Angles: Syllabus Outcomes

CM7 Chapter 13_final
9/4/03
12:23 PM
Page 381
Angles
Syllabus outcomes
SGS4.2 Identifies and names angles formed by the intersection of straight lines, including those
related to transversals on sets of parallel lines, and makes use of the relationship between them
WMS4.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to content
WMS4.2 Analyses a mathematical or real-life situation, solving problems using technology
where appropriate
WMS4.3 Uses mathematical terminology and notation, algebraic symbols, diagrams, text and
tables to communicate mathematical ideas
WMS4.4 Identifies relationships and the strengths and weaknesses of different strategies and
solutions, giving reasons
WMS4.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations about,
existing knowledge and understanding in relation to content
In this chapter you will learn to:

ndefine an angle and recognise straight angles, right angles and complete revolutions
nestimate angle sizes and check estimates using a protractor
nrecognise different types of angles (acute, obtuse and reflex)
nname angles
nrecognise complementary angles and angles at a point
nrecognise vertically opposite angles
nrecognise angles formed by a transversal (corresponding, alternate and
cointerior angles)
nfind the unknown angle in a diagram using angle results and giving reasons
napply tests for parallel lines
nsolve problems involving the angle sum of a triangle
nconstruct triangles
nrecognise different types of triangles (acute-angled, right-angled, obtuse-angled,
scalene, isosceles and equilateral) and recognise that a given triangle may belong to
more that one class
napply geometrical facts, properties and relationships to solve numerical problems
9/4/03
12:23 PM
Page 382
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
The Leaning Tower of Pisa

Late in 1998, work was begun again on
the Leaning Tower of Pisa to stop it
tilting more. The 12th century tower was
straightened by half a degree, just
enough to stabilise it! It was straightened
by 40.6 cm, leaving it leaning just 4 m off
the perpendicular. Entry to the tower was
banned in 1990 for fear it might collapse.
On 15 December 2001, the tower
reopened. Only 30 visitors at a time are
allowed to climb the 293 well-worn
marble steps to the top.
1
The tower leans 52 off the vertical,

which makes the top 4.5 m off-centre
from the bottom. The 60 m, 8-storey
marble tower was built on a shifting
sandy and clay subsoil. It started to lean
soon after it was built. It has been
suggested that Galileo, the 16th century
scientist, used its tilt to do experiments
on gravity.
Over 750 tonnes of lead have also been
put on the northern side of the towers
base to stop it sinking. Computers from
inside monitor every small change.
p Find out about the gravitation
experiments that Galileo did. Can you
confirm that some were done at the
Tower of Pisa?
p You can find out more about the
Tower of Pisa by visiting the website
http://torre.duomo.pisa.it.
382
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 383
Angles
An angle is formed when 2 straight lines meet at a point. This point
is called the vertex of the angle.
line 2
The size of an angle is the amount of turning about the vertex

needed to bring line 1 on top of line 2.
line 1
vertex
Measuring angles
The measurement of angles is based on a circle divided into 360
equal parts called degrees. So a degree is a unit of measurement
for turning. The symbol for degrees is . We say that in a circle
there are 360.
90
180
0/360
270
Special angles
If a line is turned so that it ends up in its starting position, it has
turned a complete revolution.
A complete revolution measures 360.
If a line is turned for half a revolution, a straight angle is formed.
A straight angle measures 180.
If a line is turned for a quarter of a revolution, a right angle

is formed.
A right angle measures 90.
Using a protractor
A protractor is an instrument
used to measure the size of an
angle (in degrees).
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
383
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 384
Example
Make sure the vertex
of the angle is in the
correct position on
the protractor.
Use a protractor to measure the angles shown.
Step 1 Put the centre of the protractor on the vertex of the angle. Make sure that
the 0/180 line lies over one of the lines that makes the angle.
40
0
14
30
0
15
20
10
10
170 180
10 2
0
40
14
30
50
70 180
60 1
01
01
30
30
15
12
0 90 80 7
0
10 10
60
0 1
12
15
20
10 2
0
80 90 100 11
0
40
30
60
01
15
40
180 170 1
60
13
70
50
50
60
14
60
13
14
13
100 90 80 70
110
12
80 90 100 11
01
20
180 170 1
60
50
70
60
Step 2 Always start from the zero that lies on top of one of the lines of the angle.
So in this case we use the inside scale. Read the measurement showing
on the other line of the angle.
the angle on the left is 70 and that on the right is 130.
E x e r c i s e 13A
1
ANGLES
Without measuring, choose the best estimate (A, B, or C):

a
b
A 20
B 160
C 200
A 20
B 200
C 160
A 90
B 70
C 105
B 180
C 135
M A T H S
A 160
B 20
C 200
A 85
B 270
C 95
A 70
B 110
C 250
A 75
B 60
C 105
A 45
384
A 330
B 30
C 360
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 385
Use a protractor to measure each angle. Give each answer correct to the nearest degree.
a
f
e
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
385
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 386
Use only a ruler and a pencil to draw angles you estimate to be:
a 30
b 60
c 90
d 45
f 135
g 120
h 40
i 80
k 170
l 10
m 100
n 140
e 270
j 150
o 50
Check each angle by measurement with your protractor.
Angles in practice
In 1794 Claude Chappe set up over 240 km of semaphore stations to link Paris with the
French Revolutionary Army on the Belgian frontier. This system of signalling messages with
flags is still used at sea.
A
p Which letters show angles of 180? 90?
Many 4-wheel drives have instruments

called inclinometers fitted. An
inclinometer will tilt to show the
side-to-side angle or front-to-rear angle
of the vehicle.
40
30
20
10
5
15
25
35
Side tilt of 15
386
M A T H S
40
30
20
10
5
15
25
35
15
25
35
40
30
20
10
40
30
20
10
45
40
30
20
10
5
15
25
35
45
45
40
30
20
10
40
30
20
10
45
Find out how an inclinometer

could be used by:
p a pilot
p a geologist
p a builder
40
30
20
10
Front-to-rear tilt of 20
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 387
Types of angles
An acute angle is less than 90.
90
90
An obtuse angle lies between 90 and 180.

A reflex angle
lies between
180 and 360.
180
180
360
180
360
E x e r c i s e 13B
1
TYPES OF ANGLES
In your exercise book, draw:

a a right angle
b an acute angle
d a straight angle
e a reflex angle
c
f
Match each angle with its correct name:

A acute angle
B right angle
D straight angle
E reflex angle
C obtuse angle
F revolution
an obtuse angle
a complete revolution
State the type of angle formed by the minute and hour hand
(acute, right, obtuse, straight or revolution) at each time:
a 6:05 am
b 9 oclock
c 6 oclock
d 5 to 2
e 20 past 5
f 7:55 pm
g 5 to 7
h 12 oclock
i 11 oclock
j a quarter past two k half-past ten
l a quarter to one
C H A P T E R
11 12 1
10
2
9
3
8
4
7
6 5
1 3
A N G L E S
387
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 388
Class discussion
Spread your index finger and your thumb to form an angle.
a Is the angle formed acute, right or obtuse?
b Draw this angle on a piece of paper and measure it with a protractor.
c Is there any difference when you use your other hand?
d Between which fingers can you make an obtuse angle?
Recom
Types of angles
State whether each angle is:
A an acute angle
B a right angle
D a straight angle
E a reflex angle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
47
154
253
360
90
300
127
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
180
112
6
54
194
270
352
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
C an obtuse angle
F a complete revolution
87
92
200
172
39
90
260
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
129
46
146
246
112
180
227
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
164
83
209
122
30
303
120
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
60
45
315
15
325
106
181
Naming angles
AB and BC are the arms of the angle. B is the vertex of the angle.
The angle can be named ABC or CBA, as long as the vertex B is the
middle letter. If there is no danger of confusion, the angle could also be
named B.
Adjacent angles
S
M
In the diagram, RSM and TSM are

adjacent angles. SM is the common arm.
vertex
Adjacent
means next to.
Think of
adjacent rooms.
Name the marked angle.

One way to name this
angle is DBE.
C
E
Example
388
arm
Angles on opposite sides of a common

arm are called adjacent angles.
CD-ROM
M A T H S
n
me ded
t i me
S P E E D S K I L L S 13.1
Other possible
names/notations
D
are EBD, EB
E.
and DB
arm
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 389
E x e r c i s e 13C
1
NAMING ANGLES
Choose the correct names for each angle:

a
b D
c P
A LMN B MLN C NML

d K
A DEF
e
B DFE
C EFD
Q
T
B TVK
C KTV
A NAT
C PRQ
B RQP
A VTK
A PQR
B ATN
C NTA
A BQT
Name a pair of adjacent angles that have as their common arm:

a OA
b OB
c OC
d OE
B TQB
C NTQ
F
O
E
B
C
B
D
Estimate the size of each angle named below.

Use your protractor to measure each angle to the nearest degree.
a AOB
b BOC
c COD
d AOC
e BOD
f AOD
i
ii
Name a pair of adjacent angles in question 3 that have as a common arm:

a OB
b OD
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
389
30
40
60
0 90 80 7
0
10 10
60
0 1
12
50
40
14
60
01
15
10
30
14
80 90 100 11
01
70
20
13
20
10
20
Name the common arm that has

adjacent angles of:
a 45 and 35
b 10 and 38
170 180
Page 390
13
12:24 PM
180 170 1
60
15
0
9/4/03
50
H
F
Recom
Operations with whole numbers
n
me ded
Find:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
30
10
60
70
80
25
15
60
40
50
30
50
60
30
50
90
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
10
20
80
50
30
70
15
45
180 20
180 50
180 60
180 100
180 90
180 25
180 170
180 8
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
360 100
360 50
360 20
360 180
360 200
360 150
360 90
360 110
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
50 150
60 180
120 200
90 25
180 130
360 120
80 75
180 115
Complementary angles, supplementary

angles and angles at a point
Complementary angles are a pair of angles whose sum is 90.
ABD DBC 90
ABD and DBC are

complementary angles.
Adjacent
supplementary angles
form a straight line.
C
Supplementary angles are a pair of angles whose sum is 180.
XYW WYZ 180

XYW and WYZ are supplementary angles.
390
M A T H S
t i me
S P E E D S K I L L S 13.2
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 391
The sum of all the angles made by straight lines

meeting at a point is 360.
b
c
This result follows from the fact that a complete revolution is 360.
In the diagram, a b c d 360.
360
Examples
1
This question is asking

What angle plus 57
equals 90?
What is the complement of 57?

A pair of complementary angles add to 90.
So to find the other angle, subtract 57 from 90.
CD-ROM
Complement of 57 90 57
33
the complement of 57 is 33.
2
What is the supplement of 57?

A straight line is an
angle of 180.
A pair of supplementary angles add to 180.

To find the other angle, subtract 57 from 180.
Supplement of 57 180 57
123
the supplement of 57 is 123.
3
Find the value of x.
40
The 3 angles form a straight angle.

Since a straight angle measures 180:
60
40 x 60 180
x 100 180
x 80
E x e r c i s e 13D
1
COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES, SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES AND ANGLES AT A POINT

A
a Use a protractor to measure each angle
correct to the nearest degree:

i
ABC
ii CBD
iii ABD
b Name a pair of complementary angles.
B
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
391
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 392
a Use a protractor to measure the following angles:
EGF
FGH
iii EGH
b What is the sum of EGF and FGH ?
c Name a pair of supplementary angles.
i
ii
Is it possible to construct this diagram accurately to

show 2 angles forming a straight angle? Give reasons
for your answer.
40
150
B
D
H
a
b
c
d
a Using a ruler and protractor, carefully copy this diagram,
In your book draw 2 angles that form a straight angle.

Use a protractor to measure each angle.
What is the sum of these angles?
Are these angles supplementary?
which shows 4 angles about point P.
70
b Use the fact that the sum of the angles at point P is 360 to
find the value of x.

c Use your protractor to find the value of x.
40
130 P
x
Is it possible to draw this diagram accurately to show 4 angles

about point Q ? Give reasons for your answer.
80 80
80 Q
160
a Draw any 4 lines meeting at a point on your page.

b Use a protractor to measure each angle.
c What is the sum of these angles?
State the complement of each angle:

a 30
b 40
e 89
f 27
c 70
g 68
d 55
h 34
State the supplement of each angle:

a 30
b 40
e 170
f 90
c 50
g 10
d 100
h 123
392
M A T H S
10
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 393
Find the value of each pronumeral. Give reasons.

a
25
a
130
290
j
c
h
45
50
k
40
40
80
2n
70
t
65
q
40
80
100
40
50
74
60
50
t
2w
x
x
a
a
The pentagram
This pentagram (5-pointed star) is drawn
in a circle. Each of its angles is 36 and a
regular pentagon is formed in the centre.
36
36
36
The 5 diagonals cross at the centre point.

p What is the size of an angle at this point? Why is it so?
p Can you sketch a pentagram without taking your
pencil off the paper or backtracking?
36
C H A P T E R
1 3
36
A N G L E S
393
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 394
Vertically opposite angles

Vertically opposite angles are formed when 2 straight lines intersect.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
RSU VST and RSV UST
These are 2 pairs of vertically opposite angles.

Check that this is correct using a protractor.
Examples
CD-ROM
Find the values of a, b and c.

a 140
(supplementary angle with 40)
b 40
(vertically opposite angle)
ca
a
c
40
c 140
2
3p is
3 lots of p.
Find the value of p.

3p 126
126
p 42
3p
E x e r c i s e 13E
V E R T I C A L LY O P P O S I T E A N G L E S
Find the value of each variable. Give reasons.

1
60
135
110
m
146
x
70
10
2y
30
11
12
50
u
64
2y
x
50
130
4v
166
n
k
394
M A T H S
13
9/4/03
12:24 PM
d
e
14
74
15
17
2x
103
16
c
b
120
Page 395
18
2m
n
19
3t
20
3p
2k
2p
2p
2k
2k
3p
2k
Angles formed by a transversal

A straight line that cuts 2 other straight lines is called
a transversal.
M
A
In the diagram, the lines AB and CD are cut by the

transversal MN.
B
D
When 2 straight lines are cut by the transversal, special pairs

of angles are formed.
C
N
In each of the following diagrams, the lines AB and CD are cut by the transversal MN.
Alternate angles
Alternate angles lie between the 2 lines and on opposite sides of

the transversal.
One pair of alternate angles is marked. Where is another pair of
alternate angles?
B
x
A
C
D
N
Corresponding angles
Corresponding angles are so named because they correspond in

position. They lie either both above or both below the lines and
on the same side of the transversal.
One pair of corresponding angles is marked. Can you find
another 3 pairs of corresponding angles?
x
A
y
C
N
Cointerior angles
Cointerior angles are so named because they lie on the same

side of the transversal (co-) and inside the lines (-interior).
One pair of cointerior angles is marked in this diagram. Where
is the other pair?
A
x
C
B
D
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
395
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 396
Example
What type of angles are shown?
x and y are corresponding angles.

y
E x e r c i s e 13F
1
ANGLES FORMED BY A TRANSVERSAL
Name the pair of angles marked as A alternate, B corresponding or C cointerior.

a
d
x
x
y
x
y
l
x
x
y
From this diagram, name:

a the transversal
b both pairs of alternate angles
c 4 pairs of corresponding angles
d both pairs of cointerior angles
M A T H S
396
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 397
Parallel lines
You have heard of the imaginary lines
called parallels of latitude that encircle
Earth. What are they used for? What is the
main one?
p Think about some places and objects
that show parallel lines. Write down
some examples.
These 2 designs have many sets of parallel
lineshorizontal, vertical and oblique.
In the Olympics, parallel bars are used for
men and women. The spectacular event on
the bars combines balance, style, strength
and dexterity. There are both compulsory
and optional moves. If the gymnast falls,
the routine can still be continued, if he or
she resumes within 30 seconds.
Straight lines are parallel if they lie on

the same surface and never meet. They are
always the same distance apart.
PQ is parallel to RS. This can be written as

PQ RS. The lines PQ and RS are always the same
distance apart.
P
Arrowheads are used to show that lines are parallel.
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
397
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 398
Angles and parallel lines
transversal
When a transversal cuts parallel lines, the angles

formed have special properties.
Angle investigation
Equipment needed: protractor.
1
Alternate angles
PBC and BCS are a pair of alternate angles.
QBC and BCR are a pair of alternate angles.
a Measure PBC and BCS.
b Measure QBC and BCR.
c Complete: Pairs of alternate angles between
Corresponding angles
PBA and RCB are a pair of corresponding angles.
PBC and RCD are a pair of corresponding angles.
parallel lines:
A are equal
B are not equal
C add up to 180
A
B
Cointerior angles
PBC and BCR are a pair of cointerior angles.
parallel lines:
A add up to 180
B do not add up to 180
C are equal
M A T H S
a Name another pair of cointerior angles.

b Measure the 2 pairs of cointerior angles.
c Complete: Pairs of cointerior angles between
398
S
C
a Name 2 more pairs of corresponding angles.

b Measure the 4 pairs of corresponding angles.
c Complete: Pairs of corresponding angles on
parallel lines:
A are equal
B are not equal
C add up to 180
2
A
B
S
C
D
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 399
Summary of parallel line properties
If 2 parallel lines are cut by a transversal:

Remember these
results!
p Alternate angles are equal.

p Corresponding angles are equal.
p Cointerior angles add up to 180
(i.e. cointerior angles are supplementary).
70
110
Examples
1

x 130 (Corresponding angles on
parallel lines are equal.)
130
Corresponding
angles on parallel
lines are equal.
Find the values of x and y.

x 40
(Corresponding angles
on parallel lines are equal.)
y
40
y 140 (x and y are cointerior angles

between parallel lines.)
In geometry it is often possible to get the same answer

using different approaches.
Always give
reasons.
For example, this solution is also correct:

y 140 (A straight angle equals 180.)
x 40
(x and y are cointerior angles between parallel lines.)
E x e r c i s e 13G
1
PA R A L L E L L I N E S
Name the angle that is:

a cointerior to angle b
c corresponding to angle a
e corresponding to angle f
g corresponding to angle h
b
d
f
h
Name the angle that is:

a alternate to CBE
c cointerior to FEB
e alternate to ABE
b corresponding to HBA
d corresponding to DEI
f corresponding to BEF
alternate to angle b
alternate to angle e
alternate to angle h
cointerior to angle h
a b
c
d
C H A P T E R
e
h
f
g
H
C
F
1 3
A N G L E S
399
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 400
Copy each sketch and mark the pairs of angles indicated. One angle is marked for you.
Write the label under each sketch.
a
cointerior
alternate
alternate
cointerior
corresponding
alternate
corresponding
corresponding
Find the value of each variable. Give brief reasons.

a
d
65
84
40
110
f
100
110
58
x
75
70
55
85
Work out the value of each variable. Give reasons. (There may be more than one way to
do this.)
a
d
c
a
70
115
120
400
M A T H S
130
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 401
a
b
y
65
a
c
p
n j
m k
130
125
t
b
60
m
p
d
f
k
55
d
112
76
140
i
58
h e
2t
g f
70
d a
c b
Illusions
These optical illusions are based
on lines that do not seem to be
parallel. Are they? How could you
test this?
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
401
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 402
Tests for parallel lines

The parallel line properties can be

used to find whether lines are parallel
or not parallel. Two lines that are cut
by a transversal are parallel if:
p alternate angles are equal or
p corresponding angles are equal or
p cointerior angles add up to 180,
that is, are supplementary
If none of the above are true, the
2 lines are not parallel.
Example
Are the lines AB and CD parallel?
Do not be tricked by
the diagram!
A
54
56
The angles marked are alternate. As they are not equal,

the lines AB and CD are not parallel.
E x e r c i s e 13H
1
T E S T S F O R PA R A L L E L L I N E S
State whether each pair of lines are A parallel or B not parallel. Give reasons.
a
91
65
110
45
g
68
135
89
115
110
70
h
87
85
87
402
M A T H S
85
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 403
72
64
120
72
40
40
110
60
112
80
100
104
78
104
60
Name all pairs of parallel lines in these diagrams. Give reasons.

A
70
110
c U
30
30 30
70
E
115
60
115
C
Y
Z
65
Given that x 60, state why AB CD.

A
C
x
2x
Triangles
The words tripod, triplets, triad, tricycle, trimaran and
triathlon all start with tri, meaning three. A triangle has
3 straight sides and 3 angles.
When naming plane (flat) shapes such as triangles,
you can write the vertices in either clockwise or
anticlockwise order. This diagram shows triangle ABC.
This is often written as ABC.
The triangle could

be named BCA or
CAB.
B
A
p What is the triangles name if written in

anticlockwise order?
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
403
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 404
L
Triangles and circles

p
p
p
p
p
Are the sides of LMN straight?

Measure LM, MN and NL. What do you find?
What other things can you discover about LMN ?
Are the circles important?
Using instruments, how could you copy this diagram?
E x e r c i s e 13I
TRIANGLES
Equipment needed: protractor, ruler, scissors, scrap paper.

1
Use a protractor to measure the angles in the triangles and then find the angle sum of
each triangle:
a
In ABC:
A B C
total
In XYZ:
X Y Z
total
d
E
In EFG:
E F G
total
2
404
In KMN:
N
K M N
total
a Draw any triangle on your page and measure each angle. What is the sum of the angles?
b Compare your answer with other students answers. Is the answer always the same?
M A T H S
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 405
a On a piece of paper, draw any triangle.
Put these markings on it.

b Cut it out. Cut along the broken lines.
c Rearrange the pieces so that the
3 angles are together.
4
Copy and complete:

a Angles a, b and c form a angle.
b Therefore a b c
c So the angle sum of any triangle
The angle sum of a triangle

a b c 180
The angle sum of a triangle is 180.
Examples
1

x 65 75 180 (angle sum of a triangle 180)
x 140 180
x 40
In ABC, A 56 and C 71.

Sketch the triangle and then work
out the size of B.
75
B 180 56 71
B 53
The largest angle

is opposite the
longest side.
A

5x 42 38 180
5x 80 180
5x 100
x 20
CD-ROM
65
56
71
5x
42
The triangle does not

have to be drawn
accurately.
38
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
405
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 406
E x e r c i s e 13J
1
THE ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE

Note: The triangles are not drawn accurately, so you cannot use a protractor.
a
d
y
40
x
50
70
30
110
72
76
44
49
20
68
46
m
30
10
61
55
25
112
45
40
406
69
60
80
40
131
2x
2x
Sketch each triangle and write in the details. Then find the size of the unknown angle.
a In ABC, A 36 and B 54. What is the size of C ?
b In XYZ, Y 125 and Z 42. Find the size of X.
c In PQR, P 75 and Q 67. What is the size of R ?
d In ABC, ABC 38 and ACB 70. Find the size of BAC.
e In LMN, MLN 120 and MNL 44. What is the size of NML?
f In XYZ, XZY 39 and XYZ 39. Find the size of ZXY.
g In ADE, AED 135 and DAE 37. Find the size of ADE.
h In XYZ, XYZ 9 and XZY 16. What is the size of YXZ ?
i In MNO, MNO and MON are both 46. Find the size of NMO.
j In RST, RTS and RST are the same size. If SRT 70, what is the size
of RST ?
k In LMN, NML is twice as big as MNL. Find the size of MLN, given that
NML is 38.
M A T H S
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 407
Constructing triangles
With all construction work, use a sharp pencil and be as accurate as possible. Label sides
and angles. It is useful to do a small quick sketch first, before doing the construction. This is
usually called a thumbnail sketch.
Examples
1
Construct a triangle with sides

3 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm.
3 cm
4 cm
6 cm
Step 1 Draw a line 6 cm long.

(It is usually a good idea
to draw the longest
side first.)
Step 2 Open your pair of

compasses to 3 cm. Draw
an arc with the centre on
one end of the 6 cm line.
CD-ROM
6 cm
3 cm
6 cm
Step 3 Open your pair of

compasses to 4 cm.
With the centre on
the other end of the
6 cm line, draw an
arc crossing the first
arc. The point of
intersection is the
third vertex.
compass
point
4 cm
6 cm
compass
point
Step 4 Join the sides of the

triangle and label the
lengths of the sides.
Note:
p At this stage you should use a
ruler to check that each side is
the correct length.
p The triangle could have been
drawn with the 3 cm and 4 cm
sides in the reverse order.
3 cm
4 cm
6 cm
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
407
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 408
Construct a triangle with sides

7 cm and 3 cm and the angle
between them 50.
3 cm
50
7 cm
Step 1 Draw a line 7 cm long

(i.e. the longest side first).
Step 2 Using a protractor and

a ruler, draw a line at
an angle of 50 from
one end of the 7 cm
line. Then mark off a
point 3 cm along
this line.
Step 3 Join this point to the

other end of the base
line. Label the triangle
with the given details.
7 cm
3 cm
50
7 cm
3 cm
50
7 cm
Construct a triangle with one side

6 cm and angles of 60 and 35 at the
ends of this side.
60
35
6 cm
Step 1 Draw a line 6 cm long.

Step 2 Using a protractor and a
ruler, draw lines at angles
of 60 and 35 at opposite
ends of the 6 cm line.
Extend the lines until
they cross.
6 cm
60
35
6 cm
Step 3 The point where the 2 new

lines cross is the third vertex
of the triangle.
60
35
6 cm
408
M A T H S
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 409
E x e r c i s e 13K
CONSTRUCTING TRIANGLES
Use a ruler and a pair of compasses to construct triangles with sides:

a 4 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm
b 5 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm
c 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm
d 6 cm, 7 cm and 10 cm
e 45 mm, 35 mm and 60 mm
f 45 mm, 50 mm and 65 mm
Use a protractor to carefully measure each angle in the triangles in question 1 (correct
to the nearest degree).
Copy and complete:

If each side of a triangle is a different length:
A each angle is a different size
B 2 angles are equal
C all 3 angles are equal

Use a protractor to carefully measure each angle in the triangles in question 4.

Copy and complete:
If 2 sides of a triangle have the same length:
B the angles opposite the equal sides are equal
C all 3 angles are equal

Use a protractor to measure each angle in the triangles in question 7.

Copy and complete:
If the 3 sides of a triangle are the same length:
B only 2 angles are different
C each angle is 60
10
Use a ruler and a protractor to construct triangles with 2 sides and the angle between
them of:
a 100 mm, 60 mm and 60 b 50 mm, 40 mm and 100 c 30 mm, 40 mm and 90
d 40 mm, 80 mm and 130 e 75 mm, 75 mm and 40
f 45 mm, 45 mm and 60
11
Accurately measure the length of the third side in each triangle in question 10. Give
your answers correct to the nearest millimetre.
12
13
Use a ruler and a protractor to construct triangles with 1 side and the angles at each
end of this side of:
a 80 mm, 50 and 70
b 50 mm, 30 and 120
c 50 mm, 45 and 90
d 60 mm, 30 and 30
e 55 mm, 60 and 60
f 45 mm, 55 and 55
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
409
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 410
14
Accurately measure the lengths of the other 2 sides in each triangle in question 13. Give
your answers correct to the nearest millimetre.
15
16
Is it possible to construct a triangle with 1 side 8 cm and angles of 40 and 140 at the
ends of this side? Give reasons for your answer.
17
Study the triangles you have constructed in this exercise and use them to assist you in
answering the following:
a If each angle of a triangle is a different size:
A each side is a different length
B 2 sides have the same length
C all 3 sides have the same length
b If 2 angles of a triangle are the same size:
B the sides opposite the equal angles are equal
c If all 3 angles of a triangle are the same size
(i.e. are all 60):
B only 2 sides have the same length
Types of triangles
Different types of triangles are classified
according to their angles or their sides.
On diagrams, the same marks (such as | or ||

or ~) on lines indicate that they are of
equal length.
The same angle marks (such as
or
or
Y
C
AB AC
) indicate that the angles are equal.
This is a pattern of equilateral triangles (of 3 sizes) that

would cover the plane if extended in any direction.
410
M A T H S
X Y
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 411
Triangles named according to angles

Acute-angled triangle
Right-angled triangle
Obtuse-angled triangle
All 3 angles are acute

angles.
The triangle contains

1 right angle.
The triangle contains

1 obtuse angle.
Triangles named according to sides

Scalene triangle
Isosceles triangle
Equilateral triangle
Each side is a
different length.
(Also, each angle is
a different size.)
2 sides have the same

All 3 sides have the
length.
same length.
(Also, the angles opposite (Each angle is 60.)
the equal sides are equal.)
Examples
1
Classify this triangle.
CD-ROM
The triangle contains a right angle, so it is a

right-angled triangle. The markings on
2 sides indicate that they are the same
length. This makes the triangle isosceles.
The same
markings on
2 angles (or
sides) indicate
that they are
the same
size.
Therefore, this triangle is a right-angled isosceles triangle.

2
Find the values of a and b.

a 80 (equal angles opposite equal sides)
b a 80 180 (angle sum of a triangle)
b 80 80 180 (since a 80)
b 160 180
b 20
80
b
a
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
411
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 412
E x e r c i s e 13L
1
TYPES OF TRIANGLES
To what groups (A to F) does each triangle belong?

A acute-angled
B right-angled
D scalene
E isosceles
C obtuse-angled
F equilateral
Find the value of each pronumeral. Give reasons. All lengths are in centimetres.
a
55
55
70
12
y
75 x
12
80
20
65
b
30
60
15
19
412
M A T H S
a
b
19
a
120 b
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 413
What can you see?
In the square ABCD there are:

p
p
p
p
p
p
3 small squares
20 small right-angled triangles
8 larger right-angled triangles
many pairs of parallel lines
2 equilateral triangles
many rectangles
1
2
Can you see an isosceles triangle?

Can you see any other shapes?
This Chinese lattice design comes from Cheng-tu,

in Szechwan Province. It is made of 2 end triangles
and 4-sided shapes called trapeziums. A trapezium
has 2 parallel sides. A trapezium can be made by
taking the top off a triangle. Draw a line parallel to
any side and cut:
isosceles triangle
scalene triangle
p What type of triangles are the cut off pieces?

p Which trapezium best matches those in the
lattice design? Why?
equilateral triangle
When 2 identical
triangles are put together
in special ways, 4-sided
shapes are formed.
scalene triangles
p What are the special names given

to the new shapes?
isosceles triangles
equilateral triangles
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
413
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 414
Quadrilaterals
Quad is a prefix meaning four. Quadrangle,
quadruped, quadriplegic and quadruplet
all have the number 4 as part of their meaning.
A quadrilateral is a 4-sided figure

made up of straight lines.
Squares and rectangles are 2 special types of

quadrilaterals. When naming quadrilaterals, list the
vertices in either clockwise or anticlockwise order.
This diagram shows quadrilateral ABCD. Note that BCDA

or ADCB are also correct names for this quadrilateral.
p Why is BDAC not a correct name for the quadrilateral?
A
D
E x e r c i s e 13M
Q U A D R I L AT E R A L S
Equipment needed: paper, ruler, scissors, pair of compasses.

1
Use your instruments to construct a quadrilateral with sides:

a 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm
b 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm
c 4 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm and 9 cm
d 3 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm and 3 cm
Are the quadrilaterals drawn by other students the same as yours?
Draw any quadrilateral on a piece of paper. Mark it as shown.

Cut along the broken lines and fit the angles together.
Mark the angles on

both sides of the paper.
b
a
c
d
c
Copy and complete the following:

a Angles a, b, c and d form a
b Therefore a b c d
c So the angle sum of a quadrilateral is
3
Copy and complete:

a Quadrilateral ABCD is the same as 2
b The angle sum of a triangle is
c Since a quadrilateral is the same as 2 triangles:
angle sum of a quadrilateral
2
414
Draw any quadrilateral ABCD. Draw its diagonal BD.
M A T H S
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 415
The angle sum of a

quadrilateral
b
c
CD-ROM
The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360.
Example
a b c d 360

80
A quadrilateral
is made of
2 adjacent
triangles.
120
x 90 120 80 360 (angle sum of quadrilateral is 360)

x 290 360
x 70
E x e r c i s e 13N
1
T H E A N G L E S U M O F A Q U A D R I L AT E R A L
Find the value of each variable:

a
b
130
110
80
70
100
70
70
20
50
p
45
75
15
75
200
65
110
150
2a
a
25
150
a
x
2a
2x
Find the value of x:

a
50
144
4x
65
3x
x
120
70
40
2x
100
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
415
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 416
The Wingeom computer drawing program

The Wingeom drawing package is a free download. Enter Wingeom in your search engine
and download the program.
In this activity we will use Wingeom to draw a triangle and to show that the bisectors of the
angles all pass through the same point.
416
Open Wingeom and Window 2-dim.
To draw the triangle, point your mouse

pointer to any position on your screen
and right click. The letter A will appear.
Do this for points B and C also. (Ctrl Z
deletes the previous step.)
Click on A, hold mouse key down and

drag the segment to B. Then complete
the triangle. (Ctrl L will hide the letters;
pressing it again will restore them.)
To bisect the angles, go to Line

Angles Bisect old.
Enter the angles to be bisected

as shown and click on OK.
The angle bisectors will appear and all pass through the same point. Do you know what
this point is called?
Go to Btns Toolbar to open the toolbar. You can

drag this to a suitable location on your display.
Click the segments button.
M A T H S
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 417
To change the triangle, go to the

toolbar and click on drag vertices.
Click and drag the C vertex. Explain
what happens.
The Wingeom program can do many

other geometrical tasks.
a Explore the program and see if you
can do any of the following:
i
Draw some simple shapes and
see if you can perform some transformations of the shapes.
ii Draw a line and its perpendicular bisector.
iii Show that the perpendicular bisectors of the 3 sides of a triangle all pass through
the same point.
iv Examine the properties of other geometrical figures.
b Look on the internet to find places where Wingeom has been used.
P R O B L E M S O L V I N G 13
1
This outline of an arrow is drawn on 1 cm grid paper.

a Write down the size of each marked angle.
b State what type of angle each one is. Give your reasons.
d What is the sum of all the interior angles?
a Construct all 4 isosceles triangles in which at least 1 side
b
c
d
is 5 cm and 1 angle is 30.

b Work out the size of the largest angle in each triangle.
3
This snowflake pattern starts with an equilateral triangle that has each side divided
into thirds. Two sides of an equilateral triangle are then constructed on each of the
middle thirds. (The third side is rubbed out.) This process is repeated again to make the
third diagram.
1
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
417
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 418
literaacy skillsil
Drawing these on isometric line paper will help you!

a What is the sum of the 3 angles in the original equilateral triangle?
b What is the sum of all the angles in the second diagram?
c What is the sum in the third diagram?
4
This pattern has many

hidden shapes in it.
From what you have learnt in
this chapter, make a list of:
a all the two-dimensional
and three-dimensional
shapes you can see
b all the types of angles you
can find
decagon
This nest of regular shapes shows how their

interior angles get larger as the number of
sides increases. The septagon (7 sides) and
nonagon (9 sides) are omitted.
octagon
hexagon
on
ag
t
en
an
gle
square
tri
a Use a protractor to measure one angle in
each shape, then work out the angle sum.

b Copy and complete this table:
Name
Number
of sides
Triangle
Square
Pentagon
Hexagon
Octagon
Decagon
Size of
1 angle
Sum of
angles
c Look at the sums along the last row of the table. Can you see a pattern?
d What would be the sum of all the angles of a dodecagon (12 sides)?
418
M A T H S
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 419
literacy
acy skillsil
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
angle
reflex
diagonal
triangle
S K I L L S 13
corresponding
degree
revolution
supplementary
right-angled vertically opposite isosceles
transversal equilateral
acute
quadrilateral
obtuse
cointerior
parallel
straight
vertex
adjacent
complementary
scalene
protractor
alternate
a Write down any words from the list above that you cannot explain clearly.
b Look back through the chapter to find their meanings.
a
b
c
d
Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?

a The sum of any 2 acute angles must be an obtuse angle.
b Adjacent angles always have a common arm.
c Parallel lines are always horizontal.
d When 2 lines cross, 2 pairs of equal angles are formed.
e Three lines cannot be parallel to each other.
f An acute angle and an obtuse angle are always supplementary.
g Alternate angles are always equal.
h The sum of the 4 angles of a quadrilateral is 4 right angles.
This Star of David is made of 2 overlapping equilateral triangles.

a Work out the sizes of all its angles.
b What shape is in the centre?
c What is the sum of its angles?
a How many slices the same size as the
Sketch and clearly label the different types of angles.

What is the plural of vertex?
What is the difference between complementary and supplementary angles?
Is it true that in any triangle the largest angle is opposite the longest side?
missing slice can be cut from this cake?

b Turn the cake upside down.
What happens?
6
50
How many diagonals are in:

a any triangle?
b any quadrilateral?
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
419
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 420
Chapter review 13
1
Use a ruler and pencil to draw the following angles.

Use your protractor to check your angles.
a 45
b 60
c 30
d 90
e 130
Use a protractor to measure the size of this angle.

Give your answer correct to the nearest degree.
Match each angle with its correct name:

A acute angle
B right angle
D straight angle
E reflex angle
C obtuse angle
F revolution
The size of an angle is given in degrees. State whether it is an acute angle, a right angle,
an obtuse angle, a straight angle, a reflex angle or a complete revolution.
a 111
b 360
c 62
d 250
e 180
f 195
g 94
h 90
a What is the name of the marked angle?

b Use a protractor to find its size (to the
nearest degree).
Name a pair of adjacent
supplementary angles.
d Name a pair of adjacent
complementary angles.
c
420
What is the complement of:

a 20?
b 80?
c 62?
d 36?
Give the supplement of each angle:

a 20
b 80
c 115
d 168
M A T H S
D
A
E
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 421
Find the value of each variable. Give brief reasons.

a
c
66
d
e
49
150
77
y
h
114
52
k
k
k
a
2a
x
4a
3a
56
Name the pairs of marked angles as either alternate or corresponding or

cointerior angles.
a
d
x
10

a
b
x 72
c
m
118
d
121
108
g
c
b a
94
98
11
105 a
b
c
2m
m
State whether each pair of lines is:

A parallel
B not parallel
d
63
70
72
120
60
57
57
117
C H A P T E R
1 3
A N G L E S
421
12
9/4/03
12:24 PM
Page 422

a
3n
52
72
38
2n
42
34
13
Use a ruler and a pair of compasses to construct a triangle with sides 8 cm, 9 cm
and 10 cm.
14
Use a ruler and a protractor to construct a triangle with sides 6 cm and 8 cm and the
angle between them 130.
15
Construct a triangle with one side 70 mm and angles of 60 and 45 at each end of
this side.
16
To which groups (A to F) does each triangle belong?

A acute-angled
B right-angled
D scalene
E isosceles
a
17
C obtuse-angled
F equilateral
Find the value of each variable. Give reasons. All lengths are in centimetres.
a
72
72
b
15
67
y
a
m
112
3a
3a
64
2a
18
22
105
18
422
58
76
Use your instruments to construct a quadrilateral with sides 10 cm, 7 cm, 5 cm

and 4 cm.
M A T H S

Angles: Syllabus Outcomes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Angles: Syllabus Outcomes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CM7 Chapter 13_final

In this chapter you will learn to:

CM7 Chapter 13_final

The Leaning Tower of Pisa

The tower leans 52 off the vertical,

CM7 Chapter 13_final

The size of an angle is the amount of turning about the vertex

A complete revolution measures 360.

If a line is turned for half a revolution, a straight angle is formed.

A straight angle measures 180.

If a line is turned for a quarter of a revolution, a right angle

A right angle measures 90.

CM7 Chapter 13_final

Use a protractor to measure the angles shown.

Without measuring, choose the best estimate (A, B, or C):

CM7 Chapter 13_final

CM7 Chapter 13_final

Check each angle by measurement with your protractor.

p Which letters show angles of 180? 90?

Many 4-wheel drives have instruments

Find out how an inclinometer

CM7 Chapter 13_final

An acute angle is less than 90.

An obtuse angle lies between 90 and 180.

In your exercise book, draw:

Match each angle with its correct name:

CM7 Chapter 13_final

In the diagram, RSM and TSM are

Name the marked angle.

Angles on opposite sides of a common

CM7 Chapter 13_final

Choose the correct names for each angle:

A LMN B MLN C NML

Name a pair of adjacent angles that have as their common arm:

Estimate the size of each angle named below.

Name a pair of adjacent angles in question 3 that have as a common arm:

Name the common arm that has

CM7 Chapter 13_final

Operations with whole numbers

Complementary angles, supplementary

Complementary angles are a pair of angles whose sum is 90.

ABD and DBC are

Supplementary angles are a pair of angles whose sum is 180.

XYW WYZ 180

CM7 Chapter 13_final

The sum of all the angles made by straight lines

This question is asking

What is the complement of 57?

What is the supplement of 57?

A pair of supplementary angles add to 180.

Find the value of x.

The 3 angles form a straight angle.

COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES, SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES AND ANGLES AT A POINT

a Use a protractor to measure each angle

correct to the nearest degree:

CM7 Chapter 13_final

a Use a protractor to measure the following angles:

Is it possible to construct this diagram accurately to

a Using a ruler and protractor, carefully copy this diagram,

In your book draw 2 angles that form a straight angle.

find the value of x.

Is it possible to draw this diagram accurately to show 4 angles

a Draw any 4 lines meeting at a point on your page.