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A .t vn
I . L do chn ti :
Bt ng thc i s l mt chuyn c bn v tng
i kh trong chng trnh i s ph thng . Cc bi ton v
bt ng thc i s rt phong ph , a dng . i hi cn
vn dng cc phng php gii vo tng bi mt cch hp l ,
em li kt qu bi ton mt cch nhanh gn , d hiu
hay nhiu khi kh c o v bt ng.
Vic gii bi ton ny gip chng ta tip cn v lm quen
dn vi cc bi ton thc t nh :So snh cc biu thc ,tm gi
tr ln nht , tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc .
i vi ti - l mt gio vin THCS , vic tp dt nghin cu
khoa hc l rt cn thit cng c v o su kin thc .
T c th truyn t cho hc sinh mt cch linh hot v c
h thng hn.
c bit qua thc t ging dy mn ton ti nhn thy
gii ton bt ng thc l tng i kh vi hc sinh ,chng
minh bt ng thc , gii bt phng trnh l mi l ,l kh ...
v thc t cho thy :
- Hc sinh lng tng trc vn cn chng minh m
khng bit bt u t u v i theo hng no .
-Hc sinh c suy lun km , dng lp lun thiu cn c ,
khng chnh xc , lp lun di dng , thm ch c mu thun ,
t duy suy lun cha cao .
-Hc sinh cn mc li khi dng k hiu , cu ch lng
cng ; nhn hai v ca bt ng thc, bt phng trnh vi
s m m khng i chiu bt ng thc ,bt phng
trnh .
1
nghin cu .
Ni dung chnh ca ti l tm ti , h thng cc bi
ton hay ; phn loi v tm phng php gii cc bi ton .
Do tnh a dng v phong ph ca cc bi tp v bt
ng thc nn ti ch trnh by mt s dng thng qua cc
phng php gii c bn . trong mi phng php gii l mt s
bi tp tiu biu km theo li gii chi tit .
II . Mc ch nghin cu :
1 . i vi gio vin :
- Nng cao trnh chuyn mn , phc v cho qu
trnh ging dy.
- Lm quen vi cng tc nghin cu khoa hc , nng cao
kin thc .
2 . i vi hc sinh :
Gip hc sinh hc tp mn ton ni chung v vic gii cc
bi tp v chng minh bt ng thc ni ring . Trang b cho
hc sinh mt s kin thc nhm nng cao nng lc mn ton
gip cc em tip thu bi mt cch ch ng , sng to v lm
cng c gii quyt mt s bi tp c lin quan n bt ng
thc .
Gip hc sinh nm vng mt cch c h thng cc phng php c bn v vn dng thnh tho cc phng php
gii bi tp .
2
1 . Phm vi ti :
Pht trin nng lc t duy ca hc sinh thng qua gii ton
bt ng thc i vi hc sinh Lp 8 , lp 9 .
2 . i tng nghin cu :
- Hc sinh la tui 14 -15 trng THCS v a s cc
em thch hc ton v bc u th hin nng lc tip thu mt
cch n nh .
- i tng kho st : hc sinh lp 8 ,9 v trong cc gi luyn
tp, n tp . Luyn thi hc sinh gii, tt nghip THCS ...
B . Gii quyt vn
Chng i : C s l lun v c s thc tin
I . C s l lun
II . C s thc tin
Bi ton v bt ng thc c mt hu ht trong cc
thi hc sinh gii cc cp, thi tuyn sinh vo lp chn ca
THCS, THPT
Qua thc t ging dy mn ton ti nhn thy gii ton
bt ng thc l tng i kh vi hc sinh ,chng minh bt
5
<
1
b
>
an > bn ( n chn )
>
* V d :
Bi 1 : Cho cc s dng a v b tho mn iu kin a + b
= 1 . Chng minh rng : ( 1 +
Gii : Ta c :
(1+
1
a
1
a
)( 1 +
)(1+
1
b
1
b
) 9.
) 9
(1)
a 1
a
b 1
b
ab + a + b + 1 9ab
( v ab > 0 )
a + b + 1 8ab
2 8ab
( v a + b = 1 )
1 4ab ( a + b )2 4ab
( v a + b
( a + b )2 0
(2)
=1)
Bt ng thc ( 2 ) ng ,m cc php bin i trn l
tng ng , vy bt ng thc ( 1 ) ng . ( pcm)
Du " = " xy ra khi v ch khi a = b .
Bi 2 : Cho a , b , c , d , e l cc s thc . Chng minh
rng :
a , a2 + b2 + 1 ab + a + b
b , a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + e2 a ( b + c + d + e )
Gii :
a , Ta c : a2 + b2 + 1 ab + a + b,
2 ( a2 + b2 + 1 ) - 2 ( ab + a + b ) 0
( a2 - 2ab + b2 ) + ( a2 - 2a + 1 ) + ( b2 - 2b + 1 ) 0
( a - b )2 + ( a - 1 ) 2 + ( b - 1 ) 2 0
- 4ae + 4e2) 0
( a - 2b )2 + ( a - 2c )2 + ( a - 2d )2 + ( a - 2e )2 0
Gii : Ta c :
(
1
1
2 +
1 a
1 b2
2
1 ab
2
1 ab
(1)
1
1
1
1
)
+
(
) 0
2 2 1 ab
1 ab
1 a
1 b
ab a 2
(1 a 2 )(1 ab)
ab b 2
0
+
(1 b 2 )(1 ab)
a (b a )
(1 a 2 )(1 ab)
+ (1 b 2 )(1 ab) 0
(b a ) 1 b 2 a - (1 a 2 )b
(1 a 2 ) (1 b 2 ) (1 ab)
b( a b)
(b a )(a 2 ab 2 b a 2 b)
(b a)(b a)(ab 1)
(b a ) 2 ( ab 1)
(1 a 2 )(1 b 2 )(1 ab )
(2)
* Bi tp vn dng :
Bi 1 : Cho ba s a , b , c bt k . Chng minh rng :
a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
Bi 2 : Cho hai s a, b bt k . Chng minh rng :
a , ( a2 + b2 )( a4 + b4 ) ( a3 + b3 )2
b , ( a + b )( a3 + b3 ) 2 ( a4 + b4 )
Bi 3 : Cho hai s a, b > 0. Chng minh :
a , 2( a3 + b3 ) ( a + b )( a2 + b2 )
9
* V d :
Bi 1 : Cho a2 + b2 2 . Chng minh rng : a + b 2
Gii : Gi s a + b > 2, bnh phng hai v (hai v u
dng ) ta c :
a2 + 2ab + b2 > 4
(1)
x2 + a1x + b1 = 0
x2 + a2x + b2 = 0 c nghim .
Gii : Gi s c hai phng trnh cho v nghim
Khi : 1 = a12 - 4b1 < 0
2 = a22 - 4b2 < 0
10
2a1a2
a12 + a22 2a1a2
Do :
( v l )
nht c mt bt ng thc ng :
b2 + c 2
(c a ) 2
2
c2 + a 2
( a b) 2
2
(b c) 2
2
a2 + b 2 <
(b c ) 2
2
(1)
b2 + c 2 <
(c a ) 2
2
(2)
c +a <
( a b) 2
2
(3)
(b c) 2 (c a ) 2 (a b) 2
2
( a - b ) 2 + ( b - c )2 + ( a - c )
<0
( v
l )
Vy trong ba bt ng thc trn c t nht mt bt
ng thc ng .
11
* V d :
Bi 1 : Chng minh rng nu a , b , c l di cc cnh
ca mt tam gic th ta c :
a2 + b2 + c2 < 2( ab + bc +
ca )
Gii :
V a , b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic nn ta c :
0 < a < b + c => a2 < a( b + c )
0 < b < a + c => b2 < b( a + c )
0 < c < a + b => c2 < c( a + b )
12
(pcm)
Bi 2 : Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic.
Chng minh rng :
a
bc
b
ca
c
cb
<2
Gii : Gi s a b c > 0 th a + b a + c b + c
a
bc
Ta c
a
bc
b
ca
c
ab
b
bc
c
bc
Cng v theo v ta c :
a
bc
b
ca
c
cb
abc
bc
Hay
a
bc
b
ca
cb
Vy
a
bc
b
ca
c
cb
a
bc
+ 1 < 1+ 1 = 2
<2
- b2) < 0
Gii :
Ta c : a3( b2 - c2) + b3(c2 - a2) + c3( a2 - b2)
= a3 (b 2 a 2 ) (a 2 c 2 ) + b3(c2 - a2) + c3( a2 - b2)
= - a3( a2 - b2) + a3( a2 - c2) - b3(a2 - c2) + c3( a2 - b2)
= -( a2 - b2)(a3 - c3) + ( a2 - c2) ( a3 - b3)
= ( a - b )( a - c ) [ -( a + b)( a2 + ac + c2) + ( a + c)
( a2 + ab + b2)]
= ( a - b )( a - c) (ab 2 + b 2 c - ac 2 - bc 2 )
13
= ( a - b )( a - c) a(b 2 c 2 ) bc(b c)
* Bi tp vn dng :
Bi 1 : Cho a, b, c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh
2
(a+b+c)
a2 b2
b2 c2
c2 a2
<
(a+b+c)
9bc
a1 a 2 ...a n
a1 a 2
a1 a 2 a3
a1 a 2 a 3
* V d :
Bi 1 : Chng minh rng a , b l hai s dng ta lun c :
3a3 + 7b3 > 9ab2
14
3a 3 .3b 3 .4b 3
> 9ab2
3 2 .4
b2
ca
c2
a b
abc
2
a2
bc
khng m ta c :
a2
bc
bc
4
a2
bc
Suy ra
b2
ca
Tng t
a b-
c2
ab
a2 b c
.
bc 4
c-
=2.
a
2
=a
bc
4
ac
4
ab
4
Vy
b2
ca
a2
bc
c2
ab
b2
ca
(a+b+c)c2
ab
1
a
Bi 3 : Cho a, b, c > vi
ab
2a b
1
a
1
c
abc
2
2
b
abc
2
(pcm)
1
c
cb
2c b
=> b =
15
2
b
2ac
ac
abc
2
Khi :
cb
2c b
2ac
ac
2ac
2a
ac
a
2ac
ac
2ac
2c
ac
c 3a
2c
c 3a
2c
1
2
c 3a
2c
Do :
ab
2a b
a
c
khng m
c
a
3
2
cb
2c b
c
a
c
a
a 3c
2a
3
2
.a +
1
2
3
2
.c =1
a
c
ta c:
a
c
Nn 1 +
3
2
Vy :
c
a
ab
2a b
ca
ac
a
c
=2
) 1+
cb
2c b
3
2
ca
ac
2.
= 4
(pcm)
1
a
)( 1 +
1
b
)( 1 +
1
c
) 64
1
a
a 1
a
2a b c
a
2a 2 bc
a
1+
1
b
1+
4
1
c
44
4
2(a bc )
a
bc
a2
ca
b2
44
ab
c2
16
4 a bc
a
1
a
1
a
)( 1 +
)( 1 +
1
b
)( 1 +
1
b
)( 1 +
1
c
1
c
43
(abc) 2
a 2b 2c 2
) 64
1
3
( pcm)
* Bi tp vn dng :
Bi 1: Cho a, b, c l cc s khng m v a + b + c = 1.
Chng minh:
+
a 1
b 1
c 1
< 3,5
b
ac
c
ab
>2
a b
4
+b
b 1
+b
a 1
ab
n
1
2
(Nu bi 0 th ( * ) c vit b = b = ... = b )
1
2
n
Ta ch cp n trng hp :
17
* V d :
Bi 1 : Cho x2 + y2 = 1 . Chng minh rng : |2x + 3y|
13
Gii :
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki cho hai cp s 2 ,
3 ; x , y ta c :
|2x + 3y|
Vy |2x + 3y|
x2 y2
2 2 32
13
13
x
2
y
3
=>
x2
4
y2
9
1
13
Hoc x =
2
13
3
13
;y=
hoc x =
2
13
;y=
3
13
Bi 2: Cho a . b, c l ba s khng m v a + b +c = 1.
Chng minh :
ab
bc
ca
Gii :
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacp xki cho ba b s :
1 ;1 ;1 v
ab
bc
ca
Ta c :
(1.
ab
+1.
bc
ab
ab
+
+
+1.
bc
ca
bc
) 2 (1+1+1) (
ca
a b)2 ( b c)2 ( c a )2
) 2 3( a + b + b + c + c + a) = 6
ca
18
(pcm)
(x
R)
Gii :
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki cho ba b s
x a
x x
x c
x x
d
1
= ( 2x2 + 1 )2
( v a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1 )
(pcm)
a2 b2 c2
b2 c2 a2
ab + bc + ca a2 + b2 + c2 (pcm)
* Bi tp vn dng :
Bi 1 : Cho x
1 y 2
+y
1 x 2
y2 = 1
Bi 2 : Chng minh mi s nguyn dng n :
1
++
n 1
2
n.
1
b (c a )
3
1
c ( a b)
3
3
2
a
b
< 1 th
a
b
<
ac
bc
Nu
a
b
> 1 th
a
b
>
ac
bc
* V d :
Bi 1:
Gii:
Ta
(1)
20
>
1
8
>
(2)
Mt khc : ( a - b) 2 0 a2 + 2ab + b2 0
(3)
Cng tng v ca (2) v (3) :
>
1
2
a 4 + 2a2b2 + b4 >
1
4
2( a2 + b2 ) > 1 a2 + b2
(4)
Bnh phng hai v ca (4) :
(5)
Mt khc : ( a2 - b2)2
a4 - 2a2b2 + b4
(6)
Cng tng v ca (5) v (6) ta c :
2( a4 + b4) >
1
4
a 4 + b4 >
1
8
(pcm)
|ab +
bc
bc
ca
ca
|<1
Gii :
p dng | x | < 1 -1 < x < 1
V a,b,c l s o ba cnh ca mt tam gic nn a - b < a + b
Do
ab
ab
<1
ab
ab
bc
bc
Tng t :
<
<
ca
ca
abc
abc
bca
bca
<
cab
cab
bc
bc
ca
ca
<
abc
abc
21
=1
a b
|ab +
bc
bc
ca
ca
| < 1 (pcm)
a
abc
b
bcd
c
cd a
d
d ab
<2
Gii :
Ta lun c :
a
abcd
<
a
abc
<1
(1)
<
ad
abcd
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c :
a
abcd
<
a
abc
<
ad
abcd
Tng t ta c :
b
abcd
<
b
bcd
<
ab
abcd
c
abcd
<
c
cd a
<
cb
abcd
d
abcd
<
d
d ab
<
d c
abcd
<
a
abc
Vy 1 <
a
abc
b
bcd
c
cd a
b
bcd
d
d ab
c
cd a
<
d
d ab
2( a b c d )
abcd
<2
(pcm)
* Bi tp vn dng :
Bi 1 : Chng minh bt ng thc :
a2
b2
b2
c2
c2
a2
c
b
b
a
a
c
* V d :
Bi 1 : Chng minh bt ng thc sau vi n l s nguyn
dng :
1
9
1
25
1
49
1
4
1
4k 4k 1
1
4k ( 4k 1)
<
Vi k =1 ta c :
1
9
Vi k = 2 ta c :
1
25
<
1
4
(2 -
Vi k = 3 ta c :
1
49
<
1
4
1
3
<
1
4
<
1
4
1
2
(11
1
4
(k -
1
)
k 1
1
3
1
4
......
Vi k = n ta c :
1
(2n 1) 2
(n -
1
)
n 1
Vy
1
25
1
49
1
9
1
25
1
49
1
4
(1-
+...+ ( 2n 1) 2 <
1
)
n 1
1
4
<
1
4
(pcm)
1
3 2
+ ...+
1
( n 1) n
<2
Gii :
Ta bin i s hng tng qut :
23
1
k
k
k ( k 1)
(1 k) k
1
1
)(
k 1
k
1
)
k 1
(k -
1
)
k 1
<
2
k
1
3
1
k
1
)
k 1
= 2 (
1
k
1
)
k 1
Vi k = 1 ta c :
Vi k = 2 ta c :
1
2
1
2
< 2( 1 1
3 2
1
2
< 2(
......
Vi k = n ta c :
1
( n 1) n
1
n
< 2(
1
)
n 1
Vy
1
3 2
1
2
+ ...+
1
3 2
1
( n 1) n
1
(n 1) n
+ ...+
1
)
n 1
< 2( 1 <2
<2
(pcm)
* Bi tp vn dng :
Bi 1 : Chng minh bt ng thc sau vi n N, n 2
2
-3 <
1
2
1
3
+ ...+
1
n
< 2
-2
1
3 2
1
4 3
+ ...+
1
( n 1) n
<2
a 2 2ab b 2 1
b 2 6b 10
(a - b) 2 12
(b - 3) 2 12 5
C(b ;
2) ; D(3 ; 3)
Ta c : AB =
a2 4
BC =
( a b) 2 12
CD =
(b 3) 2 12
T bt ng thc AB + BC + CD AD ta c :
a 2 22
(a - b) 2 12
(b - 3) 2 12
32 4 2 5
c(a c )
c (b c )
ab
Gii :
Theo gi thit a , b, c > v ng thi a > c , b > c
nn tn ti tam gic ABC c cc cnh AB =
AC =
v ng cao AH =
CH =
bc
b
a
p dng nh l Py ta go cho
BH =
1
2
ac
Mt khc S =
(do sinA 1 )
T suy ra :
+
1
2
bc
1
2
)=
sinA
c(a c )
1
2
c (b c )
ab
ab
bc
ca
ac
bc
ab
1
c
1
a
1
b
(pcm)
* Bi tp vn dng :
Bi 1 :Chng minh bt ng thc sau bng phng php
hnh hc :
a2 b2
b2 c2
b( a + c ) vi cc s dng a, b , c
(a 2 d 2 )(b 2 d 2 )
( a + b)( c + d ) trong a, b,
2 . Ni dung th nghim
Trong qu trnh ging dy , bi dng hc sinh gii ti a
ra cc bi ton trong ti , hng dn hc sinh gii sau cho
hc sinh p dng gii cc bi tip theo da vo tng phng
php c th
4 . Kt qu th nghim
Trc khi p dng ti : 15% HS tip cn v gii kh khoa
hc
30% HS hiu bi
Sau khi p dng ti :
gii khoa hc
Mc lc :
Phn
Trang
A . t vn
1-3
B . Gii quyt vn
Chng I : C s l lun v c s thc tin
4-5
Chng II : Gii quyt vn
5 - 21
Chng III : Thc nghim s phm
22
C . Kt lun v kin ngh
23
28
29