense of "explosive device placed by hand or dropped from airplane" is 1909. Meaning "old car" is
from 1953. Meaning "success" is from 1954 (though late 1990s slang in the bomb "the best" is
probably a fresh formation); opposite sense of "a failure" is from 1963. The bomb "atomic bomb" is
from 1945. Bomber as a type of military aircraft is from 1917. Bombed "drunk" is from 1959.
bombard: c.1430 (n.), 1598 (v.), from Fr. bombarder, from bombarde "mortar, catapult," from bombe
(see bomb). The same word, from the same source, was used c.1393 in reference to a bassoon-like
musical instrument.
bombast (n.): 1568, "cotton padding," corrupted from earlier bombace (1553), from O.Fr. bombace
"cotton, cotton wadding," from L.L. bombacem, acc. of bombax "cotton, 'linteorum aut aliae quaevis
quisquiliae,' " a corruption and transf. use of L. bombyx "silk," from Gk. bombyx "silk, silkworm"
(which also came to mean "cotton" in Medieval Gk.), from some oriental word, perhaps related to
Iranian pambak (modern panba) or Armenian bambok, perhaps ult. from a PIE root meaning "to twist,
wind." From stuffing and padding for clothes or upholstery, meaning extended to "pompous, empty
speech" (1589). Also from the same source are Swed. bomull, Dan. bomuld "cotton," and, via Turkish
forms, Mod.Gk. mpampaki, Romanian bumbac, Serbo-Cr. pamuk. Ger. baumwolle "cotton" is probably
from the L. word but alt. by folk-etymology to look like "tree wool." Pol. bawelna, Lith. bovelna are
partial transls. from Ger.
(Online Etymology Dictionary)
bomb [[Fr bombe < It bomba; prob. < L bombus, a buzzing < Gr bombos, deep and hollow sound: orig.
echoic]]
bombard [[Fr bombarder < bombarde, mortar < bombe, BOMB]]
bombast [[ME, cotton padding < OFr bombace < ML bombax, cotton < bambax, cotton (with form
infl. by L bombyx, silk, silkworm < Gr) < LGr < Gr pambax < Pers pambak, cotton]]
(Websters New World Dictionary and Thesaurus).

Vi hai ngun thng tin t nguyn ni trn, c th khng nh rng cn t bomb trong
bomb v trong bombard chnh l mt, v u xut pht t gc Latin bombus, xa hn l
gc Hy Lp bombos, trong khi bomb trong bombast th li xut pht t gc Hy Lp
bombyx, v mang ngha khc vi bombus. y c hai t in u khng ch thch xa hn
v ngun gc chung ca bombos v bombyx, ng thi cn trnh nhn nh cm tnh, nht l
vi ngi hc Vit Nam, v khi nim bom (bomb) hay di bom (bombard) v khoa
trng (bombast) trong ting Vit u chia s mt s im chung v mt ng ngha. Thm
ch trong ting Vit cn c mt s t lng cho khoa trng c dnh dng trc tip n bom,
nh n hay qung/b bom. Qua phn tch trn c th chng minh c c (1.1), (1.2), v
(1.3).

Nhng n lc ny th li gp phi mt vng mc khc, l vai tr ca ard trong

bombard. Nh phn tch t nguyn trnh by pha trn, c th chc chn l bombard
c ghp t hai thnh t khc nhau l bomb v ard. Nhng y li l t c nhp khu
nguyn ai nguyn kin t ting Php, tc l khi du nhp vo ting Anh th n l mt t
thng nht v khng th phn tch hp l v r rng tng yu t hnh v ring bit. Ni cch
khc, nu xem bomb l mt hnh v n lp th phi c mt hnh v ard c nhn nhn ph
bin trong ting Anh, v trong trng hp ny l mt hu t, nh vy cc trng hp kho st
c th c t ra nh sau:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

bombard l mt hnh v n lp (free morpheme)

bombard bao gm bomb l gc (root) v ard l mt hu t phi sinh
(derivational suffix).
bombard bao gm bomb l gc (root) v ard l mt hnh v ph thuc cha xc
nh th loi (unclassified bound morpheme).

y tm thi bc b nhn nh (i) theo cch phn tch t nguyn trn4. i vi cc

trng hp cn li:
Trng hp (ii), nu xem ard l mt hu t phi sinh (derivational suffix) th phi xc
nh r vai tr phi sinh ca n, tc l liu n ng vai tr lm thay i ngha (meaning) hay
thay i t loi (word class), hay c hai. Tr tru thay, bombard trong ting Anh va l
danh t, li va l ng t, nh vy c din ra qu trnh hon chc nng (conversion, or zero
derivation). Trong khi xc nh t no c hon chc nng thnh t no i lc li l mt
vn thun cm tnh.
Khi tra cu cc t in, c hai loi t u c xp chung di mt mc, v ng t
bombard lun c xp trc danh t5. C bit c t in ch cho nh ngha bombard l
ng t6. T c th gi nh (ii-1) rng danh t bombard xut pht t ng t
bombard, hay t gc bombard y l ng t. Nh vy ard l mt ph t phi sinh
ng t t danh t bomb (cng theo cch lp lun tng t, ng t bomb phi sinh t
danh t gc bomb).
Tuy nhin, khi tra cu cc hu t phi sinh trong ting Anh th khng c hu t ard no
c chc nng phi sinh ng t7. Vy gi y ch c hai kh nng, (ii-1.1) nhn nh t gc
bombard l ng t l sai, v (iii) khng th xem ard l mt hu t phi sinh.
Vi (ii-1.1), chng ta s tip tc phn tch trong trng hp (ii-2). Cn i vi (iii), nu
nh khng xem ard l mt hu t th phi nhn nhn n nh th no, trong khi c Fromkin et
al. (1990), Finegan (1998), OGrady et al. (2001) v Yule (2006) u a ra cch phn loi
4

Vic nhn nh (i) c ng hay khng cng l mt vn nan gii i vi nhng ngi nghin cu v ging
dy Ngn ng hc, v nu xt thun Hnh v hc th phi tn trng hnh v theo ng hnh thi ca n trong mi
trng thun Anh ng. D chng ta bit c th ct bombard ra thnh hai yu t, nhng yu t ard khng
c nhn bit vai tr chc nng hay ng ngha r rng trong ting Anh. ng thi nu xt v mt t nguyn,
cng c th va chp nhn (v t bombard c du nhp trc tip t t ting Php bombarder) va bc b (v
n xut pht t gc Hy Lp bombos) nhn nh (i). y ngi phn tch cn xc nh nhn nhn vn da
trn quan im no, v nht qun vi quan im .
5

bombard. Websters New World Dictionary and Thesaurus (4th edition), Encarta 2009 English Dictionary,
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th edition).
6
7

bombard. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture.

Hnh v ard trong ting Anh ch c nhn nhn l hu t vi chc nng hnh thnh danh t v c ngha one
that carries some action, or possesses some quality, to excess (ngi c hnh ng hoc phm cht thi qu)
nh trong cc t drunkard (bm nhu), sluggard (k bing nhc) (Websters New World Dictionary and
Thesaurus).

ch c 2 chn la cho hnh v ph thuc l hnh v bin t (inflectional morpheme) v hnh v

phi sinh (derivational morpheme) nh minh ho di y:
lexical

child
old

functional

and
the

derivational

re-ness

inflectional

-s
-ed

free

morpheme

bound

(Phng theo Yule, 66)

Tuy nhin, David Laurence v Lexicon of Linguistics li gii thiu cc cch phn loi
hon ton khc. Theo Laurence (2006), cc hnh v ph thuc cn c mt dng na l t v
ph thuc (lexical bound morpheme), tc l cc yu t mang ngha ca t nhng khng tch
ring thnh mt t ring bit do mt l do c bit no . Xt v d cc t consist (bao
gm), insist (ni n), persist (khng khng) v resist (khng c) trong ting Anh, chng
ta u thy yu t chung l sist bt ngun t ting Latin sistare, l thc cu khin ca stare
(ng). Nh vy sist phi l cn t (root) ca tt c cc t trn, nhng trong ting Anh li
khng c t *sist no ng c lp mt mnh c. Do c th xem sist l mt t v ph
thuc. Cch phn loi theo Laurence c th c trnh by nh sau:
lexical

child
old

functional

and
the

lexical

-sist

free

morpheme

bound

derivational

re-ness

inflectional

-s
-ed

grammatical

(Phng theo Laurence, 23)

Theo Lexicon of Linguistics (T in Ngn ng hc), chng ta c khi nim cranberry

morpheme. y l loi hnh v ph thuc khng mang ngha v chc nng ng php, nhng
c vai tr phn bit t ny vi t khc. V d, hnh v cran trong cranberry (qu mn vit
qut) khng thuc loi no trong cc loi hnh v ph thuc ni trn, nhng n c tc dng
phn bit t cranberry vi cc t khc nh raspberry, blackberry, blueberry
Vic xc nh xem ard l lexical bound morpheme hay cranberry morpheme tu thuc
vo kh nng xc nh yu t ng ngha ca ard. Vn ny khng d dng, v nh ni,
bombard l t nhp nguyn xi t ting Php, nh vy ard phi c phn tch hnh v t
ting Php. Chng ta cng khng c nhng t nh *gunard, *cannonard hay *grenadard
i chng. Cng c th din gii mt cch cm tnh da theo ngha ting Anh ca t v
phn tch t nguyn; tuy vy cng i hi nghin cu nghim tc v cn thn. y ti mn
php (v c cn c) cho rng ard l cranberry morpheme tho mn yu cu (1.4).

Quay tr li vn hon chc nng v t loi ca bombard, tht ng ngc nhin l vn

c mt trng hp khc vi (ii-1). Nu quan st din gii t nguyn ca t bombard theo
Online Etymology Dictionary:
bombard: c.1430 (n.), 1598 (v.), from Fr. bombarder, from bombarde "mortar, catapult," from bombe
(see bomb). The same word, from the same source, was used c.1393 in reference to a bassoon-like
musical instrument.
(Online Etymology Dictionary)

chng ta s thy rng danh t bombard xut hin (1430) trc ng t (1598)8. iu c
ngha, nu ng trn quan im phn tch hnh v hc thun Anh th ng t bombard phi
l t phi sinh t danh t bombard qua qu trnh hon chc nng. Vy (ii-2) t gc l
bombard (n.) s c hnh thnh t bomb v ard. Chng ta bit rng c ph t ard
trong ting Anh thnh lp danh t, nhng l vi ngha ngi. Xem xt mt vi
trng hp danh t kt thc bng ard trong ting Anh sau:
1. sluggard
2. drunkard
3. dotard

[[AS. slug + ARD]]

[[Ger. drunk + ARD]]
[[ME. doten + ARD]]

4. montagnard

[[Fr. montagne + ARD]]

5. communard
6. coward
7. brassard

[[Fr. commune + ARD]]

[[Fr. coue + ARD]]
[[Fr. bras + ARD]]

lazy person (chng li)

one who drinks excessively (bm nhu)
foolish and doddering old person
(ngi gi lm cm)
person living in the mountainside
(ngi min ni)
person living in a commune (thn dn)
one lacking courage (k hn nht)
armor from elbow to shoulder, armband
(gip tay, bng tay)

Kho st phn tch t nguyn ca cc t cho, ta nhn thy hu t ard c th c gn

vi nhiu gc cn t khc nhau, nh gc Anglo Saxon (1.), gc Germanic (2.), gc Middle
English (3.), v gc Php (4, 5, 6, 7.), v tu thuc vo gc cn t no m ta c th xc nh
ngha ca ard. Trong cc v d 1, 2, 3., ard u c ngha l ngi mang c im ca
{CN T}. cc v d 4, 5. ard cng c ngha l ngi, nhng li lin quan vi cn t
theo ngha ngi sinh sng {CN T}, v l nhng t mn hon ton t ting Php.
Trong khi 6. coward cng c ngha l k hn nht, nhng li mang ngha hnh tng,
xut pht t t ting Php couard (mc ui gia hai chn), t gc coue (ui). Vy c th
ni ard trong trng hp ny khng mang ngha ch nh ngi. Tng t nh vy, vi v
d 7. brassard, ph tard li mang ngha bo v, bao bc (i km vi t gc Php bras
(cnh tay)). Ta cng ng thi lu l v d 7. trng c v gn ging bombard nht, v
ngha u lin quan n chin tranh v nh trn. Nhng cng khng chc hai hu t ard
trong trng hp ny l mt, v ard trong bombard khng th c ngha bo v hay che
chn g c. iu ny chng t c t nht 3 hu t ard mang ngha khc nhau, tu thuc vo
ngun gc cn t. V trng hp bombard th ard c th l mt t v ph thuc (lexical
bound morpheme) mang ngha [+ ATTACK] v [+ ARTILLERY] (xem li (ii-1), (iii))9.
4.2. Kim chng GI THIT 2
Quay v GI THIT 2 ban u, nh khng nh, nu mun quy lut ny ng th phi
chng minh:

8
9

Ti liu c nht tm thy c c t dng lin quan.

Danh mc tt c nhng t ting Anh tn cng bng ard c th c truy cp ti trang web Word Navigator,
<http://wordnavigator.com/ends-with/ard/>.

(2.1) cn t bomb trong cc t hai ct A v B phi c cng mt gc, v

(2.2) cn t bomb trong ct A l cc hnh v n lp, cn bomb trong ct B l nhng hnh
v ph thuc.
Ta d dng nhn thy quy lut ny b bc b, v nh chng minh phn 4.1., bomb
trong bomb v bomb trong bombastic khng phi cng mt gc t, v du cho c i
chng na th yu cu (2) ngay bn thn n cng tn ti mu thun vi (1). Nh vy gi
thit quy lut ny khng th c chng minh trong ting Anh.
4.3. Phn tch v pht trin GI THIT 3
Trong s cc gi thit t ra ban u th ch c GI THIT 3 l p ng y cc iu
kin minh chng ban u i vi cc trng hp c a ra.
?/b/ / ___m# (fm.) + {(bm.) [ SHIFT]}
?Delete /b/ when it follows m at the end of a free morpheme and when followed by a
bound morpheme not causing stress shift.
?B m /b/ khi n theo sau m /m/ trong mt hnh v n lp hoc c theo sau bi mt
hnh v ph thuc khng lm thay i trng m.
Tuy nhin, y ta c th kho st thm cc trng hp khc, v quy lut ny ph qut
ngoi phm vi ca bomb v cc t lin quan nh trnh by. ng thi ta cng i su vo
phn tch cc i tng cp c th i n mt quy lut pht biu c th hn.
Xem xt mt s trng hp sau10:
A

plumb (dt., dy di)

plumb (gt., d nc)

plumber (th sa ng nc)

plumbeous (ging/c ch)

plumbing [+ PRES. PART]

plumbic (c/ging ch)

DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES

B
crumb (mu, vn)
crumble (nghin/v nh)
crumby (li ti, vn vt)
BOUND MORPHEME
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIX

Ta s thy quy lut trn khng chnh xc vi cc trng hp plumbic v crumble. V

c hai t ny u c to thnh bng cch thm vo v l nhng tc nhn khng
lm thay i cu trc trng m (u gi cu trc trng m l ), hn na tt c nhng t
trong mi ct u c chung mt gc Latin plumbum (ct A) v Germanic krume (ct B). Nh
vy yu t lm thay i cu trc trng m l khng ng, hoc ng vi iu kin v
l c bit, v t cn phn tch c th c th loi tr hai trng hp ny.
Ni mt cch cm tnh, vic loi b trng hp l kh d dng, v (i) n khng phi
l mt hu t c nhn bit trong ting Anh11, (ii) phn tch t nguyn trong Websters New
World Dictionary and Thesaurus cho bit crumble c phi sinh t crumb, vi ngha
[[freq. of prec.]] (i.e. frequentative of preceding, dng ti lp ca t ng trc), vy c th
xem l mt hu t c bit thun ng m hn l mt hu t phi sinh, v v vy (iii) c

10

Ngi c c th tham kho nhiu v d khc t danh mc t tn cng bng mb ti trang web World
Navigator < http://wordnavigator.com/>
11

Cn trnh nhm ln vi , hu t phi sinh tnh t t ng t. y crumble l ng t c phi sinh

t danh t crumb.

th phng on rng c quy tc pht m c bit cho , v d ging vi nhng trng

hp n hnh v khc trong ting Anh nh humble hay stumble.
Khi tra cu ngun gc t nguyn ca crumb, ti pht hin mt iu kh th v. Theo
Online Etymology Dictionary, crumb xut pht t t ting Anh c cruma, v n khong
nm 1450 mi c thm ch b cho ging vi nhng t khc, nh dumb. ng thi t
crumble cng c xc nhn v vic pht m /b/ trong trang t in ny:
crumble: O.E. *crymelan, presumed frequentative of gecrymman "to break into crumbs," from cruma
(see crumb). The -b- is probably on analogy of Fr. words like humble, where it belongs.
crumb: O.E. cruma, from a W.Gmc. root of obscure origin. The -b- appeared c.1450, in part by
analogy with words like dumb, in part from crumble. Slang meaning "lousy person" is 1918, from
crumb, U.S. slang for "body-louse" (1863), so called from resemblance.
(Online Etymology Dictionary)

Qua cch phn tch trn c th thy cn nguyn vic pht m /b/ cng khng r rng,
khng tun theo mt nguyn tc t nguyn c nh no trong ting Anh. Vy c th khng
nh loi b trng hp .
Cn vi trng hp th sao? cng l mt hu t phi sinh nh hay , khi
thm vo t gc cng khng lm thay i cu trc trng m, nhng khi gn vo cn t li
khng lm mt i m /b/. Vy im c bit ca y l g?
Thc ra nu ch quan tm n plumb v plumbic, chng ta d b nh la, v thc ra
ic l mt hu t c chc nng lm thay i m tit i vi nhng t c t 3 m tit tr ln.
V d iamb khi thm s chuyn du nhn sang m tit gn nht, tr thnh
iambic ; tng t vi acid v acidic hay electron
v electronic . Vy c th khng nh dng tim t ca ic c
ch nng [+ SHIFT] lm thay i cu trc trng m ca t, vi iu kin t c t 3 m tit tr
ln, hay ni cch khc, lm cho m tit ngay trc n c nhn.
Websters New World Dictionary and Thesaurus gii thch t nguyn ca ic nh sau:
[[< Fr or LGr; Fr -ique < L -icus < Gr -ikos: akin to Ger -isch, OE -ig: see -y3]]
(Websters New World Dictionary and Thesaurus)

Theo cn c ny th c th nhn thy gc ic c truy nguyn theo th t ln lt t gc

Php ique, gc Latin icus v sau cng l gc Hy Lp ikos. Theo McArthur, c ba nhm
hu t chnh trong ting Anh, bao gm (1) nhm Vernacular, bao gm cc hu t trong dng
ting Anh c v cc ngn ng Germanic, (2) nhm Romance, bao gm cc hu t c ngun
gc t ting Php c v ting Latin, v (3) nhm Greek, bao gm cc hu t n t dng Tn
Latin v ting Php. c im ca cc hu t gc Latin v Greek (CLASSICAL SUFFIXES) l
chng lun lm thay i cu trc trng m ca t, cn c vo iu ta d dng nhn ra
trong bombastic v thuc nhm ny (xem McArthur12).
Nh vy, GI THIT 3 c th c pht biu theo cch khc nh sau:
/b/ / ___m# (fm.) + {NON-CLASSICAL SUFFIX}
Delete /b/ when it follows /m/ at the end of a free morpheme and when followed by a
non-classical suffix.
B m /b/ khi n theo sau m /m/ trong mt hnh v n lp hoc c theo sau bi mt
hu t phi c in.
12

V m t chi tit cc hu t ting Anh, xem thm McArthur. Suffix. Concise Oxford Companion to the
English Language. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. 6 Dec. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

hoc:
/b/ / ___m# (fm.) + {VERNACULAR SUFFIX}
Delete /b/ when it follows /m/ at the end of a free morpheme and when followed by a
vernacular suffix.
B m /b/ khi n theo sau m /m/ trong mt hnh v n lp hoc c theo sau bi mt
hu t bn ng.
5. Cc hng tip cn khc
Da trn cc hng tip cn Hnh v hc v m hnh v, chng ta a ra c cc gi
thit v minh chng v dng tim t ca bomb v cc quy lut tc ng n n. mi
gi thit c cng nhn cn da trn cc lp lun v cch gii thch khc nhau v m v,
hnh v, t nguyn, v.v
Nu xem xt vn trn mt quan im khc, nh t nguyn hc chng hn, chng ta s
tm ra mt cch l gii hon ton khc so vi nhng nhn nh trnh by trn. Khi cn c
l gii v cch pht m ca bomb s c xc nh da trn ngun gc ca t v con
ng du nhp vo ting Anh ca n; qua c th xc nh rng bomb v bombard i
vo ting Anh t hai con ng hon ton khc nhau, v c khi qut theo s sau:
(1) L. bombus
/b/

(2) Fr. bombe

/b/

(3a) E. bomb (4a) bomber, bombing, bombed

/b/ (1588)
/b/
(3b) Fr. bombarder
(4b) E. bombard
/b/
/b/ (1430, 1598)

Cng xut pht (1) t gc Latin bombus, v (2) sang ting Php tr thnh bombe vi m
/b/ c pht m, nhng (3a) khi sang n ting Anh bomb th m /b/ c lc b (ging
nhng trng hp khc), v t (4a) chng ta c nhng t khc nh bomber, bombing hay
bombed vi m /b/ c lc b hon ton.
Nhng cng xut pht (2) t bombe trong ting Php, chng ta c (3b) ng t phi sinh
bombarder, vi m /b/ c pht m (do khng chu tc ng ca quy lut m v ting Anh),
v t (4b) bombard c du nhp vo ting Anh vi c im pht m khc vi bomb,
bomber hay bombed (xem li 4.1.)
Lu rng vi cch l gii nh trn th quy lut bin i m nh Fromkin v cc cng s
a ra l ng (xem 3., Fromkin et al., 146), v nu xem bomb l t gc v bomber,
bombing, bombs hay bombed l cc bin th trc tip ca n th quy lut ny tc ng
trc tip vo bomb (3a). Tng t nh vy, chng ta cng c th khi qut ngun gc ca
cc t cp trong phn 4 nh sau:
iamb
Gr. iambos

L. iambus

Fr. iambe

E. iamb

iambic
Gr. iambikos

L. iambicus

Fr. iambique

E. iambic

crumb
? IE. *gr-eu

OE. cruma

ME. crome

E. crumb

crumble
? IE. *gr-eu

OE. cruma

OE. gecrymman

OE. crymelan (freq.)

E. crumble

(Ngun tra cu: Online Etymology Dictionary v Websters New World Dictionary and
Thesaurus)

Vic xc nh cc quy lut tc ng n vic lc b m /b/ c th tnh n nhng gi

thit nh trnh by phn 3, nhng c th thy trong cc trng hp khc rng cc cp
iamb iambic v crumb crumble u xut pht t nhng gc trc tip khc nhau,
d c chung mt gc xut x, vy vic xt cc yu t phi sinh Anh ng trong trng hp
ny l khng cn thit.
6. M rng
Qua trng hp phn tch t bomb v cc thnh t lin quan, c th thy rng vic tm
kim mt quy lut m hnh v thun tu l gii nhng hin tng bin i m th v trong
ting Anh l khng d dng. Vi cc cch phn tch v lp lun nh trnh by, chng ta c
th phn no l gii ti sao t electric trong ting Anh khi thm hu t ity vo
li c pht m l electricity, vi m bin thnh m , v khi thm
ian vo li tr thnh electrician, vi m gi y thnh m ; v cng
tng t, v sao m khng xut hin trong sign hay benign m li c
mt trong signature hay benignant . a phn ngi hc ting
Anh cng c lc thc mc ti sao trong machine , ch c pht m , nhng
trong mechanic th li c pht m . T a ra cc gi thit v dng
tim t ca cc cn t v cc quy lut tc ng chi phi dng biu t ca chng.
Cng vi cch tra cu t nguyn v phn tch hnh v c s dng trong bi ny, chng
ta cng c th a ra nhng cch l gii v hin tng ng m kh ph bin trong ting
Vit, c bit l cc yu t Hn Vit. Liu giai trong giai nhn, giai lo, giai thoi,
giai cp, giai on c phi l cng mt gc Hn Vit hay khng, hay nhiu hn? Vn
phn tch t nguyn i vi ting Vit c th l hi kh khn, v c bit hin nay cha c
mt t in t nguyn hay mt ti liu tham kho t nguyn hc c uy tn no c tin
cy cung cp y thng tin v xut x v ngun gc ca t ting Vit, v vn ho lu
tr ca ngi ng chng ta cng l mt yu t tr ngi khng nh n vic pht trin
nghin cu t nguyn hc ting Vit. Tuy nhin, y li l c mt cu chuyn khc v dnh
cho mt dp khc.
7. Kt lun
Bi vit trnh by s lc mt s hng tip cn v cch l gii cho mt kha cnh ng
m kh l th trong ting Anh. Tuy y l mt vn khng mi m v c bit hc ba g,
v c th c nhiu nghin cu a ra cc cch l gii v tip cn khc, nhng qua bi vit
ny cng c th thy rng vic a ra mt l gii hp l ch da trn cc quy lut m hnh v
l khng hon ton xc ng, m phi s dng cc yu t t nguyn h tr cho lp lun
ca mnh.
Bi vit th hin mt gc nhn cn hn hp v cha bao qut ca ngi vit v Hnh v
hc v cc quy lut m hnh v. Li phn tch cn lun qun, i ch trnh by gi thit v
ph nh gi thit l khng tht s cn thit. Tuy nhin, c nhn ti mun trnh by c th tt
c nhng phng n gi thit m ti ngh n v tng bc kim chng ngi c c
mt ci nhn chi tit hn v nhng lp lun c loi tr ch khng c dn dt ngay n
kt lun, ng thi qua chia s ngi c cng c th hnh dung v cc bc t duy ca
ngi vit v vn c nu. Do kin thc chuyn mn v ngun ti liu tham kho cn
hn ch nn ngi vit khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, sai lm v nhn nh ch quan
trong bi vit ny. Knh mong nhn c s ch gio, gp chn thnh t pha cc chuyn
gia v bn c cng quan tm.

TI LIU THAM KHO

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