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267
I. INTRODUCTION
Transient voltage is a common disturbance that is caused by
capacitor switching, lightning and generated by some power
electronic device when they are switched on. Utility
capacitor switching events can have negative impacts on
power quality, such as tripping of drives, halting of
production processes, high over-voltage on a transformer,
excite circuit resonance, creating transient voltage
magnification in the secondary network and problems with
sensitive electronic equipment at customer facilities.
In recent years, many efforts have been made to
monitoring point.
ILIMPULSIVE TRANSIENT
An impulsive transient is a sudden change in the
steady state condition of voltage, current or both, that is
unidirectional in polarity, either positive or negative [7]. It is
damped quickly by the resistive components in a circuit and
normally do not propagate far from its source. The most
common cause of impulsive transient is lightning. When a
lightning stroke hits a transmission line, an impulsive
overvoltage is induced [8].
A typical lightning waveform exhibits a 0.2 to 1.5 tS
(tail time) duration and persists to 50 to 200 tS (rise time).
The current at the strike point can be described by the
Io
n
(tI/'l )
(tIl'r)m +1
where,
(-t/1)
(1)
268
The lightning-induced voltage wave can be described
mathematically as the difference of two exponential
functions [12]:
e(t) = E (e W(2)
where,
Ep peak induced voltage
cx associate with tail time, tt (typically 1.2g5)
D associate with rise time, t, (typically 50g5)
e-ft)
E/O
IA
MA
/1IS
(6)
E(t) =P(t)dt
(7)
~~mB
UG
VA =IAZA
VB =IBZB
(4)
IA =-IB
(5)
(3)
(8)
where,
From Fig. 1, at the monitoring point MB a positive
transient current direction is assumed flowing from the point
of lightning stroke, X towards the impedance ZB. Taking the
voltage measurement at MB as a reference and assuming
that the phase angles of voltage and current can be measured
at this point, the real power can be calculated using equation
(6). The integral of the real power from the beginning to the
Time (S)
Time (S)
269
In a single-phase system, the instantaneous amplitude
and phase values of a filtered voltage and current, VW and
(10)
(1 1)
(12)
Gen 1
t) )
(13)
point.
iii. Filter the voltage and current at the fundamental
frequency.
iv. Transform the instantaneous data to its real and
imaginary parts using the complex wavelet, 'cgau8'.
v. Calculate the active complex wavelet power and its
complex wavelet energy using equations (1 1) and (13),
respectively.
vi. Graphically plot coordinates of power and energy
against time for a period of transient disturbance.
vii. Check the polarity of the initial peak complex wavelet
power and also the gradient of the complex wavelet
energy. If the initial peak complex wavelet power is
positive and the gradient of complex wavelet energy is
positive, the transient source is upstream or behind the
monitoring point. On the other hand, if the initial peak
complex wavelet power is negative and the gradient of
complex wavelet energy is negative, the transient source
is downstream or in front of the monitoring point.
270
a)
0K
TABLE 1: LIGHTNING
Disturbance location
Upstream
Downstream
a)
b)
07x10
0X
0727 072
074
07
072
73
D.
S507
32
74
Time (S)
C)
LD
0-74
076
12
072<4 072 072 0,720,723Tq< 0,T29 0,73 0,731 0.732 0.733 0i T34
c)
724 10-725 0-7:26 0-727 0- 728 0-7291 1373 0- 731 0-732 0-733 0-73;44
Time (S)
[1]
073
Timne (S}
xRO~~~~T
24 0722< 02 1727 0
.71
b)
Monitoring point
M4, M5, M6
PCC, M1,M3
0-71
271
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
N Hamzah (Member 2003) received her BEng. (Hon) and MSc. (Power
System), from University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology in
1988 and University of Malaya, Malaysia in 1993 respectively. Her
research interests are in power quality, artificial intelligence and power
electronic studies. She is currently at Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
UiTM, Malaysia. She can be reached at n
A Mohamed (Senior Member 2003) received her BSc.Eng. From King's
College, University of London in 1978 and MSc. and PhD (Power
System), from University of Malaya, Malaysia in 1988 and 1995,
respectively. She is currently a professor at Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia. Her current research interests are in power
quality and other power system studies. She can be reached at