11 Chem: 8.2.

4 The
Chemical Earth
4.Energy is required to extract elements from their
naturally occurring sources

What can you recall about Physical

and Chemical Changes??
Create a mind map in your books about what you
already know.

identify the differences between physical and chemical

change in terms of rearrangement of particles
http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/states-of-matter-andchemical-versus-physical-changes-to-matter.html

Physical Change

In a physical change the intermolecular bonds (which are fairly

weak) are broken. In a physical change no new substances are
formed, rather the substance changes its state. For example
water boiling.

In this example there are no new substances formed and thus

there is no rearrangement of particles within molecules.

Rather energy is provided to the molecules via the heat which

causes them to have enough energy to separate themselves
from one another (i.e. the intermolecular bonds are broken).

The result is that some water particles leave the surface of the
liquid (can be seen when the water evaporates).

 In a physical change the energy change is relatively

small. Also a physical change is easy to reverse
(condensation of water). In a physical change there
are mass changes. (I.e. the mass of the substance will
change after a physical change)
What are the intermolecular forces? Please list them
with a description of what they are.

Chemical Change
In a chemical change however the intramolecular
bonds (which are relatively strong) are broken. In a
chemical change, new substances are formed. An
example of this can be seen during the electrolysis of
water.

In this example, two new substances, O2 and H2 are formed.

Thus there is a clear rearrangement of particles. In electrolysis,
there is a lot more energy provided to the water molecules,
enough energy is provided to break the intramolecular bonds
between the hydrogen and the oxygen

In the apparatus the negative oxygen ions are attracted to the

positively charged cathode where as the positive hydrogen ions
are attracted to the negatively charged cathode. Thus
electrolysis proved enough energy to split intramolecular
bonds, causing the re-arrangement of particles to form two new
substances.

Summarise the difference between the boiling and

electrolysis of water as an example of the difference
between physical and chemical changes

Boiling

Electrolysis

Physical Change
Breaks intermolecular
forces
Changes physical state
(liquid to gas)
Relatively low amount of
energy needed

Chemical change
Breaks intramolecular
forces
Relatively large amount of
energy needed

Student Homework:
Conquering chemistry:
Pg 70; Q1 & 3

identify light, heat and electricity as the common forms of energy that may be
released or absorbed during the decomposition or synthesis of substances and
identify examples of these changes occurring in everyday life

Decomposition is the breaking down of compounds into

simpler substances.
Synthesis is the joining of simpler substances to form
more complex substances through chemical reactions.

Heat, light and electricity are common forms of energy

released or absorbed during various synthesis and
decomposition reactions.
Heat may be absorbed or released in endothermic and
exothermic reactions, respectively.

Examples of Decomposition
Example

Method used

Energy absorbed or released

Production of metals from

their ores. Eg. Copper from
copper carbonate

Heat in furnace

Heat energy is absorbed by the

copper carbonate, resulting in
decomposition

Development of film

Action of sunlight on silver

bromide (film)

Solar energy (light) is used to

decompose silver bromide.

The combustion of
magnesium

Burn magnesium in air

Results in a brilliant light and

considerable amounts of heat
being released.

Production of aluminium
from aluminium oxide (in
bauxite)

Pass electricity through molten

aluminium oxide

Electrical energy is absorbed

Examples of Synthesis
Example

Method used

Energy absorbed or released

The rusting of iron

Iron reacts with oxygen in the air, in

the presence of water to form iron
(III) oxide

Energy released in the form of heat

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide and water combine

to form glucose and oxygen

Light energy is absorbed and heat

energy is released

Formation of nitrogen oxides in the

atmosphere

Lighting causes atmospheric

nitrogen to combine with oxygen to
form nitrogen monoxide

Electrical energy is absorbed

Burning of coal or coke to produce

electricity or to make steel

Coal is heated in furnaces

Heat energy is absorbed to the start

the reaction. Heat energy is also
produced.

Observe the Electrolysis of

Water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOwWOYHhMI

explain that the amount of energy needed to separate

atoms in a compound is an indication of the strength of
the attraction, or bond, between them
The amount of energy needed to decompose
chemical compounds and mixtures is indicative of
the strength of the bonds. Stronger bonds require
more energy to break them, a prominent example
being the difference between boiling water and
electrolysis.
What bonds are being broken with the boiling of
water?

What are the bonds being broken in the electrolysis

of water?

Another example is that mercury oxide can be easily decomposed

by heating whereas potassium oxide cannot. This indicates that
the potassium is more reactive than the mercury so it forms a
stronger intramolecular attraction. Therefore more energy is
required to overcome the strong attraction between atoms.

Activity: Please write a balanced equation for the reactions

mentioned above

Intramolecular bonds are very strong and therefore require more

energy to break than intermolecular bonds.

This can be seen in example of the boiling/electrolysis of water.

Heat energy is enough to break the intermolecular bonds to cause
the change of state, but electrical energy is needed to break the
intramolecular bonds to create two new substances.

Student Homework
Conquering Chemistry:
Pg 75: Qs 5, 6, 7 & 10

Household Chemicals

NaHCO3 Sodium Carbonate

NaClO

NH3

Nitrogen Trihydride

NaCl

Sodium Chloride

H2O2

Hydrogen Peroxide

Sodium Hypochlorite

Household Chemicals

NaHCO3 Baking Soda

NaClO

NH3

Ammonia

NaCl

Salt

H2O2

Hydrogen Peroxide

Bleach

Nomenclature Terms

Binary Compound :
contains 2 elements

Binary Ionic Compound :

a metal and a nonmetal

-> metal named first
If metal has more than one charge must indicate charge with (Roman
numerals) or
Latin endings

-ous

= lower charge

- ic

= higher charge

Nomenclature Terms
Binary Covalent Compound:

two nonmetals

Least electronegative element named first

Second element has -ide ending

Greek prefixes indicate subscripts

1 = mono-

6 = hexa-

2 = di-

7 = hepta-

3 = tri-

8 = octa-

4 = tetra-

9 = nona-

5 = penta-

10 = deca-

Nomenclature Terms
Nonbinary Compound:
more than two elements
-

probably contains polyatomic ion(s)

Name the polyatomic cation first

Name the polyatomic anion second

MUST KNOW the polyatomic ions by name and

formula to recognise them

Nomenclature Flow Chart

Nonmetal name
with ide ending

Name the polyatomic

ion

+ 2 nonmetals
+ 1 nonmetal
Name the metal

Indicate metal charge

by (Roman #) or Latin
name (-ous or ic)

Single-Charge
Metal

Multiple-Charge
Metal

*Metal + Nonmetal

Chemical Formula
2 Nonmetals
1) Use Greek prefixes
to indicate
subscripts
2) second element ide
ending

H + Nonmetal(s)

Name as acids

* Treat NH4+ as a metal when

naming compounds

Naming of Acids
If anion does not contain oxygen:
Start with Hydro Add ic to the end
Ex: HCl: Cl- is chloride, so the acid is Hydrochloric acid

If anion contains oxygen:

Look at the ending
If ite, use anion root and -ous
Ex: HNO2: NO2- is nitrite, so the acid is Nitrous acid

If ate, use anion root and -ic

Ex: H2SO4: SO42- is sulfate, so the acid is Sulfuric acid

Nomenclature Practice
Name the following compounds:

Ba(OH)2

CaS

MgSO4

K2SO3

P2O5

N2O

NaC2H3O2

Fe3(PO4)2

SO3

LiF

Fe3(PO4)2

Student Homework
Conquering Chemistry
Pg 79: Qs 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 & 16
Pg 81: Qs 17, 18 & 19
(this homework is very important the more practice you
have at chemical formulas and equations the easier
chemistry will be in the future!)